新编国际贸易英语培训教程课件

NewInternationalTradeEnglish新编国际贸易英语教程NewInternationalTradeEnglis1

Chapter2

Cultureandinternationaltrade

文化与国际贸易

Chapter2

Cultureandint2Learningobjectives

TounderstandthemeaningofcultureToknowthelevelsofcorporationcultureToknowthereasonsofcultureconflictsToanswerwhyshouldtheMNCsmakeculturaladaptationLearningobjectives3OpeningvignetteLivetoworkorworktoliveMainideaofthepassage:Openingvignette4Trytofindthetopicsentenceoftheparagraph.CulturedifferencesbetweenAmericaandMexican:Businessgreeting;languagedifficulties;attitudetowardsmoney;dinnermeeting;businessculturemeetings(time;conversation;executivelevelsofthecompany);toleaveamessage;dressforbusinessmeetings;timeoftheappointmenttime;deliverydate.Trytofindthetopicsentence5Discussion:Howdoyouunderstandthesaying“Americanslivetowork,butMexicansworktolive”?新编国际贸易英语培训教程62.1Cultureandcorporationculture

Warm-upquestions:1Tellothersyouropinionabouttherootsofculturedifferences.2Whydomultinationalenterprisespaysomuchattentiontothelocal

culture?2.1Cultureandcorporationcu72.1.1Whatisculture

Trytofindthedefinitionofculture(GuarnacciaandRodriguez,1996)2.1.1Whatisculture

82.1.1Whatisculture

Whatisculture?Theword”culture”hasmanymeanings.Forexample,wesometimessaythatpeoplewhoknowaboutart,music,andliteraturearecultured.However,thewordculturehasadifferentmeaningforanthropologist(peoplewhostudyhumankind).Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.

2.1.1Whatisculture

Whatis92.1.1Whatisculture

Whatishigh-contextcultureandwhatislow-contextculture?Howdoyouunderstand“Culturalanalysisilluminatessubculturaldynamicswithinorganizations”2.1.1Whatisculture

102.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsHofstededividedcultureintofourdimensionsatculture-level：PowerdistanceIndividualism/collectivismMasculinity/femininityUncertaintyavoidanceThefifthdimension:long-termorientation

