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2006年4月
计算机系统事业部客服技术支持部网络基础培训课程资料
(二)
2006年4月
计算机系统事业部网络基础培训课程资料
TCP/IP基础知识IP地址基础知识优化IP地址的分配第2章TCP/IP协议概述TCP/IP基础知识第2章TCP/IP协议概述第一节：TCP/IP基础知识TCP/IP简介TCP/IP协议栈名字解析数据的路由第一节：TCP/IP基础知识TCP/IP简介TCP/IP简介通信过程TCP/IP的分层定义应用程序TCP/IP简介通信过程通信过程NameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddressNameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddress通信过程NameAddressPostOfficePostTCP/IP的分层ApplicationLayerTransportLayerInternetLayerNetworkInterfaceLayerInternet层IPICMPIGMPARP网络接口层EthernetATM传输层UDPTCP应用层FTPHTTPTCP/IP的分层ApplicationLayerTraOSITCP/IPApplicationPresentationSessionApplicationDataLinkPhysicalNetworkInterfaceTransportNetworkTransportInternetIPTCP
OSI模型与TCP/IP模型的比较OSITCP/IPApplicationPresentati定义应用程序UDPTCPFTPHTTP50FTPServerHTTPServerTCPPort20,21TCPPort80IPAddress+TCPPortorUDPPort=Socket定义应用程序UDPTCPFTPHTTPTCP/IP协议栈TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)InternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)InternetGroupManagementProtocol(IGMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)TCP/IPUtilitiesTCP/IP协议栈TransmissionControl传输控制协议(TCP)IPICMPIGMPARPUDPTCP传输控制协议(TCP)IPICMPIGMPARPUDPTC用户数据报协议(UDP)
UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP用户数据报协议(UDP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGInternet协议(IP)RouterUDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet协议(IP)RouterUDPTCPIPInternet控制消息协议(ICMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPRouterInternet控制消息协议(ICMP)UDPTCPIPInternet组管理协议(IGMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet组管理协议(IGMP)UDPTCPIPI地址解析协议(ARP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP
BCAARPCache214651.ARPcacheischecked2.ARPrequestissent3.ARPentryisadded4.ARPreplyissent5.ARPentryisadded6.IPpacketissentARPCache3地址解析协议(ARP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARTCP/IP工具Server-basedSoftwareDiagnosticUtilitiesConnectivityUtilitiesFtpTelnetTftpArpHostnameIpconfigNbstatNetstatPingTracertTCP/IPPrintingServiceInternetInformationServicesTCP/IP工具Server-basedDiagnosti数据的路由IP路由跨路由器的数据传输数据的路由IP路由IP路由
Router
PortionofRoutingTable
IP路由RouterPortionofRoIsdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addtheRouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddress跨路由器的数据传输VerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?
Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addanotherRouter’sMACaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerIsdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addtherouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerVerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?
Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addanotherrouter’sMACaddressRouter2Router1ABCDIsdestinationlocal?跨路由器的数据传输第二节：IP地址基础知识IP地址格式IP地址分类子网掩码规划IP地址设置IP地址第二节：IP地址基础知识IP地址格式IP地址格式0001000000IPAddressHostIDNetworkIDIP地址格式1IP地址分类wxyzClassANetworkIDHostIDClassBNetworkIDHostIDClassCNetworkIDHostIDIP地址分类wxyzClassANetworkIDHIP地址范围 *127(011111111)isaClassAaddressreservedforloopbacktestingandcannotbeassignedtoanetwork.IP地址范围 *127(011111111)isa子网掩码子网子网掩码(SubnetMasks)确定本地和远程主机子网掩码子网
子网RouterSubnet1Subnet212HubHub子网RouterSubnet1Subnet子网掩码IPAddressHostIDNetworkID00SubnetMask192.168.IPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkIDIPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkIDIPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkID子网掩码IPHostIDNetworkID192.168确定本地和远程主机Example1
100LocalHosts
00
2
RouterSubnet
MaskABCDEFExample2
100
2RemoteHosts
00
RouterSubnet
MaskABCDEF确定本地和远程主机Example11192.168.1规划IP地址设置IP地址的原则设置网络IDs设置主机IDs规划IP地址设置IP地址的原则设置IP地址的原则主机ID不能全为0主机ID不能全为255第一个数不能为127IP地址必须是唯一的设置IP地址的原则主机ID不能全为0主机ID不能全设置网络IDs
12
3
Router设置网络IDs123Router10.设置主机IDs
12
Router2100103设置主机IDs12Router172.设置IP地址静态IP地址自动IP地址查看IP地址设置IP地址静态IP地址静态IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:00Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel静态IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I自动IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel自动IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I查看IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:00Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel查看IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I查看IP地址CommandPromptMicrosoftWindows2000[version5.00.2195](C)Copyright1985-1999MicrosoftCorp.C:\>ipconfigWindows2000IPConfigurationEthernetadapterLocalAreaConnection: Connection-specificDNSSuffix.: IPAddress............:00 SubnetMask...........: DefaultGateway.........:C:\>_查看IP地址CommandPromptMicrosoft私有IPAddresses私有IPAddresses第三节：优化IP地址的分配分类IP地址的局限性无类域间路由(ClasslessInter-DomainRouting--CIDR)子网掩码CIDR表示法计算网络ID确定本地和远程主机使用CIDR分配IP地址第三节：优化IP地址的分配分类IP地址的局限性分类IP地址的局限性WastesIPAddressesNetworkof2000ComputersAssigned65,534IPAddresses63,534Wasted2000AllocatedClassBwxyzNetworkIDHostID25500255AddsMultipleEntriestoRoutingTablesClassCwxyzNetworkIDHostID0255255255PortionofInternetRoutingTables
