英语词汇学-Chapter1分析课件

EnglishLexicology:ANewCoursebookEnglishLexicology:ANewCours12SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．-----（exocentriccompound离心复合词）Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬类）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffins热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance(炸薯条);再如：Frenchwindow-----(idioms)落地窗，takeFrenchleaveFrenchgrey不辞而别，浅灰色GoDuntchDutchwife→MidwifeAA制竹枕

助产士；促成因素

2SomeInterestingFactsTherei2名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出来的，因此也叫做动词性复合词或综合复合词、第一个成员通常是动词过程的参与者。请看下面的例子：

名词形容词

self－control（自制）eye－entertaining（非常悦目的）

pain－killer（镇痛剂）bullet－resistant（防弹的）

core－meaning（核心意义）virus－sensitive（对病毒敏感的）

foot－warmer（脚炉）machinewashable（能机洗的）

sun－tanned（被太阳晒黑的）diseaseinhibitory（抑制病毒的）名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出3离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看

离心的名词性复合词由V＋N、V＋A和V＋P构成，而离心的形容词性复合词由V＋N和V＋A构成。

名词形容词

scarecrow（稻草人）takehome（实得的，可以带回家的）

playboy（花花公子）lackluster（无光泽的）

cutthroat（凶手）breakneck（非常危险的）

get－together（联欢会）come－hither（吸引人的）

sit－down（静坐抗议）beat－up（破旧的）

breakthrough（突破）runaway（逃亡的）

run－up（抬高）walk－in（未经预约而来的）离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看45Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？小牛或小羊的内脏InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxing

rings(拳击赛台)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriters

write,butfingersdon'tfing，grocers

don'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(驼鹿),twomeese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteachers

taught,whydidn'tpreacher

praught?(preached)5Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜56Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义Havenosesthatrun流鼻涕andfeetthatsmell----（polysemy）?Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?（美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame（机会渺茫）,whileawiseman聪明人andawiseguy自作聪明的人areopposites?6Ifavegetarianeatsvegetabl67Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.----(metaphor)Youfillin(填写)aformbyfillingitout(填写).。------------(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoff（闹钟响）bygoingon（闹钟走）

．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?---（polysemy）7Whenahouseburnsup,itbum78

Englishisacrazylanguage,fullofwondersandattractions,thusmakingitaninterestingsubjectaswellasausefulone.8Englishisacrazylanguage,8Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislanguage?Languageisa9Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.语言学（linguistics）是以人类语言为研究对象的学科，探索范围包括语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。语言学被普遍定义为对语言的一种科学化、系统化的理论研究。并且语言是人类最重要的交际工具

，是思想的直接体现。Whatislinguistics?Generally10Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inotherwords,astudyofEnglishlexicologyisactuallyastudyoftheEnglishvocabulary,ortheEnglishwords.Whatislexicology?Lexicology11Aimsofthecourse:OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.Aimsofthecourse:Offeranin12

Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.

Thesignificanceofthe13RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，《英语词汇学教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。林承璋,2005,《英语语言学引论》。武汉：武汉大学出版社。林福美，1985，《现代英语词汇学》。合肥：安徽教育出版社。张维友，1999《英语词汇学》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。张韵斐、周锡卿，1986，《现代英语词汇学概论》（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。Nation,I.S.P.1990.TeachingandLearningVocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.Nation,I.S.P.2001.LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage.Cambridge:CUP.RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、卢晓娟，114Chapter1IntroducingLexicology1.1TheScopeofLexicology①theformationofwords

