创业家的个性特性课件

EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity第二章创业家的个性特性ThepersonalityofEntrepreneursPartI:

创业家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity学习要点：Toidentifysomekeyentrepreneurialfeelingsandmotivations;Toidentifykeyelementsinanentrepreneur’sbackground;Todiscussthetypologyspecificforentrepreneurship.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityBecauseofthecloserelationshipthatexistsbetweentheentrepreneurandhisbusiness,thesuccessorfailureofthebusinessisverymuchassociatedwithtwofactors:

Thedegreetowhichtheaimsofthebusinesscorrespondwiththerealaimsoftheentrepreneur;Towhatextenttherealaimsoftheentrepreneurcanactually–givenhisorherpsychologicalmakeup–beachievedinpractice.Reason:EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPoint:Entrepreneursshareacommontypeofpersonalitywhichexplainstheirbehavior.BasicAssumption:entrepreneursareinsomewaydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationandthatthisdifferencecanbeexplainedintermsoftheentrepreneur’spersonalityprofile.Mainpsychologicalcharacteristics:nAch;risk-takingpropensity;locusofcontrol;problem-solving;value;etc.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePsychologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurNeedforAchievement(McClelland,1965)(Wilken,1979)DesireforIndependence(Stepanek,1979)PersonalAttributes(Hornaday,1982)(Gibb,1984)(WelshandWhite,1981)Risk-Taking(ColtonandUdell,1976)(Palmer,1971)(Liles,1974)Motives(Timmonsetal.,1990)(Cole,1969)LocusofControl(Rotter,1966)(Brockhaus,1982)(Perry,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicaltestingforEntrepreneurs:Projectivetests:Theindividualwrites–or,betterstilltalks–candidlyaboutsomething(e.g.,risk-taking,innovativethought,anddecision-makingcapacity).Pencilandpapertests:Thefirsttypeseekstodeterminewhetheranindividualwhoislikelytohavethequalitiesnecessarytosucceedinsettingupandrunningasmallbusiness.Thesecondtypeseekstodeterminewhatkindofsmallbusinessactivityislikelytobesuitableforhim.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityMcClelland’s(1961)NeedforAchievement(成就感）Definition:Adesiretodowell,notsomuchforthesakeofsocialrecognitionorprestige,butforthesakeofaninnerfeelingofpersonalaccomplishment.Adesiretotakepersonalresponsibilityfordecisions;Apreferencefordecisionsinvolvingmoderatedegreesofrisk;Aninterestintheresultofdecisions;Adislikeforroutineorrepetitivework.Influence:parentalfactors,inparticular-followingstandardsofexcellence,selfreliancetraining,lowfather–dominanceandacrucialroleformother-sonrelationshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitynAchEntrepreneurshipEconomicdevelopmentHypothesis:Asocietywithagenerallyhighlevelofneedforachievementwillproducemoreenergeticentrepreneurswho,inturn,producemorerapideconomicdevelopment.Criticisms:InappropriateinmeasuringentrepreneurshipThecorrelationsbetweennAchandeconomicgrowth;Sampleanddatatotestthehypothesis;nAchmodelsbothinfluenceandareinfluencedbyactivitiesintheenvironment.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityRisk-Takingpropensity（风险承担）:Riskcoversanumberofareas–financialrisk,careerrisk,familyandsocialrisk,andpsychologicalrisk(Liles,1974).Ray(1986)foundthatself-esteemwascloselyassociatedwithordrivenrisk-takingpropensity.Lowself-esteem:norisksorveryhighrisks.Highself-esteem:takingrisksappropriatetovarioussituationsKnight(1971)entrepreneursmaynotbeexposedtofinancialriskbutrathertosocialandpsychologicalrisk.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-esteem(自尊）:定义：Self-esteemistheextenttowhichonepraise,values,approves,orlikeoneself.Also:self-worth,self-regard,self-respect,etal.Relatedto:孤独、忧郁、焦虑、孤僻等EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-EsteemScale:IfellthatIamapersonofworth,atleastonanequalbasiswithothers.1.Stronglyagree2.agree3.disagree4.stronglydisagreeIfeelthatIhaveanumberofgoodqualities.*Allinall,IaminclinedtofeelthatIamafailure.Iamabletodothingsaswellasmostotherpeople.