2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime112.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions权力距离是组织和团体（比如家庭）中的弱势群体接受与期待权力不平等分配的程度。它代表了不平等（多与少），但是是由下向上定义的（译者注：表示权力距离指数低，社会不平等程度低），而不是由上向下。它显示出，下层人民对于一个社会的不平等程度的接受程度与领导阶层地接受程度是一样的。显而易见，权力与不平等是任何社会的最基本现实，任何具有国际经验的个体都会意识到“所有社会都是不平等的，但是一些社会比其他更为不平等”。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime122.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions权力距离是用来表示人们对组织中权力分配不平等情况的接受程度，权力距离有大小之分，它的大小可以用指数PDI（powerdistanceindex）来表示。可以根据上级决策的方式（民主还是专制）、上下级发生冲突时下级的恐惧心理等因素来确定权力距离指数的概念。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime132.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsIndividualism(IDV)ontheonesideversusitsopposite,collectivism,thatisthedegreetowhichindividualsareinte-gratedintogroups.Ontheindividualistsidewefindsocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim/herselfandhis/herimmediatefamily.Onthecollectivistside,wefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups,oftenextendedfamilies(withuncles,auntsandgrandparents)whichcontinueprotectingtheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.Theword'collectivism'inthissensehasnopoliticalmeaning:itreferstothegroup,nottothestate.Again,theissueaddressedbythisdimensionisanextremelyfundamentalone,regardingallsocietiesintheworld.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime142.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsMasculinity(MAS)versusitsopposite,femininity,referstothedistributionofrolesbetweenthegenderswhichisanotherfundamentalissueforanysocietytowhicharangeofsolutionsarefound.TheIBMstudiesrevealedthat(a)women'svaluesdifferlessamongsocietiesthanmen'svalues;(b)men'svaluesfromonecountrytoanothercontainadimensionfromveryassertiveandcompetitiveandmaximallydifferentfromwomen'svaluesontheoneside,tomodestandcaringandsimilartowomen'svaluesontheother.Theassertivepolehasbeencalled'masculine'andthemodest,caringpole'feminine'.Thewomeninfemininecountrieshavethesamemodest,caringvaluesasthemen;inthemasculinecountriestheyaresomewhatassertiveandcompetitive,butnotasmuchasthemen,sothatthesecountriesshowagapbetweenmen'svaluesandwomen'svalues.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime152.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI)dealswithasociety'stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman'ssearchforTruth.Itindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.Unstructuredsituationsarenovel,unknown,surprising,differentfromusual.Uncertaintyavoidingculturestrytominimizethepossibilityofsuchsituationsbystrictlawsandrules,safetyandsecuritymeasures,andonthephilosophicalandreligiouslevelbyabeliefinabsoluteTruth;'therecanonlybeoneTruthandwehaveit'.Peopleinuncertaintyavoidingcountriesarealsomoreemotional,andmotivatedbyinnernervousenergy.Theoppositetype,uncertaintyacceptingcultures,aremoretolerantofopinionsdifferentfromwhattheyareusedto;theytrytohaveasfewrulesaspossible,andonthephilosophicalandreligiousleveltheyarerelativistandallowmanycurrentstoflowsidebyside.Peoplewithintheseculturesaremorephlegmaticandcontemplative,andnotexpectedbytheirenvironmenttoexpressemotions.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime162.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsLong-TermOrientation(LTO)versusshort-termorientation:thisfifthdimensionwasfoundinastudyamongstudentsin23countriesaroundtheworld,usingaquestionnairedesignedbyChinesescholarsItcanbesaidtodealwithVirtueregardlessofTruth.ValuesassociatedwithLongTermOrientationarethriftandperseverance;valuesassociatedwithShortTermOrientationarerespectfortradition,fulfillingsocialobligations,andprotectingone's'face'.BoththepositivelyandthenegativelyratedvaluesofthisdimensionarefoundintheteachingsofConfucius,themostinfluentialChinesephilosopherwholivedaround500B.C.;however,thedimensionalsoappliestocountrieswithoutaConfucianheritage.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime172.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions不确定性规避(UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex;UncertaintyAvoidance)是由吉尔特•霍夫斯泰德（GeertHofstede）建立的区别文化间差异的四维体系中的第二个维度。指的是一个社会感受到的不确定性和模糊情景的威胁程度。并试图以提供较大的职业安全，建立更正式的规则，不容忍偏离观点和行为，相信绝对知识和专家评定等手段来避免这些情景，其强弱是通过不确定性规避指数来表示的。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime182.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions不确定性规避指的是人们忍受模糊(低不确定性规避)或者感到模糊和不确定性的威胁(高不确定性规避)的程度。显然，不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知。虽然可能每个人都在预测未来，但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。美霍夫斯泰德用不确定性规避一词来“界定一种程度，一种当人们遇到混乱不清、难以预测的情况时所感到的不安程度。通过对严格的行为方式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰，他们尽力避免这些情况。”2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime192.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsHofstededividedcultureintofourdimensionsatculture-level：PowerdistanceIndividualism/collectivismMasculinity/femininityUncertaintyavoidanceThefifthdimension:long-termorientation

2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime202.1.3Corporationculture

FindthedefinitionofcorporationcultureEdgarSchein’sillustrationofcultureandcorporationIllustratethethree“levels”ofcorporationculturewhichEdgarScheinputforwardArtifactsespousedvaluesbasicunderlyingassumptions2.1.3Corporationculture

Find212.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

CorporationCultureistheresultofthecommodityeconomyandthemarketeconomy.Theso-calledcorporationculture,representingthemethodthecompanyisusingfortheachievementofitsuniquepurpose,isacompany’smanagingphilosophyofarts.Inaword,corporationcultureleadstotheconceptvalueofthecompany,thephysicalandpsychicalappearanceofthewholestaff,thespiritualbackboneofthewholecompany.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp222.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

Bysettingupahealthyandwealthycorporationculture,weareaimingatformingthestrongagglomeration成团团聚结块；powerandcenterpetal花瓣forceofthewholeemployeesgroup.Thetaskofbuildingupahealthycorporationculturewillbeakeystoneofourworkintheyear2003to2005.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp232.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

Fromtheprospectiveofthelongdevelopmentview,theformingofthecorporationcultureisalsotheprocessofsettingupthecompany’sbrandname.Throughgainingthepublicrecognitionofourenterprise’sidentification,thecompanyisalsoexploringthebroadermarketspace.Forsettingupasuccessfulenterprise’sbrandnameneedsmorethantheinvestment,theequipmentandtechniqueinput.Auniquecorporationcultureisalsoamust.Theculturefactorwillbeavitalforceinnotonlythedevelopmentoftheenterprises,butalsointheprocessofraisingtheenterprise’srecognitionandsettingupofthebrandname.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp242．2Culturaldiversityininternationaltrade