CompanyNetworkIDsInternet分类IP地址的局限性WastesIPAddressesNCIDR（无类域间路由）的概念wxyz00001010110110010111101100000111IPAddressinDottedDecimalNotationNetworkIDHostID32Values4ValuesIPAddressinBinaryNotationCIDR（无类域间路由）的概念wxyz10.217.123.子网划分子网掩码CIDR表示法计算网络号判定本地和远程主机子网划分子网掩码子网掩码NetworkIDHostID11111111111111111111111100000000wxyzBinaryRepresentationDecimalRepresentation1111111125511111110254111111002521111100024811110000240111000002241100000019210000000128000000000子网掩码NetworkIDHostID111111111CIDR表示法IPAddressSubnetMaskNumberofSubnet
MaskBits(ones)IPAddressinCIDRNotation11111111111111111111000000000000000010101101100101111011000001118+8+4+0=20/20CIDR表示法IPSubnetNumberofSub计算网络号IPAddressSubnetMaskNetworkIDNetworkIDinCIDRNotation/20111111111111111111110000000000000000101011011001011110110000011100001010110110010111000000000000IPAddressinCIDRNotation:/20计算网络号IPSubnetNetworkNetworkI确定本地和远程主机LocalHostExample
12
RouterABCDEF0000101011011001011110110000011100001010
110110100110011000000011/101/10RemoteHostExample
12
RouterABCDEF00001010
1101101001100110000000111/2000001010110110010111101100000111/20确定本地和远程主机LocalHostExample使用CIDR分配IP地址可用主机ID优化IP地址的分配使用CIDR分配IP地址可用主机ID使用CIDR分配IP地址NumberofHostIDs:2n-2SubnetMaskNNetworkIDHostID1111111111111100000000000000使用CIDR分配IP地址NumberofHostID优化IP地址的分配RoutingTableforRouterB
BeforeSupernetting:RouterARouterBRoutingTableforRouterB
RouterBRouterAAfterSupernetting:AfterSubnettingRouterB4289242892Router
A4RoutingTableforRouterB
优化IP地址的分配RoutingTablefor演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！
2006年4月
计算机系统事业部客服技术支持部网络基础培训课程资料
(二)
2006年4月
计算机系统事业部网络基础培训课程资料
TCP/IP基础知识IP地址基础知识优化IP地址的分配第2章TCP/IP协议概述TCP/IP基础知识第2章TCP/IP协议概述第一节：TCP/IP基础知识TCP/IP简介TCP/IP协议栈名字解析数据的路由第一节：TCP/IP基础知识TCP/IP简介TCP/IP简介通信过程TCP/IP的分层定义应用程序TCP/IP简介通信过程通信过程NameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddressNameAddressPostOfficePostOfficeNameAddress通信过程NameAddressPostOfficePostTCP/IP的分层ApplicationLayerTransportLayerInternetLayerNetworkInterfaceLayerInternet层IPICMPIGMPARP网络接口层EthernetATM传输层UDPTCP应用层FTPHTTPTCP/IP的分层ApplicationLayerTraOSITCP/IPApplicationPresentationSessionApplicationDataLinkPhysicalNetworkInterfaceTransportNetworkTransportInternetIPTCP
OSI模型与TCP/IP模型的比较OSITCP/IPApplicationPresentati定义应用程序UDPTCPFTPHTTP50FTPServerHTTPServerTCPPort20,21TCPPort80IPAddress+TCPPortorUDPPort=Socket定义应用程序UDPTCPFTPHTTPTCP/IP协议栈TransmissionControlProtocol(TCP)UserDatagramProtocol(UDP)InternetProtocol(IP)InternetControlMessageProtocol(ICMP)InternetGroupManagementProtocol(IGMP)AddressResolutionProtocol(ARP)TCP/IPUtilitiesTCP/IP协议栈TransmissionControl传输控制协议(TCP)IPICMPIGMPARPUDPTCP传输控制协议(TCP)IPICMPIGMPARPUDPTC用户数据报协议(UDP)
UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP用户数据报协议(UDP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGInternet协议(IP)RouterUDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet协议(IP)RouterUDPTCPIPInternet控制消息协议(ICMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPRouterInternet控制消息协议(ICMP)UDPTCPIPInternet组管理协议(IGMP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARPInternet组管理协议(IGMP)UDPTCPIPI地址解析协议(ARP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARP
BCAARPCache214651.ARPcacheischecked2.ARPrequestissent3.ARPentryisadded4.ARPreplyissent5.ARPentryisadded6.IPpacketissentARPCache3地址解析协议(ARP)UDPTCPIPICMPIGMPARTCP/IP工具Server-basedSoftwareDiagnosticUtilitiesConnectivityUtilitiesFtpTelnetTftpArpHostnameIpconfigNbstatNetstatPingTracertTCP/IPPrintingServiceInternetInformationServicesTCP/IP工具Server-basedDiagnosti数据的路由IP路由跨路由器的数据传输数据的路由IP路由IP路由
Router
PortionofRoutingTable
IP路由RouterPortionofRoIsdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addtheRouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddress跨路由器的数据传输VerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?
Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addanotherRouter’sMACaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerIsdestinationlocal? Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addtherouter’sMACaddressAlwaysaddthedestination’sIPaddressVerifypacketVerifyIPaddressSendthepacketuptothenextlayerVerifypacketDecreaseTTLIsdestinationlocal?
Yes,addthedestinationMACaddress
No,addanotherrouter’sMACaddressRouter2Router1ABCDIsdestinationlocal?跨路由器的数据传输第二节：IP地址基础知识IP地址格式IP地址分类子网掩码规划IP地址设置IP地址第二节：IP地址基础知识IP地址格式IP地址格式0001000000IPAddressHostIDNetworkIDIP地址格式1IP地址分类wxyzClassANetworkIDHostIDClassBNetworkIDHostIDClassCNetworkIDHostIDIP地址分类wxyzClassANetworkIDHIP地址范围 *127(011111111)isaClassAaddressreservedforloopbacktestingandcannotbeassignedtoanetwork.IP地址范围 *127(011111111)isa子网掩码子网子网掩码(SubnetMasks)确定本地和远程主机子网掩码子网
子网RouterSubnet1Subnet212HubHub子网RouterSubnet1Subnet子网掩码IPAddressHostIDNetworkID00SubnetMask192.168.IPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkIDIPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkIDIPAddress00SubnetMaskNetworkID子网掩码IPHostIDNetworkID192.168确定本地和远程主机Example1
100LocalHosts
00
2
RouterSubnet
MaskABCDEFExample2
100
2RemoteHosts
00
RouterSubnet
MaskABCDEF确定本地和远程主机Example11192.168.1规划IP地址设置IP地址的原则设置网络IDs设置主机IDs规划IP地址设置IP地址的原则设置IP地址的原则主机ID不能全为0主机ID不能全为255第一个数不能为127IP地址必须是唯一的设置IP地址的原则主机ID不能全为0主机ID不能全设置网络IDs
12
3
Router设置网络IDs123Router10.设置主机IDs
12
Router2100103设置主机IDs12Router172.设置IP地址静态IP地址自动IP地址查看IP地址设置IP地址静态IP地址静态IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:00Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel静态IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I自动IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel自动IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I查看IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/IP)PropertiesGeneralYoucangetIPsettingsassignedautomaticallyifyournetworksupportsthiscapability.Otherwise,youneedtoaskyournetworkadministratorfortheappropriateIPsettings.ObtainanIPaddressautomaticallyUsethefollowingIPaddress:IPaddress:UsethefollowingDNSserveraddresses:PreferredDNSserver:ObtainDNSserveraddressautomaticallyAdvanced...AlternateDNSserver:00Subnetmask:Defaultgateway:OKCancel查看IP地址InternetProtocol(TCP/I查看IP地址CommandPromptMicrosoftWindows2000[version5.00.2195](C)Copyright1985-1999MicrosoftCorp.C:\>ipconfigWindows2000IPConfigurationEthernetadapterLocalAreaConnection: Connection-specificDNSSuffix.: IPAddress............:00 SubnetMask...........: DefaultGateway.........:C:\>_查看IP地址CommandPromptMicrosoft私有IPAddresses私有IPAddresses第三节：优化IP地址的分配分类IP地址的局限性无类域间路由(ClasslessInter-DomainRouting--CIDR)子网掩码CIDR表示法计算网络ID确定本地和远程主机使用CIDR分配IP地址第三节：优化IP地址的分配分类IP地址的局限性分类IP地址的局限性WastesIPAddressesNetworkof2000ComputersAssigned65,534IPAddresses63,534Wasted2000AllocatedClassBwxyzNetworkIDHostID25500255AddsMultipleEntriestoRoutingTablesClassCwxyzNetworkIDHostID0255255255PortionofInternetRoutingTables
CompanyNetworkIDsInternet分类IP地址的局限性WastesIPAddressesNCIDR（无类域间路由）的概念wxyz00001010110110010111101100000111IPAddressinDottedDecimalNotationNetworkIDHostID32Values4ValuesIPAddressinBinaryNotationCIDR（无类域间路由）的概念wxyz10.217.123.子网划分子网掩码CIDR表示法计算网络号判定本地和远程主机子网划分子网掩码子网掩码NetworkIDHostID1111111111111
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