*IfeelIdonothavemuchtobeproudof.Itakeapositiveattitudetowardmyself.Onthewhole,Iamsatisfiedwithmyself.*IwishIcouldhavemorerespectformyself.*Icertainlyfeeluselessattimes.*AttimesIthinkIamnogoodatall.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityLocusofcontrol(命运的控制）:Locusofcontrolistheextenttowhichpeoplebelievethattheycontroltheirownlives(Rotter,1966)Internal-externalscales:Peoplewithhigh“internalscores”aremorelikelytobesuccessfulentrepreneurs.“Internal”peopletendtobemore:self-reliant,needofindependence,autonomy(KetsdeVires,1977),proactive(CromieandHohns,1982)andefficiency(BrockhausandHorwitz,1986)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityNeedtocontrolanddirectSelf-confidenceAsenseofurgencyComprehensiveawarenessRealismSuperiorconceptualabilityAlowneedforstatusAnobjectiveapproachtointerpersonalrelationsEmotionalstabilityAnattractiontochallengeratherthanrisk.Otherentrepreneurialattributes:(WelshandWhite,1981)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCriticisms:研究应当更关注创业家的行为和行动而不是简单的人的个性。（whattheentrepreneurdoesandnotwhoanentrepreneuris)社会学习理论（sociallearningtheory）：环境条件通过学习影响人的行为，反过来，一个人的行为也影响了环境。（individualdifferencesinbehaviourresultinlargepartfromdifferencesinthekindsoflearningexperiencesencounteredinthecourseofgrowingup.”EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin课间休息课间休息EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySomeoftheindividualdifferencesthatinteractwithsituationalconditionstoinfluencebehaviour:Competencies:whatcantheindividualdo?Cognitivestrategies:howdoestheindividualseethesituation?Expectancies:whatwillhappen?Subjectivevalues:whatisitworth?Self-regulatorysystemsandplans:Howcangoalsbeachieved?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThesociologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurSocialExperiences(GibbandRitchie,1982)(Wilken,1979)ParentalRoleModels(ShaperoandSokol,1982)(CooperandDunkelgerg,1987)(Schereretal.,1991)Environment(Bundura,1989)(Chell,1985)(Mitton,1989)SocialMarginality(StanworthandCurran,1973)(Shapero,1975)BirthOrder(HisrichandBrush,1985)(Petrof,1981)(VanSlootenetal.,1986)DisplacedIndividuals(KetsdeVires,1977)(Shapero,1975)(Scott,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity社会－文化因素：创业精神的合法性：Asystemofvaluesandattitudeswithinaspecificsocio-culturalsettingforthedevelopmentofentrepreneurship.社会的边缘性：属于社会边缘的群体或个体更有创业精神。例：Shapero

（1975）发现65％创业原因来自负面推动；Brockhaus（1980）发现60％先创立企业而后决定干什么。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity创业精神对个人发展不是一个天堂，但与其他方法相比，它是低地位人改进生活的最好途径。－－Casson(1982)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity父母作为一个角色模型影响了子女的个性和职业选向（50％的创业家来自其父母为企业所有者或自由职业者）；大部分的创业家是长子；创业家创业时年龄30-40岁；受教育年龄和工作经历、年限；其他：性别、行业、动机、起点、资金来源、职业背景、个性特点等。家庭背景因素：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity创业家分类(TypologiesinEntrepreneurship):1.Smith’scraftsmanandopportunistictypes(1967):EntrepreneurialvariablesCraftsmanOpportunisticBreadthofeducationandtrainingEducationfocusedoncurrentbusinessactivityEducationinvolvedmanydifferentkindsofcoursesBreadthintypeofjobsheldJobswereinsametypesofbusinessaspresentcompanyJobswerenotinsametypeofbusinessaspresentcompanyManagementreferencegroupPreviouslyassociatedmostlywithfellowworkersPreviouslyassociatedwithmanagersandbusinessownersManagementsponsorormultiplerolemodelsAfellowworkerprovidedexampleforsuccessTheownerofabusinessprovidedexampleforsuccessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityHighsocialinvolvementActiveinprofessional,trade,orbusinessassociationsActiveincommunityassociationsnotrelatedtoprofessionorbusinessEffectivecommunicationabilityDoesnotcommunicatewellinwritingorspeechesCommunicateswillinwritingandspeechesDelegationofauthorityandresponsibilityFindstodothingsrightonemustdothemoneselfBelievesthoseatlowerlevelsinthecompanyshouldhandleoperationsUniversalisticcriteriaforemployeeselectionAttemptstohirepeoplehasknownalongtimeFeelstherearemanypeopleavailabletoworkincompanyMultiplesourcesofcapitalusedTwoorfewersourcesofcapitalusedThreeormoresourcesofcapitalusedMultiplemethodsofestablishingcustomerrelationsCustomersgainedthroughpriorrelationsorpersonalcontactCustomersgainedneitherthroughpriorrelationsnorpersonalcontactEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityVariedcompetitivestrategiesMarketingstrategiesemphasizereputation,quality,andpriceMarketingstrategiesarenotlimitedtotheprecedingandplacevalueoncreativityandinnovationLong-termplanningforcompanyinitiationPlanningforcompanydonenomorethanoneyearbeforePlanningforcompanydonemorethanoneyearbeforestartPlanningforfuturegrowthandchangePlansforgrowthnotdevelopedorsalestonewcustomersnotanticipatedPlansforgrowthdevelopedandsalestonewcustomersareanticipatedEmployeerelationsnotpaternalisticFeelspersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenDoesnotfeelpersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityFirmvariablesRigidAdaptiveChangedcustomermixSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeAdditionstoproductmixSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeChangedproductionmethodsSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeDispersedlocationsSlightchangeatbestMajorchangeDispersedmarketsSellsinonestateonlySells>onestateorcountryConcreteplansforchangePlanschangewithinfiveyearsinonlyoneareaatbestamongcustomers,products,productionmethods,andlocationsPlanschangewithinfiveyearsintwoormoreareasEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityFilleyandAldag’sTypology(1978):CharacteristicCraftPromotionAdministrativeObjectivesComfort-survivalPersonalachievementMarketadaptationPolicyTraditionalPersonalRationalLeadershipCraftsmanEntrepreneurProfessionalStructurePowerlevelsFieldofforceRationalhierarchyStaffHousekeepingTechnical-personalTechnical-coordinativeFunctionaldevelopmentSingleSuccessiveemphasisFulldevelopmentWork-groupbondsFixedrolesInteraction-expectationHomogeneityInnovationConventionalmethodsInnovationDevelopmentUncertainty-riskNoperceivedriskUncertaintyRiskBasisforsuccessBenevolentenvironmentInnovationexploitationPlannedadaptationtoenvironmentPatternofgrowthNon-growthS-curvelinearEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityConclusion:Thepsychologicalschoolarguesthatpeoplebehaveaccordingtotheirvalues.Itemphasizestheuniquecharacteristicsandattributeofentrepreneur,suchasachievement,motivation,risk-takingpropensity,lotusofcontrolandself-confidence.Thesociologicalschoolfocusonthefamilyandenvironmentaldynamicsandsuggeststhatearlychildhoodinfluencesaffectcareerdecision.Entrepreneurialventuresdifferwidely,andtypologicaltheorizingprovidesamethodofunderstandingthisdiversity.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity4.Thedarksideofentrepreneurship:“Adesireforcontroloftenleadstoover-control;thatisadesiretoletnooneelsehaveanyauthority.”(KetsdeVires,1985)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity1;2a;3b;4b;5b;6a;7a;8;9a;10b;11b;12b;13b;14;15b;16a;17a;18a;19;20a;21a;22b;23a;24;25a;26b;27;28b;29a.练习：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity请与某个创办了企业的人士进行交谈，明确地了解企业家的背景、他的个性和创业时的年龄以及其创业的思路是如何产生的。谈谈你的感想。练习：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin演讲完毕，谢谢观看！演讲完毕，谢谢观看！EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity第二章创业家的个性特性ThepersonalityofEntrepreneursPartI:

创业家精神EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity学习要点：Toidentifysomekeyentrepreneurialfeelingsandmotivations;Toidentifykeyelementsinanentrepreneur’sbackground;Todiscussthetypologyspecificforentrepreneurship.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityBecauseofthecloserelationshipthatexistsbetweentheentrepreneurandhisbusiness,thesuccessorfailureofthebusinessisverymuchassociatedwithtwofactors:

