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NotesForPostgraduateEnglishIntegratedCourseCLASSNUMBER:CLASSNUMBER:STUDENTNAME:STUDENTNUMBER:INSTRUCTOR:PRO.DATE:NotesForPostgraduateEnglishIntegratedCourseContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u21445Contents 115133Unit1Education 371511.1ReadingFocus 3228081.1.1NewWords 5220671.1.2Phrases 617451.2ReadingFocus 7276731.2.1NewWords 9189531.2.2Phrases 1127989Unit2 12227352.1ReadingFocus 12
Unit1Education1.1ReadingFocusWeShouldCherishOurChildren'sFreedomtoThink--KieHoAmericanswhoremember"thegoodolddays"arenotaloneincomplainingabouttheeducationalsysteminthiscountry.Immigrants,too,complain,andwithmoreup-to-datecomparisons.LatelyIhaveheardaPolishimmigrantexpressdismaythathisdaughter'shighschoolhasnottaughtherthedifferencebetweenBelgradeandPrague.AGermanfriendwasfuriouswhenhelearnedthatthemathematicstestgiventohissononhisfirstdayasafreshmanincludedmultiplicationanddivision.ALebaneseboaststhattheaveragehigh-schoolgraduateinhishomelandcanspeakfluentlyinArabic,FrenchandEnglish.JapanesebusinessmeninLosAngelessendtheirchildrentoprivateschoolsstaffedbyteachersimportedfromJapantolearnmathematicsatJapaneselevels,generallyconsideredatleastayearmoreadvancedthanthelevelhere.ButIwonder:IfAmericaneducationissotragicallyinferior,whyisitthatthisisstillthecountryofinnovation?IthinkIfoundtheansweronmyshorttriptotheLagunaBeachMuseumofArt,wheretheworkofschoolchildrenwasonexhibit.Equippedonlywithcolorfulyarns,foilpaper,feltpensandcrayons,theyhadtransformedsimplepaperlunchbagsinto,amongotherthings,awaterfallwithflyingfish,BroomHildathewitchandahousewithawomaninabikinihidingbehindaswingingdoor.Theirpublicschoolhadprovidedthesechildrenwithopportunitiesanddirectiontofulfilltheircreativity,somethingthatpeopleinthiscountrytendtotakeforgranted.WhenIwas12inIndonesia,whereeducationfollowedtheDutchsystem,Ihadtomemorizethenamesofalltheworld'smajorcities,fromKabultoKarachi.Atthesameage,myson,whowasbroughtupaCalifornian,thoughtthatBuenosAireswasSpanishfor"goodfood."However,unlikemanychildrenofhisageinAsiaandEurope,mysonhadstudiedcreativegeography.Whenhewasonly6,hedrewamapoftheroutethathetraveledtogettoschool,includingthestreetsandtheirnames,thebuildingsandtrafficsignsandthehousesthathepassed.Americanparentsforgetthatinthiscountrytheirchildrenareabletoexperimentfreelywithideas;withoutthistheywillnotreallybeabletothinkortobelieveinthemselves.Inmyhighschoolyears,backinIndonesia,weweremodelsofdedicationandobedience;wesattolisten,toansweronlywhenasked,andtogivetheonlycorrectanswer.Evenwhenstudyingwordforms,therewerenoalternatives.Insimiles,prettylipswerealwaysasredascherries,andbeautifuleyebrowswerealwayslikeaparadeofblackclouds,likechildreninmanyothercountriesintheworld,Isimplydidnothaveachancetochoose,tomakedecisions.Myson,onthecontrary,toldmethathegotagoodlaugh—andanA—fromhisteacherforcreatinghisownsimile"themanwasasnervousasRichardPryorataKuKluxKlan*convention."There'snodoubtthatAmericaneducationdoesnotmeethighstandardsinsuchbasicskillsasmathematicsandlanguage.AndwerealizethatouryoungstersareignorantofLatin,putMussoliniinthesamecategoryasDostoevski,cannotrecitethePeriodicTablebyheart.Wouldwe,however,prefertostuffthedevelopinglittleheadsofourchildrenwithhundredsofgeometryproblems,thenamesofriversinBraziland50linesfrom"theCanterburyTales?"Dowereallywanttoretardtheirimpulses,frustratetheiropportunitiesforself-expression?WhenIwas18,IhadtomemorizeHamlet's"Tobeornottobe"speechflawlessly.InhisEnglishclass,mysonwasassignedtowritealovelettertoJuliet,eitherinShakespeareanormodernlanguage.(Hepickedthelatter;hisRomeowouldtakeitJuliettoanarcadeforvideogames).HereinAmericaahistorystudentcantaketheroleofLyndonJohnsoninanopendebateagainstanotherstudentplayingHoChiMinh.ButitisunthinkablethatayoungsterinJapanwoulddaretodothesameregardingtheroleoftheirHirohitoinWorldWarII.CriticsofAmericaneducationinthiscountrycannotgrasponething,somethingthattheydon'ttrulyunderstandbecausetheytakeitforgranted:freedom.Thismostimportantmeasurementhasbeenomittedinthestudiesofthequalityofeducationinthiscentury,theonlyone,Ithink,thatextendseventochildrenthelicensetofreelyspeak,writeandbecreative.Ourpubliceducationcertainlyisnotperfect,butitdoeshaveitsadvantages.珍惜孩子思考的自由--KieHo不只是那些怀念“美好往日”的美国人在抱怨美国的教育制度,移民们也在抱怨,使这种抱怨有了更多的当代式的对比。最近我听到一个波兰移民的沮丧地说,女儿的高中不再教贝尔格莱德和布拉格的区别。一位德国朋友很生气,因为他听说儿子大一第一天的数学考试里有乘法和除法。一个黎巴嫩人夸耀说自己祖国一般的高中毕业生都能流利讲阿拉伯语、法语和英语。在洛杉矶的日本商人把孩子送到私立学校,那里有来自日本的教师以日本的水平教数学,那通常被认为本洛杉矶当地学校教的数学高出一学年的水平。但是我惊讶的是:如果美国的教育如此悲惨地低劣,为什么美国还是一个创新的国度呢?在拉古纳滩艺术博物馆进行了短暂访问后,我想我找到了答案。这个博物馆里展览着学生们的作品。只用彩色纱线、铝箔纸、毡笔和蜡笔,学生们就把简单的午餐袋做成缀以飞鱼的瀑布、扫帚希尔达巫婆,或是一座房子,一位穿着比基尼的妇女藏在弹簧门后。公立学校为孩子们提供了机会去实现创造力,而这恰恰是人们总是认为理所当然的事。我12岁时在印度尼西亚,那里的教育制度仿照荷兰,我不得不记住全部世界主要城市的名字,从喀布尔到卡拉奇。而同样年纪时,我那个在加利福尼亚长大的宝贝儿子还以为布宜诺斯艾利斯是西班牙语中的一种食品,或许是炸玉米饼之类的东西。但是,与他那些亚洲、欧洲的同伴不同,我儿子在运用地理知识方面已经有了创造性的进展。他才6岁时,就画出了一张从家到学校的路线图,包括街道及其名称、大楼、交通标志和他经过的房子。美国的父母们忘记了,在这里他们的孩子可以自由实践自己的想法,如果没有这些,孩子们将不能思考,并缺乏自信。高中时代,我们是奉献和服从的模范。我们规规矩矩,坐着听课,被动地回答问题,而且只能给出唯一正确的答案。即使学习句型时也没有例外,例如学比喻句,漂亮的嘴唇总是像樱桃一样红,美丽的眉毛总像排排黑云。和世界上很多其他国家的孩子一样,我完全没有机会去选择、去做决定。我儿子恰好相反,他告诉我,他开怀大笑,因为造了这样的句子:“那个人和在三K党集会上的理查德·普赖尔一样紧张。”老师给了他一个A。毫无疑问,美国教育在数学、语言等基本技能方面的培训水平不高,我们也意识到,美国青年不懂拉丁语,会把墨索里尼和陀斯妥耶夫斯基归为一类,也不会背诵元素周期表。但是无论怎样,我们真的要把数百道几何题和巴西河流的名字以及《坎特伯雷故事》中的50行诗句一起都塞进孩子们的小脑袋里吗?我们真的要扼杀他们的冲动、欲望和自我表现的机会吗?我18岁时必须准确无误地记住哈姆雷特的“生存还是死亡”的独白,而我儿子上英语课时,则被要求给朱丽叶写一封情书,可以用莎士比亚风格的语言,也可以用现代语言。(他选择了后者;在他笔下,他的罗密欧把朱丽叶带到拱廊上打电脑游戏。)在美国,历史系的学生可以扮演林德.约翰逊,同另一个扮演胡志明公开辩论。但是难以想像日本的年轻人敢于扮演二战中裕仁天皇的角色这么做。美国教育的批评者不能忽视的一点是有些他们不能真正理解的东西,因为他们视之为理所当然,那就是自由。在教育质量的研究中,人们已经忽略了本世纪最重要的衡量标准,这个标准,我想就是给孩子自由讲话、书写、创造的权力。当然我们的公共教育并不完美,但确有自身的优势。1.1.1NewWords1.up-to-date
adj.最新的,现代的例句:
Up-to-date
technology;
up-to-date
fashions.