文化冲突（Corporatecultureconflict）所谓文化冲突是指不同形态的文化或者文化要素之间相互对立,相互排斥的过程,它既指跨国企业在他国经营时与东道国的文化观念不同而产生的冲突，又包含了在一个企业内部由于员工分属不同文化背景的国家而产生的冲突。2．2Culturaldiversityinin252．2Culturaldiversityininternationaltrade

2.2.1CulturalconflictsinIndiaGeneralizethecharacteristicsofIndiacultural2．2Culturaldiversityinin262.2.2CulturalconflictsinJapan

WhyisitverydifficulttodevelopbusinessinJapan?WhyrelationisvitalforbusinesssuccessinJapan?IllustratethedifferencebetweenJapaneseandAmerican.2.2.2CulturalconflictsinJa272.2.3CulturalconflictsinIsrael

IllustratethecharacteristicsofcultureinIsrael:Greetingsandspace;time,verbalandnonverbal2.2.3Culturalconflictsin282.3Culturaladaptationininternationaltrade2.3.1CulturaladaptationininternationalbusinessWhatiscultural

adaptation?2.3Culturaladaptationinint29Thetipsaboutdevelopingcross-culturaladaptationskills:1Don’tassumethatyouknoweverythingaboutwhatishappeningaroundyou.2Languageisyourkeytoinvolvementinyournewculture.3Behonestandputothers’feetinyourshoes.Thetipsaboutdevelopingcros302.3.2Thethreephasesinculturaladaptation

Thefreshandconflictphase.Theadaptationphase.Theintegrationphase.2.3.2Thethreephasesincult31Additionalvocabulary

1. NIPPONLIFEINSURANCE 日本人寿保险公司（日本）

2. SIEMENS 西门子公司（德国）

3. ALLIANZ 安联保险（德国）

4. HITACHI 日立公司（日本） 5. U.S.POSTALSERVICE 美国邮政服务公司（美国） 6. MATSUSHITAELECTRICINDUSTRIAL松下电器产业公司（日本）7. PHILIPMORRIS 菲利普-莫里斯公司（美国） 8. INGGROUP ING集团公司（荷兰） 9. BOEING 波音公司（美国）

10. AT&T 美国电报电话公司（美国）11. SONY 索尼公司（日本）

Additionalvocabulary1. NIPPO32Additionalvocabulary

12. MTRO城市持股公司（德国）

13. NISSANMOTOR 日产汽车公司（日本 14. FIAT 菲亚特公司（意大利） 15. BANKOFAMERICACORP. 美洲银行公司（美国）16. NESTLE雀巢公司（瑞士） 17. CREDITSUISSE 瑞士信贷公司（瑞士）

18. HONDAMOTOR 本田汽车公司（日本）19. ASSICURAZIONIGENERALI通用保险股份公司（意大利）20. MOBIL 美孚石油公司（美国）Additionalvocabulary12. MTRO33Dictation

Wehave3,600employeesworldwideandsalesof$3,716million.Wemanufacturenearly20,000cars,3,500trucks,888buses,andthousandsofindustrialengines.Ourpositionasamajorinternationalgroupin24Europeancountriesand15Asiancountriesistheresultofquality,safetyandcaringforpeopleandtheDictation

Wehave3,600employ34Assignment:1Whatiscorporationculture?2Howtodealwiththecultureconflictsininternationalbusiness?Assignment:35

ThankYouThankYou36谢谢1月-2300:26:5600:2600:261月-231月-2300:2600:2600:26:561月-231月-2300:26:562023/1/10:26:56谢谢12月-2201:44:3301:4401:4412演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！NewInternationalTradeEnglish新编国际贸易英语教程NewInternationalTradeEnglis39

Chapter2

Cultureandinternationaltrade

文化与国际贸易

Chapter2

Cultureandint40Learningobjectives

TounderstandthemeaningofcultureToknowthelevelsofcorporationcultureToknowthereasonsofcultureconflictsToanswerwhyshouldtheMNCsmakeculturaladaptationLearningobjectives41OpeningvignetteLivetoworkorworktoliveMainideaofthepassage:Openingvignette42Trytofindthetopicsentenceoftheparagraph.CulturedifferencesbetweenAmericaandMexican:Businessgreeting;languagedifficulties;attitudetowardsmoney;dinnermeeting;businessculturemeetings(time;conversation;executivelevelsofthecompany);toleaveamessage;dressforbusinessmeetings;timeoftheappointmenttime;deliverydate.Trytofindthetopicsentence43Discussion:Howdoyouunderstandthesaying“Americanslivetowork,butMexicansworktolive”?新编国际贸易英语培训教程442.1Cultureandcorporationculture

Warm-upquestions:1Tellothersyouropinionabouttherootsofculturedifferences.2Whydomultinationalenterprisespaysomuchattentiontothelocal

culture?2.1Cultureandcorporationcu452.1.1Whatisculture

Trytofindthedefinitionofculture(GuarnacciaandRodriguez,1996)2.1.1Whatisculture

462.1.1Whatisculture

Whatisculture?Theword”culture”hasmanymeanings.Forexample,wesometimessaythatpeoplewhoknowaboutart,music,andliteraturearecultured.However,thewordculturehasadifferentmeaningforanthropologist(peoplewhostudyhumankind).Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.