Thedegreetowhichtheaimsofthebusinesscorrespondwiththerealaimsoftheentrepreneur;Towhatextenttherealaimsoftheentrepreneurcanactually–givenhisorherpsychologicalmakeup–beachievedinpractice.Reason:EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPoint:Entrepreneursshareacommontypeofpersonalitywhichexplainstheirbehavior.BasicAssumption:entrepreneursareinsomewaydifferentfromthegeneralpopulationandthatthisdifferencecanbeexplainedintermsoftheentrepreneur’spersonalityprofile.Mainpsychologicalcharacteristics:nAch;risk-takingpropensity;locusofcontrol;problem-solving;value;etc.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThePsychologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurNeedforAchievement(McClelland,1965)(Wilken,1979)DesireforIndependence(Stepanek,1979)PersonalAttributes(Hornaday,1982)(Gibb,1984)(WelshandWhite,1981)Risk-Taking(ColtonandUdell,1976)(Palmer,1971)(Liles,1974)Motives(Timmonsetal.,1990)(Cole,1969)LocusofControl(Rotter,1966)(Brockhaus,1982)(Perry,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityPsychologicaltestingforEntrepreneurs:Projectivetests:Theindividualwrites–or,betterstilltalks–candidlyaboutsomething(e.g.,risk-taking,innovativethought,anddecision-makingcapacity).Pencilandpapertests:Thefirsttypeseekstodeterminewhetheranindividualwhoislikelytohavethequalitiesnecessarytosucceedinsettingupandrunningasmallbusiness.Thesecondtypeseekstodeterminewhatkindofsmallbusinessactivityislikelytobesuitableforhim.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityMcClelland’s(1961)NeedforAchievement(成就感）Definition:Adesiretodowell,notsomuchforthesakeofsocialrecognitionorprestige,butforthesakeofaninnerfeelingofpersonalaccomplishment.Adesiretotakepersonalresponsibilityfordecisions;Apreferencefordecisionsinvolvingmoderatedegreesofrisk;Aninterestintheresultofdecisions;Adislikeforroutineorrepetitivework.Influence:parentalfactors,inparticular-followingstandardsofexcellence,selfreliancetraining,lowfather–dominanceandacrucialroleformother-sonrelationshipEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitynAchEntrepreneurshipEconomicdevelopmentHypothesis:Asocietywithagenerallyhighlevelofneedforachievementwillproducemoreenergeticentrepreneurswho,inturn,producemorerapideconomicdevelopment.Criticisms:InappropriateinmeasuringentrepreneurshipThecorrelationsbetweennAchandeconomicgrowth;Sampleanddatatotestthehypothesis;nAchmodelsbothinfluenceandareinfluencedbyactivitiesintheenvironment.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityRisk-Takingpropensity（风险承担）:Riskcoversanumberofareas–financialrisk,careerrisk,familyandsocialrisk,andpsychologicalrisk(Liles,1974).Ray(1986)foundthatself-esteemwascloselyassociatedwithordrivenrisk-takingpropensity.Lowself-esteem:norisksorveryhighrisks.Highself-esteem:takingrisksappropriatetovarioussituationsKnight(1971)entrepreneursmaynotbeexposedtofinancialriskbutrathertosocialandpsychologicalrisk.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-esteem(自尊）:定义：Self-esteemistheextenttowhichonepraise,values,approves,orlikeoneself.Also:self-worth,self-regard,self-respect,etal.Relatedto:孤独、忧郁、焦虑、孤僻等EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySelf-EsteemScale:IfellthatIamapersonofworth,atleastonanequalbasiswithothers.1.Stronglyagree2.agree3.disagree4.stronglydisagreeIfeelthatIhaveanumberofgoodqualities.*Allinall,IaminclinedtofeelthatIamafailure.Iamabletodothingsaswellasmostotherpeople.*IfeelIdonothavemuchtobeproudof.Itakeapositiveattitudetowardmyself.Onthewhole,Iamsatisfiedwithmyself.*IwishIcouldhavemorerespectformyself.*Icertainlyfeeluselessattimes.*AttimesIthinkIamnogoodatall.EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityLocusofcontrol(命运的控制）:Locusofcontrolistheextenttowhichpeoplebelievethattheycontroltheirownlives(Rotter,1966)Internal-externalscales:Peoplewithhigh“internalscores”aremorelikelytobesuccessfulentrepreneurs.“Internal”peopletendtobemore:self-reliant,needofindependence,autonomy(KetsdeVires,1977),proactive(CromieandHohns,1982)andefficiency(BrockhausandHorwitz,1986)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityNeedtocontrolanddirectSelf-confidenceAsenseofurgencyComprehensiveawarenessRealismSuperiorconceptualabilityAlowneedforstatusAnobjectiveapproachtointerpersonalrelationsEmotionalstabilityAnattractiontochallengeratherthanrisk.Otherentrepreneurialattributes:(WelshandWhite,1981)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityCriticisms:研究应当更关注创业家的行为和行动而不是简单的人的个性。