语料库研究方法概述课件

选题、设计与方法

Putitaltogether李文中中国外语教育研究中心2012选题、设计与方法

Putitaltogether李文中1语料库不是人学的，正则表达式不是女人学的。语料库不是人学的，2

Corpus-driven

isbasicallycorpusbased.

3Anycorpus-basedresearchisnecessarilydrivenbycorpusdata.Anycorpus-basedresearchisn4目标：通过语料库分析和研究：验证假设、直觉获得新发现建立新的假设构建新的理论验证已有的发现解决难题目标：通过语料库分析和研究：5创新：√新√√√√√√√√√√创新：√新√√√√√√√√√6基于语料库方法是一种验证程序语料库驱动方法是一种发现程序语料库研究方法概述课件7理据：任何感知都是推断Anyperceptionisbutinferencing.理据：任何感知都是推断8worldofrealityworldoftextEinsteinGulfUnbridgeableworldofworldofEinsteinGulf9眼耳鼻舌身意色声香味触法学问思辨行文本眼耳鼻舌身意色声香味触10基本步骤：确定题目提出问题确定总体和样本选择工具处理数据描述结果：分类、总结特征（description）解释结果：观察、描述、解释（explanation）解读结果：意义、价值、应用（interpretation）基本步骤：11IdentifyingaproblemSomethingorphenomenon:outofexpectationIncongruentNeedasolutionpuzzlingIdentifyingaproblemSomethin12ReadingtobebetterinformedWhathasbeendoneascontributionWhathasbeenleftundoneWhathasbeendonewrongNevercountsomeoneelse’smoney.ReadingtobebetterinformedW13FormulatingresearchquestionsNaming:whatis…Classificatory:Howaretheyinterrelated(patterned)?Explanatory:towhatextentdotheyco-occur?Predictive:Whatwillhappenif…?Neveraskaquestiontowhichyoualreadyknowtheanswer；neverask'howto'questionFormulatingresearchquestions14FindingamethodPopulationSampleSamplingFindingamethodPopulation15P(population)S(Sample)R(Result)I(Interpretation)SamplingvalidityreliabilityValidityGeneralizabilityPSRISamplingreliabilityValidit16IFPSSRRITHEN IPIF17Descriptiveresearchsingletexttextvs.textpeoplevs.textDescriptiveresearch18ResearchquestionsHowmanydifferentwordformsareusedinthetext?Howmanyrunningwordsareused?Whatistheirdistribution?Towhatextentcanthelevelofdifficultyofthetextbecomputedonthebasisofthegradedwordlists?Howmanydifferentwordclassesareused?Whatisthenumberofeachwordclass?Researchquestions19MethodToanswerRQ1,generateawordlistofthegiventextandobserve:ThenumberoftypesThenumberoftokensthetype/tokenratio(TTR)Ifthetextisverylarge,standardizetheTTRthetypesandtheirfrequencycumulativepercentageMethod20ToanswerRQ2,computethewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists,andobserve:HowmanytypesonLevel1,2,and3listsareusedinthetext?Andwhatistheirpercentage?Whatabouttheirtokens?Howmanytypesthatarenotonanylistareusedinthetext?Summarizetheirfeatures.ToanswerRQ2,computethewo21ToanswerRQ3,retrieveeachwordclassfromthePOStaggedtext,andsortthemonfrequencyindecreasingorderRetrieveallthenouns,verbs,andadjectivesSortthelistToanswerRQ3,retrieveeach22InstrumentsUseAntconc3.0togeneratethewordlist;UseRange

tocompareandcontrastthewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists;UsePowerGreptoretrievethewordclassfromthePOStaggedtext;Instruments23ExplanatoryresearchinterrelationshipbetweenwordsIRbetweenphraseologiesIRbetweengenresExplanatoryresearch24Researchonrelationship:shapedirectionstrengthResearchonrelationship:25ResearchquestionsWhatarethewordsthatareuniquetothetextintermsofitssubjectmatter?Towhatextentarethesewordsrelatedtothesubject/topicofthetext?Whatpatternsofrelationshipsexistamongthekeywords?Researchquestions26MethodCompare&contrastthewordlist(oftheobservedtextorcorpus)againstthewordlistofthereferencetextorcorpus(larger);Observeandgroupthewordswithinaclassificationframework;Method27InstrumentsAntconc3.0OtherapplicationsLiteraryanalysisAutomaticsummarizationInstruments28ResearchonwordusesObjectives:Observethecollocatesofaword;Studyitspatternsofuses;Studyitsmeaningsassociatedwithitspatternsofuses;StudythesemanticprosodyofitsmeaningResearchonworduses29ResearchquestionsWhatwordscollocatewiththeSearchWord?Whatisthestrengthofthecollocability?WhatisthepatternoftheSW?Andwhatisitssemanticpreference?Whatisthesemanticprosodyofthepattern?Researchquestions30MethodSearchtheword(KW,SW,orNodeWord)asKWIC;Observeitscollocatesandtheirwordclasses;Observethemeaningthatisassociatedwiththepattern;Observeitssemanticprosody;Method31InstrumentsAntconc3.0ConcordanceSort:Level1,Level2,Level3FrequencycountCollocatesSortSortPOStagsInstruments32ResearchonchunksObjectives:Toretrievethemultiwordsequences;Toexaminetheinternalstructureofsuchsequences;Toobtainthesequencesuniquetoaspecifictext;Researchonchunks33ResearchquestionsWhatmultiwordsequences(intermsofn-gram)arefoundinthegiventext?Howarethesesequencesstructuredintermsoflexicalgrammaticalpattern?Howisthemessageconveyedassociatedwiththeoverallstructureofthesequences?Researchquestions34MethodSegmentthetextandgenerateabatchoflistsofmultiwordsequences(ofvariouslengths);Observethestructureoftheretrievedn-gramsandexaminetheirregularities;Studythesemanticandpragmaticfeatures;Method35InstrumentsKfngramWordsmithToolsv3.0PowerGrep3.5Instruments36ResearchonparalleltextsObjectives:Toobservehowthesourcetextwastranslatedintothetargettext;Toobservetheprobabilityofthetranslationunitsandcorrespondingunitsfoundinthetext;Tostudythedynamicsofthetranslationofagivencommunity;Researchonparalleltexts37ResearchquestionsWhattranslationunitscanbefoundintheparalleltexts?Whatcorrespondingunitscanbefoundinthetexts?Whatarethedistributionalfeaturesofthecorrespondingunitsoftheidenticalgenre;Researchquestions38MethodObservetheparalleltexts(orconstructthecorpora);Retrievetheunitsfocused;Examinethecontextofsuchunits;Observetheirpatterns;Method39InstrumentsParalleltextsParallelconcordancerCorrespondingunitsdatabaseInstruments40ContrastiveStudiesObjectives:todogenreanalysistodeterminethedifficultylevelofatexttoobservehowatextisbiasedagainstitsreadersintermsofeventpresentationandevaluationtocompareabatchofwordlistswiththegradedwordlistsContrastiveStudies41Researchquestions:Whatgenrefeaturescanbeidentifiedforaparticulargenretext,intermsoflexis,patterns,andtextualorganization?Howdifficultisatext?Isitaproperinputtextforthestudentsattheirpresentcompetence?Researchquestions:42Whatcontrastivefeaturesaredisplayedinthepointofview,tone,judgementofthetext?Howdothesefeaturesaffectthereaders?Howtodeterminethevocabularysizeorlexicaldensityofatext(abatchoftexts)?Whatcontrastivefeaturesare43Instruments:Keywordanalysis;concordanceanalysisWordlistcomparison&contrastCriticaldiscourseanalysisInstruments:44Othercorpus-driven,corpus-based,orcorpus-informedresearchUseofcorporainlanguageteachingContrastiveInterlanguageAnalysisMultiwordsequencesParalleltextsGenre®isteranalysisDiscourseanalysisLiteraryanalysisCognitivelinguisticstudiesOthercorpus-driven,corpus-ba45Wherethecorpusisstrong:SynchronicanddiachronicSyntagmaticandparadigmaticQualitativeandquantitativeEmpiricalandintuitiveProbability&CentralityWherethecorpusisweak:MentalprocessesPsychologicalrealityPossibilityabsenceWherethecorpusisstrong:46语料库研究方法概述课件47选题、设计与方法

Putitaltogether李文中中国外语教育研究中心2012选题、设计与方法

Putitaltogether李文中48语料库不是人学的，正则表达式不是女人学的。语料库不是人学的，49

Corpus-driven

isbasicallycorpusbased.