2.1.1Whatisculture

Whatis472.1.1Whatisculture

Whatishigh-contextcultureandwhatislow-contextculture?Howdoyouunderstand“Culturalanalysisilluminatessubculturaldynamicswithinorganizations”2.1.1Whatisculture

482.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsHofstededividedcultureintofourdimensionsatculture-level：PowerdistanceIndividualism/collectivismMasculinity/femininityUncertaintyavoidanceThefifthdimension:long-termorientation

2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime492.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions权力距离是组织和团体（比如家庭）中的弱势群体接受与期待权力不平等分配的程度。它代表了不平等（多与少），但是是由下向上定义的（译者注：表示权力距离指数低，社会不平等程度低），而不是由上向下。它显示出，下层人民对于一个社会的不平等程度的接受程度与领导阶层地接受程度是一样的。显而易见，权力与不平等是任何社会的最基本现实，任何具有国际经验的个体都会意识到“所有社会都是不平等的，但是一些社会比其他更为不平等”。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime502.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions权力距离是用来表示人们对组织中权力分配不平等情况的接受程度，权力距离有大小之分，它的大小可以用指数PDI（powerdistanceindex）来表示。可以根据上级决策的方式（民主还是专制）、上下级发生冲突时下级的恐惧心理等因素来确定权力距离指数的概念。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime512.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsIndividualism(IDV)ontheonesideversusitsopposite,collectivism,thatisthedegreetowhichindividualsareinte-gratedintogroups.Ontheindividualistsidewefindsocietiesinwhichthetiesbetweenindividualsareloose:everyoneisexpectedtolookafterhim/herselfandhis/herimmediatefamily.Onthecollectivistside,wefindsocietiesinwhichpeoplefrombirthonwardsareintegratedintostrong,cohesivein-groups,oftenextendedfamilies(withuncles,auntsandgrandparents)whichcontinueprotectingtheminexchangeforunquestioningloyalty.Theword'collectivism'inthissensehasnopoliticalmeaning:itreferstothegroup,nottothestate.Again,theissueaddressedbythisdimensionisanextremelyfundamentalone,regardingallsocietiesintheworld.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime522.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsMasculinity(MAS)versusitsopposite,femininity,referstothedistributionofrolesbetweenthegenderswhichisanotherfundamentalissueforanysocietytowhicharangeofsolutionsarefound.TheIBMstudiesrevealedthat(a)women'svaluesdifferlessamongsocietiesthanmen'svalues;(b)men'svaluesfromonecountrytoanothercontainadimensionfromveryassertiveandcompetitiveandmaximallydifferentfromwomen'svaluesontheoneside,tomodestandcaringandsimilartowomen'svaluesontheother.Theassertivepolehasbeencalled'masculine'andthemodest,caringpole'feminine'.Thewomeninfemininecountrieshavethesamemodest,caringvaluesasthemen;inthemasculinecountriestheyaresomewhatassertiveandcompetitive,butnotasmuchasthemen,sothatthesecountriesshowagapbetweenmen'svaluesandwomen'svalues.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime532.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsUncertaintyAvoidanceIndex(UAI)dealswithasociety'stoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity;itultimatelyreferstoman'ssearchforTruth.Itindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitheruncomfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredsituations.Unstructuredsituationsarenovel,unknown,surprising,differentfromusual.Uncertaintyavoidingculturestrytominimizethepossibilityofsuchsituationsbystrictlawsandrules,safetyandsecuritymeasures,andonthephilosophicalandreligiouslevelbyabeliefinabsoluteTruth;'therecanonlybeoneTruthandwehaveit'.Peopleinuncertaintyavoidingcountriesarealsomoreemotional,andmotivatedbyinnernervousenergy.Theoppositetype,uncertaintyacceptingcultures,aremoretolerantofopinionsdifferentfromwhattheyareusedto;theytrytohaveasfewrulesaspossible,andonthephilosophicalandreligiousleveltheyarerelativistandallowmanycurrentstoflowsidebyside.Peoplewithintheseculturesaremorephlegmaticandcontemplative,andnotexpectedbytheirenvironmenttoexpressemotions.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime542.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsLong-TermOrientation(LTO)versusshort-termorientation:thisfifthdimensionwasfoundinastudyamongstudentsin23countriesaroundtheworld,usingaquestionnairedesignedbyChinesescholarsItcanbesaidtodealwithVirtueregardlessofTruth.ValuesassociatedwithLongTermOrientationarethriftandperseverance;valuesassociatedwithShortTermOrientationarerespectfortradition,fulfillingsocialobligations,andprotectingone's'face'.BoththepositivelyandthenegativelyratedvaluesofthisdimensionarefoundintheteachingsofConfucius,themostinfluentialChinesephilosopherwholivedaround500B.C.;however,thedimensionalsoappliestocountrieswithoutaConfucianheritage.2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime552.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions不确定性规避(UncertaintyAvoidanceIndex;UncertaintyAvoidance)是由吉尔特•霍夫斯泰德（GeertHofstede）建立的区别文化间差异的四维体系中的第二个维度。指的是一个社会感受到的不确定性和模糊情景的威胁程度。并试图以提供较大的职业安全，建立更正式的规则，不容忍偏离观点和行为，相信绝对知识和专家评定等手段来避免这些情景，其强弱是通过不确定性规避指数来表示的。2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime562.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensions不确定性规避指的是人们忍受模糊(低不确定性规避)或者感到模糊和不确定性的威胁(高不确定性规避)的程度。显然，不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知。虽然可能每个人都在预测未来，但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。美霍夫斯泰德用不确定性规避一词来“界定一种程度，一种当人们遇到混乱不清、难以预测的情况时所感到的不安程度。通过对严格的行为方式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰，他们尽力避免这些情况。”2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime572.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDimensionsHofstededividedcultureintofourdimensionsatculture-level：PowerdistanceIndividualism/collectivismMasculinity/femininityUncertaintyavoidanceThefifthdimension:long-termorientation