最新技术,最近时尚2.multiplication
n.乘法,增加,乘法表例句:
My
son
began
to
study
multiplication
when
he
was
six.
我儿子六岁的时候开始学习乘法。3.division
n.区分,分开,除法,公司,部门,师(军队里)例句:
Addition
and
division
are
forms
of
computation.
加法和除法都是计算方法.4.staff
vt.配备员工例句:
Most
of
our
offices
are
staffed
by
volunteers.
在我们大多数办公室任职的是志愿人员。5.tragically
adv.悲剧地,悲惨地例句:
Let
the
strivings
of
us
all,
prove
Martin
Luther
King
Jr.
to
have
been
correct,
when
he
said
thathumanity
can
no
longer
be
tragically
bound
to
the
starless
midnight
of
racismand
war.
我们要用我们所有人的努力证实马丁·路德·金的话是正确的。他说,人类再也不能悲惨地走向种族歧视和战争的黑暗之夜。6.witch
n.女巫,巫婆例句:
The
witch
turned
the
princess
into
a
swan.
巫婆把公主变成了一只天鹅。7.alternative
n.替换物,取舍例句:
Please
find
alternative
means
of
transport.
请另外找一个运输方法。8.stuff
v.填满,塞满例句:
He
stuffed
the
apples
into
the
bag.
他把苹果塞进袋子里。9.unthinkable
adj.不能想的,想像不到的,过份的例句:
It
is
unthinkable
that
we
shall
allow
a
nuclear
holocaust
to
occur.
我们若竟让核武器大屠杀的惨剧发生,简直是匪夷所思。1.1.2Phrases1.take
for
granted
vi.想当然(认为理当如此,对作主观估计)例句:
It
is
taken
for
granted
that
everyone
is
equal
beforethe
law.
法律面前人人平等是被认为理所当然的。2.bring
up
教育,培养例句:
Her
parents
died
when
she
was
a
baby
and
she
was
brought
up
by
her
aunt.
她出生後不久父母双亡,是由姑母抚养大的。3.believe
in
相信,信任例句:
I
fervently
believe
in
our
eventual
victory.
我坚信我们最后会胜利。4.ignorant
of
adj.不知道(无知)例句:
To
say
you
were
ignorant
of
the
rules
is
no
excuse.
说自己不知道规则是不能成为藉口的.5.by
heart
牢记,凭记忆例句;
Everyone
in
the
class
has
to
learn
Lincoln's
Gettysburg
Address
by
heart.
班上每个学生都必须默诵林肯葛底斯堡演说词。1.2ReadingFocusAngelsonaPin--AlexanderCalandraSometimeago,IreceivedacallfromJim,acolleagueofmine,whoteachesphysics.HeaskedmeifIwoulddohimafavorandbetherefereeonthegradingofanexaminationquestion.Isaidsure,butIdidnotquiteunderstandwhyheshouldneedmyhelp.Hetoldmethathewasabouttogiveastudentazeroforhisanswertoaphysicsquestion,butthestudentprotestedthatitwasn'tfair.Heinsistedthathedeservedaperfectscoreifthesystemwerenotsetupagainstthestudent.Finally,theyagreedtotakethemattertoanimpartialinstructor.AndIwasselected.Iwenttomycolleague'sofficeandreadtheexaminationquestion.Itsaid:"Showhowitispossibletodeterminetheheightofatallbuildingwiththeaidofabarometer."Thestudenthadanswered:"Takethebarometertothetopofthebuilding,tiealongropetoit,lowerthebarometertothestreet,andthenbringitupandmeasurethelengthoftherope.Thelengthoftheropewillbetheheightofthebuilding."Ilaughedandpointedouttomycolleaguethatwemustadmitthestudentreallyhadaprettystrongcaseforfullcreditsincehehadindeedansweredthequestioncompletelyandcorrectly.Ontheotherhand,Icouldalsoseethedilemmabecauseiffullcreditweregiventohimitcouldmeanahighgradeforthestudentinhisphysicscourse.Ahighgradeissupposedtoprovecompetenceinthecourse,buttheanswerhegavedidnotshowhisknowledgeonthesubject."So,whatwouldyoudoifyouwereme?"Jimasked.Isuggestedthatthestudenthaveanothertryatansweringthequestion.Iwasnotsurprisedthatmycolleagueagreed,butIwassurprisedthatthestudentdid,too.ItoldthestudentthatIwouldgivehimsixminutestoanswerthequestion.ButIwarnedhimthatthistimehisanswershouldshowsomeknowledgeofphysics.Hesatdownandpickeduphispen.Heappearedtobethinkinghard.Attheendoffiveminutes,however,Inoticedthathehadnotputdownasingleword.Iaskedhimifhewishedtogiveup,buthesaidno.Hehadnotwrittenanythingdownbecausehehadtoomanypossibleanswerstothisproblem.Hewasjusttryingtodecidewhichwouldbethebestone.Iexcusedmyselfforinterruptinghimandaskedhimtogoon.Inthenextminute,hedashedoffhisanswer,whichread:"Takethebarometertothetopofthebuildingandleanovertheedgeoftheroof.Dropthebarometerandtimeitsfallwithastopwatch.Then,usingtheformulaS=1/2at2,calculatetheheightofthebuilding."Atthispoint,Iaskedmycolleagueifhewouldgiveup.Henoddedyes,andIgavethestudentalmostfullcredit.WhenIleftmycolleague'soffice,Irecalledthatthestudenthadsaidthathehadotheranswerstotheproblem.Iwascurious,soIaskedhimwhattheywere."Oh,yes,"saidthestudent."Therearemanywaysofgettingtheheightofatallbuildingwiththeaidofabarometer.Forexample,youcouldtakethebarometeroutinasunnydayandmeasuretheheightofthebarometer,thelengthofitsshadow,andthelengthoftheshadowofthebuilding,andbytheuseofasimpleproportion,determinetheheightofthebuilding.Thebeautyofthismethodisthatyoudon'thavetodropthebarometerandbreakit.""Fine,"Isaid."Anymore?""Yes,"saidthestudent."Thereisaverybasicmeasurementmethodthatpeoplewilllike,becauseitissosimpleanddirect.Inthismethod,youtakethebarometerandwalkupthestairs.Asyouclimbthestairs,youmarkoffthelengthofthebarometeralongthewall.Youthencountthenumberofmarks,andthiswillgiveyoutheheightofthebuildinginbarometerunits.Theonlytroublewiththismethodisthatitdoesn'trequiremuchknowledgeofphysics.""Ofcourse,ifyoupreferamoresophisticatedmethod,amethodthatwillreallyshowsomeknowledgeofphysics,youcantiethebarometertotheendofarope,swingitasapendulumanddeterminethevalueof'g'atthestreetlevelandatthetopofthebuilding.