②theapplicationofwords词汇学研究范围十分广泛，包括词的界定、词的形态和构成、词的意义、词与词之间的意义关系、词义与语境的关系、成语的构成和使用、词典的类型和使用、词汇的发展史、词汇与文化的关系、词汇频率统计、词汇教学等诸多领域。传统的词汇学有词源学、成语学、词典学、专名学、方言学等分支学科。Chapter1IntroducingLexicolo151.2TheSignificanceofStudyingVocabularyOnthebasiclevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletoseetheamazingtransformationsofwords,andwhichcorrelateandinteractwitheachother.Onanadvancedlevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletodiscerntheoverwhelmingstrengthsofwordsthatcanpurify,enliven,andglamorizecommonexpressions.1.2TheSignificanceofStudyi161.3LexicologyandLinguisticStudies1.3.1Lexicology,Phonetics,andPhonology词汇学与语音学、音韵学Phonetics---研究语言的自然属性,人是如何发出声音的,音与音之间如何组合,如何分类等等.thestudyofthecharacteristicsofhumansoundsusedinspeechPhonology---从功能角度出发,对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlingusticcommunication1.3LexicologyandLinguistic17Phoneticsandphonologyareusefulforetymologists(词源（语源）学家)inthestudyofwords’originsandtheirchangesinformsandmeanings.Phoneticsandphonologyareus181.3.2LexicologyandMorphology词汇学与形态学Morphologyisthestudyofthemeaning-bearingunitofword(morphemes)andthegoverningrules.Morpheme词素Whatismorpheme?Sun,book,fine,eat,well---EachisamorphemeInternationalizationInter+nation+al+iz[e]+ationEachisamorphemeAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.1.3.2LexicologyandMorpholog19Morpholgyiswordgrammarwithmeaning,whilelexicologyiswordsemanticswithform.Morphology是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。

形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。Morpholgyiswordgrammarwith201.3.3LexicologyandSemantics词汇学与语义学Semantics---itcanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Lexicalsemanticsdealswiththemeaningofwordsandthemeaningrelationsthatareinternaltothevocabularyofalanguage.1.3.3LexicologyandSemantics211.3.4LexicologyandGrammar词汇学与语法（lexico-grammar）（grammar-lexicalogy）Bothofthemfocuson“word”:ingrammar,allwordsbelongtocertainpartsofspeechandfollowcertaingrammarrules;inlexicology,wordshavegrammaticalmeanings,andanywordcanperformagrammaticalfunctionoroccurincertaingrammaticalpatterns.1.3.4LexicologyandGrammar词22Theensentialdifferencebetweengrammarandlexicologyisthattheformerdealswiththeformsandstructuresofwordsandthelatterwithmeaningsofwords.Grammardealswithrulesandregularitiesthatapplytoclassesofwordsasawhole,whereaslexicologyisconcernedwiththewayindividualwordsoperateandaffectotherwordsinthesamecontext.Theensentialdifferencebetwe231.3.5LexicologyandStylistics词汇学与文体学Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.文体学就是一门教我们怎么使用语言，怎么应用不同风格的语言的一门学科。1.3.5LexicologyandStylistic24Theknowledgeofconnotationsandhistoryofwords,theimageofwordroots,andtheirstylisticpropertyisthedomainoflexicology,whichisveryusefulinthestudyofstylistics.Theknowledgeofconnotation251.3.6LexicologyandSociolinguistics词汇学与社会语言学Thesocialnatureoflanguageanditscorrelationwithitsvocabularyarewherelexicologyandsociolinguisticsinteract.Sociolinguisticsisabranchofsciencewhichdealswithcovariation(相关作用)ofsocialchangesandlanguagechanges.1.3.6LexicologyandSocioling261.4ResearchMethodsinLexicology对词汇可以进行历时研究(diachronicapproach):我们可以从历时角度研究英语词汇的来源、形成过程和发展变化。英语词汇发展史通常与英语语言发展历史密切关联。中古英语诺曼征服和诺曼统治法语法语借词

1.4ResearchMethodsinLexico27共时研究(synchronicapproach)共时研究关注同一历史发展时期英语词汇在不同地域的变化和发展。英国的殖民扩张殖民地的独立美国的崛起英语逐渐成为更多国家的官方语言和第二语言。英语变体共时研究(synchronicapproach)28历时比较：历时比较语言学19世纪词汇比较共时比较：英语词汇国别变体比较双语词汇比较历时比较：历时比较语言学29EnglishLexicology:ANewCoursebookEnglishLexicology:ANewCours3031SomeInterestingFactsThereisnoeggineggplant,norhaminhamburger,Neitherapplenorpineinpineapple．-----（exocentriccompound离心复合词）Andwhilenooneknowswhatisahotdog,youcanbeprettysureitisn‘tcanine（犬类）．Englishmuffins(=hotmuffins热松饼，美式早餐/英式午茶糕点)werenotinventedinEngland，NorFrench-friesinFrance(炸薯条);再如：Frenchwindow-----(idioms)落地窗，takeFrenchleaveFrenchgrey不辞而别，浅灰色GoDuntchDutchwife→MidwifeAA制竹枕