2.1.2Hofstede’sculturalDime582.1.3Corporationculture

FindthedefinitionofcorporationcultureEdgarSchein’sillustrationofcultureandcorporationIllustratethethree“levels”ofcorporationculturewhichEdgarScheinputforwardArtifactsespousedvaluesbasicunderlyingassumptions2.1.3Corporationculture

Find592.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

CorporationCultureistheresultofthecommodityeconomyandthemarketeconomy.Theso-calledcorporationculture,representingthemethodthecompanyisusingfortheachievementofitsuniquepurpose,isacompany’smanagingphilosophyofarts.Inaword,corporationcultureleadstotheconceptvalueofthecompany,thephysicalandpsychicalappearanceofthewholestaff,thespiritualbackboneofthewholecompany.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp602.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

Bysettingupahealthyandwealthycorporationculture,weareaimingatformingthestrongagglomeration成团团聚结块；powerandcenterpetal花瓣forceofthewholeemployeesgroup.Thetaskofbuildingupahealthycorporationculturewillbeakeystoneofourworkintheyear2003to2005.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp612.1.3Corporationculture

corporationculture

Fromtheprospectiveofthelongdevelopmentview,theformingofthecorporationcultureisalsotheprocessofsettingupthecompany’sbrandname.Throughgainingthepublicrecognitionofourenterprise’sidentification,thecompanyisalsoexploringthebroadermarketspace.Forsettingupasuccessfulenterprise’sbrandnameneedsmorethantheinvestment,theequipmentandtechniqueinput.Auniquecorporationcultureisalsoamust.Theculturefactorwillbeavitalforceinnotonlythedevelopmentoftheenterprises,butalsointheprocessofraisingtheenterprise’srecognitionandsettingupofthebrandname.2.1.3Corporationculture

corp622．2Culturaldiversityininternationaltrade

文化冲突（Corporatecultureconflict）所谓文化冲突是指不同形态的文化或者文化要素之间相互对立,相互排斥的过程,它既指跨国企业在他国经营时与东道国的文化观念不同而产生的冲突，又包含了在一个企业内部由于员工分属不同文化背景的国家而产生的冲突。2．2Culturaldiversityinin632．2Culturaldiversityininternationaltrade

2.2.1CulturalconflictsinIndiaGeneralizethecharacteristicsofIndiacultural2．2Culturaldiversityinin642.2.2CulturalconflictsinJapan

WhyisitverydifficulttodevelopbusinessinJapan?WhyrelationisvitalforbusinesssuccessinJapan?IllustratethedifferencebetweenJapanese