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwovaluesof'g'theheightofthebuildingcan,inprinciple,beworkedout.”Finally,heconcludedthatwhiletherearemanywaysofsolvingtheproblem,"Probablythebestandthemostpracticalinareal-lifesituationistotakethebarometertothebasementandknockonthesuperintendent'sdoor.Whenthesuperintendentanswers,youspeaktohimasfollows:Mr.Superintendent,Ihavehereafinebarometer.Ifyouwilltellmetheheightofthisbuilding,Iwillgladlygiveyouthisbarometer!"Atthispoint,Iaskedthestudentifhereallydidn'tknowtheexpectedanswertothisquestion.Hesmiledandadmittedthathedid,butsaidhewasfedupwithstandardanswerstostandardquestions.Hecouldn'tunderstandwhythereshouldbesomuchemphasisonfixedrulesratherthancreativethinking.Sohecouldnotresistthetemptationtoplayalittlejokewiththeeducationalsystem,whichhadbeenthrownintosuchapanicbythesuccessfullaunchingoftheRussianSputnik.AtthatmomentIsuddenlyrememberedthequestion:Howmanyangelscandanceontheheadofapin?Weteachersarealwaysblamingthestudentsforgivingwronganswers.Perhapsweshouldaskourselveswhetherwearealwaysaskingtherightquestions.针尖上的天使--亚历山大·卡兰德不久前,我接到一个教物理的同事的电话,问我是否愿给一考题的打分作一个仲裁。我说可以,但我不明白为什么需要我帮忙。他说他要给一个学生做的物理题答案判零分,而学生认为这不公平,声称如果该评分体制的建立不是与学生作对的话,他就该得满分。导师和学生同意将此争议交给一位无私的裁决者,于是选择了我。我去了那位同事的办公室,看了那道考题:“说明怎样才能用气压表来测定一栋高层建筑物的高度。”那考生答道:“把气压表拿到此楼顶,在表上系一根长绳,将气压表降至街上,然后提起来,测量绳子的长度。绳子的长度就是该楼房的高度。”我大笑,告诉同事必须承认这个学生确实有得满分的强有力的证据,因为他完全正确地回答了问题。另一方面,如果给他满分,就可能陷入两难的处境,因为如果给该生满分,这意味着该生在物理课程取得了高分。而高分就应证明该生在物理学习方面的能力,但答案却无法证实这点。“那么,如果您是我,您会怎么做呢?”吉姆问我。我建议这个学生再次尝试回答这个问题。我的同事同意了我的建议,对此我并不感到意外,令我感到意外的是,那个学生也同意了。我给了他六分钟的时间回答这个问题,并提醒他必须用一些物理知识。他坐下来,拿起笔。显然在努力思考,但是五分钟过去了,他还一个字没写。我问他是否放弃,他说不。什么都没写是因为:他对这个问题有很多答案,他只是在想最佳答案。我道歉说打扰了他,并请他继续。在最后一分钟里,他匆匆写出了他的答案:把气压表拿到建筑物最顶层,倚着楼扔下表,用跑表计算其降落时间,然后用公式计算建筑高度。这时,我问我的同事他是否愿放弃。他让步了,我给了那学生几乎一个满分。在离开同事办公室的时候,我想起那个学生说他还有其它解法,便感到好奇。于是我问他还有哪些解法。“啊,有,”他说,“有很多种方法,都可以利用这只表得出一栋高楼的高度。例如,你可以在一个大晴天把它拿到户外并测量表高和影长,还有该大楼的影长,使用一个简单的比率,就可以测定该楼的高度。这个方法的好处是不用把气压计扔下去而摔碎。”“好,”我说道“还有其它方法吗?”“有,”那学生说道,“有一种人们会喜欢的非常基本的测量方法,因为它很简单直接,该方法是,你拿着气压表开始爬楼梯。在你爬楼梯时,你在墙上标出气压表的长度,然后再数这些记号,你会以气压表为单位得到楼高,一种非常直接的方法。这个方法的唯一缺点是用不了太多物理知识。”“当然,如果你想用一种更复杂的、真正用物理学知识的方法,可以把表系到绳子的一端,让他像个钟摆一样,然后确定街面上和楼顶的摆值。通过两个摆值的差别,原则上可以算出楼高。”最后,他推断道:“还有很多其它办法来解题。也许,现实生活中最好最实用的办法是把表拿到地下室并敲主管人的房间。等他开门后,你对他说:‘我这儿有一个精致的气压表。如果你告诉我这栋高楼的高度,我就把它送给你!”这时,我问那个学生是否真不知道这个问题的常规答案。他笑了笑,承认他知道,但是他说他已厌倦了标准问题和标准答案,他不知道为什么总是强调那些固定的规则而不是创造性的思考。因此忍不住对那些对苏联人造卫星惊慌失措的美国课堂开个小玩笑。那一刻,我突然想起了一个问题:一根大头针上可以放几个跳舞的天使?我们老师们总是责备学生回答错误。或许我们应该反问自己,我们是否一直在寻求正确的答案。1.2.1NewWords1.academic
adj.学院的,理论的,学术性的例句:
She
already
has
good
academic
qualifications
underher
belt.