50Anycorpus-basedresearchisnecessarilydrivenbycorpusdata.Anycorpus-basedresearchisn51目标：通过语料库分析和研究：验证假设、直觉获得新发现建立新的假设构建新的理论验证已有的发现解决难题目标：通过语料库分析和研究：52创新：√新√√√√√√√√√√创新：√新√√√√√√√√√53基于语料库方法是一种验证程序语料库驱动方法是一种发现程序语料库研究方法概述课件54理据：任何感知都是推断Anyperceptionisbutinferencing.理据：任何感知都是推断55worldofrealityworldoftextEinsteinGulfUnbridgeableworldofworldofEinsteinGulf56眼耳鼻舌身意色声香味触法学问思辨行文本眼耳鼻舌身意色声香味触57基本步骤：确定题目提出问题确定总体和样本选择工具处理数据描述结果：分类、总结特征（description）解释结果：观察、描述、解释（explanation）解读结果：意义、价值、应用（interpretation）基本步骤：58IdentifyingaproblemSomethingorphenomenon:outofexpectationIncongruentNeedasolutionpuzzlingIdentifyingaproblemSomethin59ReadingtobebetterinformedWhathasbeendoneascontributionWhathasbeenleftundoneWhathasbeendonewrongNevercountsomeoneelse’smoney.ReadingtobebetterinformedW60FormulatingresearchquestionsNaming:whatis…Classificatory:Howaretheyinterrelated(patterned)?Explanatory:towhatextentdotheyco-occur?Predictive:Whatwillhappenif…?Neveraskaquestiontowhichyoualreadyknowtheanswer；neverask'howto'questionFormulatingresearchquestions61FindingamethodPopulationSampleSamplingFindingamethodPopulation62P(population)S(Sample)R(Result)I(Interpretation)SamplingvalidityreliabilityValidityGeneralizabilityPSRISamplingreliabilityValidit63IFPSSRRITHEN IPIF64Descriptiveresearchsingletexttextvs.textpeoplevs.textDescriptiveresearch65ResearchquestionsHowmanydifferentwordformsareusedinthetext?Howmanyrunningwordsareused?Whatistheirdistribution?Towhatextentcanthelevelofdifficultyofthetextbecomputedonthebasisofthegradedwordlists?Howmanydifferentwordclassesareused?Whatisthenumberofeachwordclass?Researchquestions66MethodToanswerRQ1,generateawordlistofthegiventextandobserve:ThenumberoftypesThenumberoftokensthetype/tokenratio(TTR)Ifthetextisverylarge,standardizetheTTRthetypesandtheirfrequencycumulativepercentageMethod67ToanswerRQ2,computethewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists,andobserve:HowmanytypesonLevel1,2,and3listsareusedinthetext?Andwhatistheirpercentage?Whatabouttheirtokens?Howmanytypesthatarenotonanylistareusedinthetext?Summarizetheirfeatures.ToanswerRQ2,computethewo68ToanswerRQ3,retrieveeachwordclassfromthePOStaggedtext,andsortthemonfrequencyindecreasingorderRetrieveallthenouns,verbs,andadjectivesSortthelistToanswerRQ3,retrieveeach69InstrumentsUseAntconc3.0togeneratethewordlist;UseRange

tocompareandcontrastthewordlistagainstabatchofgradedwordlists;UsePowerGreptoretrievethewordclassfromthePOStaggedtext;Instruments70ExplanatoryresearchinterrelationshipbetweenwordsIRbetweenphraseologiesIRbetweengenresExplanatoryresearch71Researchonrelationship:shapedirectionstrengthResearchonrelationship:72ResearchquestionsWhatarethewordsthatareuniquetothetextintermsofitssubjectmatter?Towhatextentarethesewordsrelatedtothesubject/topicofthetext?Whatpatternsofrelationshipsexistamongthekeywords?Researchquestions73MethodCompare&contrastthewordlist(oftheobservedtextorcorpus)againstthewordlistofthereferencetextorcorpus(larger);Observeandgroupthewordswithinaclassificationframework;Method74InstrumentsAntconc3.0OtherapplicationsLiteraryanalysisAutomaticsummarizationInstruments75ResearchonwordusesObjectives:Observethecollocatesofaword;Studyitspatternsofuses;Studyitsmeaningsassociatedwithitspatternsofuses;StudythesemanticprosodyofitsmeaningResearchonworduses76ResearchquestionsWhatwordscollocatewiththeSearchWord?Whatisthestrengthofthecollocability?WhatisthepatternoftheSW?Andwhatisitssemanticpreference?Whatisthesemanticprosodyofthepattern?Researchquestions77MethodSearchtheword(KW,SW,orNodeWord)asKWIC;Observeitscollocatesandtheirwordclasses;Observethemeaningthatisassociatedwiththepattern;Observeitssemanticprosody;Method78InstrumentsAntconc3.0ConcordanceSort:Level1,Level2,Level3FrequencycountCollocatesSortSortPOStagsInstruments79ResearchonchunksObjectives:Toretrievethemultiwordsequences;Toexaminetheinternalstructureofsuchsequences;Toobtainthesequencesuniquetoaspecifictext;Researchonchunks80ResearchquestionsWhatmultiwordsequences(intermsofn-gram)arefoundinthegiventext?Howarethesesequencesstructuredintermsoflexicalgrammaticalpattern?Howisthemessageconveyedassociatedwiththeoverallstructureofthesequences?Researchquestions81MethodSegmentthetextandgenerateabatchoflistsofmultiwordsequences(ofvariouslengths);Observethestructureoftheretrievedn-gramsandexaminetheirregularities;Studythesemanticandpragmaticfeatures;Method82InstrumentsKfngramWordsmithToolsv3.0PowerGrep3.5Instruments83ResearchonparalleltextsObjectives:Toobservehowthesourcetextwastranslatedintothetargettext;Toobservetheprobabilityofthetranslationunitsandcorrespondingunitsfoundinthetext;Tostudythedynamicsofthetranslationofagivencommunity;Researchonparalleltexts84ResearchquestionsWhattranslationunitscanbefoundintheparalleltexts?Whatcorrespondingunitscanbefoundinthetexts?Whatarethedistributionalfeaturesofthecorrespondingunitsoftheidenticalgenre;Researchquestions85MethodObservetheparalleltexts(orconstructthecorpora);Retrievetheunitsfocused;Examinethecontextofsuchunits;Observetheirpatterns;Method86InstrumentsParalleltextsParallelconcordancer