助产士；促成因素

2SomeInterestingFactsTherei31名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出来的，因此也叫做动词性复合词或综合复合词、第一个成员通常是动词过程的参与者。请看下面的例子：

名词形容词

self－control（自制）eye－entertaining（非常悦目的）

pain－killer（镇痛剂）bullet－resistant（防弹的）

core－meaning（核心意义）virus－sensitive（对病毒敏感的）

foot－warmer（脚炉）machinewashable（能机洗的）

sun－tanned（被太阳晒黑的）diseaseinhibitory（抑制病毒的）名词性向心复合词和形容词性向心复合词的中心成分是从动词派生出32离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看

离心的名词性复合词由V＋N、V＋A和V＋P构成，而离心的形容词性复合词由V＋N和V＋A构成。

名词形容词

scarecrow（稻草人）takehome（实得的，可以带回家的）

playboy（花花公子）lackluster（无光泽的）

cutthroat（凶手）breakneck（非常危险的）

get－together（联欢会）come－hither（吸引人的）

sit－down（静坐抗议）beat－up（破旧的）

breakthrough（突破）runaway（逃亡的）

run－up（抬高）walk－in（未经预约而来的）离心复合词主要是用来修饰人的一个特性。举更多的例子来看看3334Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜面包）？小牛或小羊的内脏InEnglishwefindthatquicksandcanworkslowly,Boxing

rings(拳击赛台)aresquare．Andwhyisthatwriters

write,butfingersdon'tfing，grocers

don'tgroce,andhammersdon'tham?Ifthepluraloftoothisteeth,whyisn‘tthepluralofbooth，beeth?Onegoose，twogeese,So,onemoose(驼鹿),twomeese?(复数形式仍然是moose)；Onemouse,twomice;Onelouse(虱子),twolice;Onehouse?twohice?Ifteachers

taught,whydidn'tpreacher

praught?(preached)5Sweetmeats(糖果)；sweetbreads(甜3435Ifavegetarianeatsvegetables,whatdoesahumanitarianeat?Whydopeoplereciteataplay,andplayatarecital?Shipbytruckorcarandsendcargobyship?(动词与动词的功能差异；为什么演话剧时人们要朗诵，而在独奏会上却要演奏：----（polysemy)一词多义Havenosesthatrun流鼻涕andfeetthatsmell----（polysemy）?Parkondrivewaysanddriveonparkways?（美国的房子周围有driveway(入户的车道)：私人车道；parkway大路，干道)Howcanaslimchanceandafatchancebethesame（机会渺茫）,whileawiseman聪明人andawiseguy自作聪明的人areopposites?6Ifavegetarianeatsvegetabl3536Whenahouseburnsup,itbumsdown.----(metaphor)Youfillin(填写)aformbyfillingitout(填写).。------------(collocation)Andanalarmclockgoesoff（闹钟响）bygoingon（闹钟走）

．Yougetinandoutofacar,yetyougetonandoffabus.Ifthereisaphraseof“goldbar”,thenwhatdoes“goldbrick”mean?Andwhy,whenIwindupmywatch,Istartit,ButwhenIwindupthisessay,Iendit?---（polysemy）7Whenahouseburnsup,itbum3637

Englishisacrazylanguage,fullofwondersandattractions,thusmakingitaninterestingsubjectaswellasausefulone.8Englishisacrazylanguage,37Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Itisaspecificsocialactionandacarrierofinformation.“Languageisman’swayofcommunicationwithhisfellowmanandItislanguagealonewhichseparatehimfromtheloweranimals”Whatislanguage?Languageisa38Whatislinguistics?Generallyspeaking,linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Tobemoreexact,linguisticsstudiesthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichlanguagesareconstructedandoperateassystemsofhumancommunication.语言学（linguistics）是以人类语言为研究对象的学科，探索范围包括语言的性质、功能、结构、运用和历史发展，以及其他与语言有关的问题。语言学被普遍定义为对语言的一种科学化、系统化的理论研究。并且语言是人类最重要的交际工具

，是思想的直接体现。Whatislinguistics?Generally39Whatislexicology?Lexicologyisabranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage.Itdealswithwords,theirorigin,development,structure,formation,meaningandusage.Inotherwords,astudyofEnglishlexicologyisactuallyastudyoftheEnglishvocabulary,ortheEnglishwords.Whatislexicology?Lexicology40Aimsofthecourse:OfferaninsightintotheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary.Discusstheproblemsofword-structureandword-formationStudytheuseofEnglishwords,theirmeaningsandchangesinmeaning,theirsenserelations.GiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary.Aimsofthecourse:Offeranin41