（whattheentrepreneurdoesandnotwhoanentrepreneuris)社会学习理论（sociallearningtheory）：环境条件通过学习影响人的行为，反过来，一个人的行为也影响了环境。（individualdifferencesinbehaviourresultinlargepartfromdifferencesinthekindsoflearningexperiencesencounteredinthecourseofgrowingup.”EntrepreneurshipandNewBusin课间休息课间休息EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversitySomeoftheindividualdifferencesthatinteractwithsituationalconditionstoinfluencebehaviour:Competencies:whatcantheindividualdo?Cognitivestrategies:howdoestheindividualseethesituation?Expectancies:whatwillhappen?Subjectivevalues:whatisitworth?Self-regulatorysystemsandplans:Howcangoalsbeachieved?EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityThesociologicalviewpointoftheEntrepreneurSocialExperiences(GibbandRitchie,1982)(Wilken,1979)ParentalRoleModels(ShaperoandSokol,1982)(CooperandDunkelgerg,1987)(Schereretal.,1991)Environment(Bundura,1989)(Chell,1985)(Mitton,1989)SocialMarginality(StanworthandCurran,1973)(Shapero,1975)BirthOrder(HisrichandBrush,1985)(Petrof,1981)(VanSlootenetal.,1986)DisplacedIndividuals(KetsdeVires,1977)(Shapero,1975)(Scott,1980)EntrepreneurEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity社会－文化因素：创业精神的合法性：Asystemofvaluesandattitudeswithinaspecificsocio-culturalsettingforthedevelopmentofentrepreneurship.社会的边缘性：属于社会边缘的群体或个体更有创业精神。例：Shapero

（1975）发现65％创业原因来自负面推动；Brockhaus（1980）发现60％先创立企业而后决定干什么。EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity创业精神对个人发展不是一个天堂，但与其他方法相比，它是低地位人改进生活的最好途径。－－Casson(1982)EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity父母作为一个角色模型影响了子女的个性和职业选向（50％的创业家来自其父母为企业所有者或自由职业者）；大部分的创业家是长子；创业家创业时年龄30-40岁；受教育年龄和工作经历、年限；其他：性别、行业、动机、起点、资金来源、职业背景、个性特点等。家庭背景因素：EntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversity创业家分类(TypologiesinEntrepreneurship):1.Smith’scraftsmanandopportunistictypes(1967):EntrepreneurialvariablesCraftsmanOpportunisticBreadthofeducationandtrainingEducationfocusedoncurrentbusinessactivityEducationinvolvedmanydifferentkindsofcoursesBreadthintypeofjobsheldJobswereinsametypesofbusinessaspresentcompanyJobswerenotinsametypeofbusinessaspresentcompanyManagementreferencegroupPreviouslyassociatedmostlywithfellowworkersPreviouslyassociatedwithmanagersandbusinessownersManagementsponsorormultiplerolemodelsAfellowworkerprovidedexampleforsuccessTheownerofabusinessprovidedexampleforsuccessEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityHighsocialinvolvementActiveinprofessional,trade,orbusinessassociationsActiveincommunityassociationsnotrelatedtoprofessionorbusinessEffectivecommunicationabilityDoesnotcommunicatewellinwritingorspeechesCommunicateswillinwritingandspeechesDelegationofauthorityandresponsibilityFindstodothingsrightonemustdothemoneselfBelievesthoseatlowerlevelsinthecompanyshouldhandleoperationsUniversalisticcriteriaforemployeeselectionAttemptstohirepeoplehasknownalongtimeFeelstherearemanypeopleavailabletoworkincompanyMultiplesourcesofcapitalusedTwoorfewersourcesofcapitalusedThreeormoresourcesofcapitalusedMultiplemethodsofestablishingcustomerrelationsCustomersgainedthroughpriorrelationsorpersonalcontactCustomersgainedneitherthroughpriorrelationsnorpersonalcontactEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinessVentureDr.LinGuo,MBACentre,XiamenUniversityVariedcompetitivestrategiesMarketingstrategiesemphasizereputation,quality,andpriceMarketingstrategiesarenotlimitedtotheprecedingandplacevalueoncreativityandinnovationLong-termplanningforcompanyinitiationPlanningforcompanydonenomorethanoneyearbeforePlanningforcompanydonemorethanoneyearbeforestartPlanningforfuturegrowthandchangePlansforgrowthnotdevelopedorsalestonewcustomersnotanticipatedPlansforgrowthdevelopedandsalestonewcustomersareanticipatedEmployeerelationsnotpaternalisticFeelspersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenDoesnotfeelpersonallyresponsibleforemployeesorthattheyarelikechildrenEntrepreneurshipandNewBusinEntrep