她已获得良好学历.2.barometer
n.气压计,晴雨表例句:
The
barometer
began
to
fall.
气压计的读数开始下降。3.basement
n.地下室例句:
In
the
basement
water
streams
down
the
walls.
在地下室里,水顺着墙不断地流下来。4.calculate
v.计算,考虑,计划例句:
The
scientists
calculated
when
the
spacecraft
would
reach
the
moon.
科学家推算出宇宙飞船抵达月球的时间。5.deserve
vi.应该得到
vt.应受,值得例句:
You've
been
working
all
morningyou
deserve
a
rest.
你已经干了一个上午了,该休息一下了。6.dilemma
n.困境,进退两难例句:
Faced
with
the
dilemma,
he
opted
for
soldiering
on.
面临着进退两难的困境,他决定顽强地坚持下去。7.impartial
adj.公平的,不偏不倚的例句:
People
in
the
city
held
the
impartial
judge
in
high
regard.
这个城市的人们都很尊敬这位公正的法官。8.inner
adj.内部的,里面的,内心的
n.里面,内部例句:
He
has
no
inner
resources
and
hates
being
alone.
他没有内在的精神寄托,因而害怕孤独。9.pendulum
n.摆,钟摆例句:
The
pendulum
of
the
clock
in
my
room
is
a
bear.
我房间的钟摆是小熊形状的。10.superintendent
n.监督人,管理人,所长例句:
His
brother
is
appointed
superintendent
of
the
security
force.
他哥哥被任命为安全力量的负责人。11.temptation
n.诱惑,引诱
v.引,诱例句:
She
yielded
to
temptation
and
had
another
chocolate.
她禁不住诱惑,又吃了一块巧克力.1.2.2Phrases1.dash
off
vt.匆忙完成(匆匆写)例句:
She
dashed
off
two
letters
in
thirty
minutes.
她在30分钟内写好了两封信。2.with
the
aid
of
借助于,通过...的帮助例句:
We
may
travel
with
the
aid
of
a
good
map.
我们可以靠一幅好地图旅游。3.point
out
v.指出例句:
No
matter
who
point
out
our
shortcoming,
we
will
correct
them.
不管谁指出我们的缺点,我们都改正。4.at
the
end
of
在...结尾,在末端例句:
The
town
lies
at
the
end
of
the
valley.
这个镇坐落于河谷的尽头。5.put
down
v.放下,拒绝,镇压,羞辱,削减,记下,制止,取缔例句:
Put
down
your
address
here.
请在这里写下你的地址。6.mark
off
v.划分出例句:
The
boundaries
are
clearly
marked
off
on
the
map.
边界的划分在地图上标得很清楚。7.be
fed
up
with
饱受,厌烦例句:
I'm
fed
up
with
all
those
nonsense.
所有那些胡言乱语我真听腻了。8.emphasis
on
强调例句:
The
teacher
laid
emphasis
on
the
precision
of
the
translation
from
the
outset.