Thesignificanceofthecourse:Developyourpersonalvocabularyandconsciouslyincreaseyourwordpower(activevocabulary).Understandword-meaningandorganize,classifyandstorewordsmoreeffectively.Raiseyourawarenessofmeaningandusages,usewordsmoreaccuratelyandappropriately.Developyourskillsandhabitsofanalyzingandgeneralizinglinguisticphenomenainyourlearningexperiences.Ultimatelyimproveyourreceptiveandproductiveskillsinlanguageprocessingaswellaslanguageproduction.

Thesignificanceofthe42RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、卢晓娟，1997，《英语词汇学教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。林承璋,2005,《英语语言学引论》。武汉：武汉大学出版社。林福美，1985，《现代英语词汇学》。合肥：安徽教育出版社。张维友，1999《英语词汇学》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社。张韵斐、周锡卿，1986，《现代英语词汇学概论》（AnIntroductiontoModernEnglishLexicology）。北京：北京师范大学出版社。Nation,I.S.P.1990.TeachingandLearningVocabulary.Boston:Heinle&Heinle.Nation,I.S.P.2001.LearningVocabularyinAnotherLanguage.Cambridge:CUP.RecommendedReadings:汪榕培、卢晓娟，143Chapter1IntroducingLexicology1.1TheScopeofLexicology①theformationofwords

②theapplicationofwords词汇学研究范围十分广泛，包括词的界定、词的形态和构成、词的意义、词与词之间的意义关系、词义与语境的关系、成语的构成和使用、词典的类型和使用、词汇的发展史、词汇与文化的关系、词汇频率统计、词汇教学等诸多领域。传统的词汇学有词源学、成语学、词典学、专名学、方言学等分支学科。Chapter1IntroducingLexicolo441.2TheSignificanceofStudyingVocabularyOnthebasiclevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletoseetheamazingtransformationsofwords,andwhichcorrelateandinteractwitheachother.Onanadvancedlevelofalexicalstudy,youwillbeabletodiscerntheoverwhelmingstrengthsofwordsthatcanpurify,enliven,andglamorizecommonexpressions.1.2TheSignificanceofStudyi451.3LexicologyandLinguisticStudies1.3.1Lexicology,Phonetics,andPhonology词汇学与语音学、音韵学Phonetics---研究语言的自然属性,人是如何发出声音的,音与音之间如何组合,如何分类等等.thestudyofthecharacteristicsofhumansoundsusedinspeechPhonology---从功能角度出发,对出现在某种特定语言中的语音及组合、分布规律进行研究的语言学分支.Phonologyaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlingusticcommunication1.3LexicologyandLinguistic46Phoneticsandphonologyareusefulforetymologists(词源（语源）学家)inthestudyofwords’originsandtheirchangesinformsandmeanings.Phoneticsandphonologyareus471.3.2LexicologyandMorphology词汇学与形态学Morphologyisthestudyofthemeaning-bearingunitofword(morphemes)andthegoverningrules.Morpheme词素Whatismorpheme?Sun,book,fine,eat,well---EachisamorphemeInternationalizationInter+nation+al+iz[e]+ationEachisamorphemeAmorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.1.3.2LexicologyandMorpholog48Morpholgyiswordgrammarwithmeaning,whilelexicologyiswordsemanticswithform.Morphology是语法学的一个分支，研究单词的内部结构和构词规则。

形态学有两个分支：曲折形态学和词汇或派生形态学。曲折形态学研究语法曲折和语法意义的形态学；派生形态学研究单词的构成和词义的表达。Morpholgyiswordgrammarwith491.3.3LexicologyandSemantics词汇学与语义学Semantics---itcanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.Lexicalsemanticsdealswiththemeaningofwordsandthemeaningrelationsthatareinternaltothevocabularyofalanguage.1.3.3LexicologyandSemantics501.3.4LexicologyandGrammar词汇学与语法（lexico-grammar）（grammar-lexicalogy）Bothofthemfocuson“word”:ingrammar,allwordsbelongtocertainpartsofspeechandfollowcertaingrammarrules;inlexicology,wordsh