老师从一开始就强调翻译准确性。
Unit2AgainstAllOdds2.1ReadingFocusAgainstAllOddsWhenStephenHawkingreturnedtoSt.AlbansfortheChristmasvacationattheendof1962,thewholeofsouthernEnglandwascoveredinathickblanketofsnow.Inhisownmind,hemusthaveknownthatsomethingwaswrong.Thestrangeclumsinesshehadbeenexperiencinghadoccurredmorefrequently.AtthepartyhethrewonNewYear'sEve,hehaddifficultiespouringaglassofwine,andmostoftheliquidendeduponthetablecloth.Afteraseriesofexaminations,hewastoldthathehadarareandincurablediseasecalledALS.Thediseaseaffectsthepatient'snervesinthespinalcordandthepartsofthebrainwhichcontrolmotorfunctions.Thebodygraduallywastesaway,butthemindremainsunaffected.Hawkingjusthappenedtobestudyingtheoreticalphysics,oneoftheveryfewjobsforwhichthemindistheonlyrealtoolneeded.This,however,gavelittlecomforttothetwenty-one-year-oldwho,likeeveryoneelse,hadseenanormallifeaheadofhimratherthanadeathsentence.Thedoctorshadgivenhimtwoyears.Hawkingwasdeeplyshockedbythenewsandexperiencedatimeofdeepdepression.Heshuthimselfawayandlistenedtoagreatdealofloudmusic.Hekeptthinking,'Howcouldsomethinglikethishappentome?WhyshouldIbecutofflikethis?'ThereseemedverylittlepointincontinuingwithhisresearchbecausehemightnotlivelongenoughtofinishhisPhD.Forawhilehequitenaturallybelievedthattherewasnothingtolivefor.Ifhewasgoingtodiewithinafewyears,thenwhybothertodoanythingnow?Hewouldliveouthistimespanandthendie.Thatwashisfate.Itwasnotlong,however,beforehedraggedhimselfoutofhisdepressionandbacktowork.Inthehospital,hehadseenaboydieofleukemiainthebedoppositehim,andithadnotbeenaprettysight.Herealizedthatclearlytherewerepeoplewhowereworseoffthanhim.Atleast,hisconditiondidn'tmakehimfeelill.Wheneverhefeltlikepityinghimself,herememberedthatboy.Hehadhadsomerecurringdreams.Hedreamtthathewasgoingtobeputtodeath,whichmadehimrealizethattherewerealotofworthwhilethingshecoulddoifheweretobesetfree.Inanotherfrequentlyoccurringdream,hethoughthecouldgiveuphislifetosaveothers:'Afterall,ifIweregoingtodieanyway,itmightaswelldosomegood.'ThereislittledoubtthattheappearanceonthesceneofayoungwomanwasamajorturningpointinHawking'slife.ThiswasJaneWilde,whomhehadfirstmetattheparty.Afterhecameoutofthehospital,thetwoofthembegantoseealotmoreofoneanother,andastrongrelationshipdeveloped.ItwasfindingJanethatenabledhimtobreakoutofhisdepression.Aspredicted,duringhisfirsttwoyearsatCambridge,theeffectsofthediseaserapidlyworsened.Hewasbeginningtoexperiencegreatdifficultyinwalkingandwasforcedtouseastickinordertocoverjustafewfeet.Withthesupportofwallsandobjects,aswellassticks,hewouldmanage,painfullyslowly,tomoveacrossroomsandopenareas.Thereweremanytimeswhenthesesupportswerenotadequate,andhewouldturnupintheofficewithabandagearoundhishead,havingfallenheavilyandreceivedanastybump.Meanwhile,hisspeechrapidlybecamefirstslurred,andthenveryhardtofollow,andeventhoseclosetohimwerehavingdifficultyunderstandingwhathewassaying.Nothingslowedhimdown,however;infact,hewasjusthittinghisstride.Workwasprogressingfasterandbetterthaniteverhadbefore.Crazyasitmayseem,ALSissimplynotthatimportanttohim.Ofcoursehehashadtosufferthehumiliationsandobstructionsfacingallthoseinsocietywhoarenotable-bodied,andnaturallyhehashadtoadapttohisconditionandtoliveunderexceptionalcircumstances.Butthediseasehasnottouchedhismind,andsoithasnotaffectedhiswork.Morethananyoneelse,Hawkinghimselfwouldwishtodownplayhisdisabilityandtogivehisfullattentiontoscience,forthatiswhatisreallyimportanttohim.HavingcometotermswithALSandfoundsomeoneinJanewithwhomhecouldsharehislifeonapurelypersonallevel,hebegantoblossom.Thecouplebecameengaged,andthefrequencyofweekendvisitsincreased.Itwasobvioustoeveryonethatthetwoofthemweretrulyhappyandhighlyimportanttoeachother.Janerecalls,'Iwantedtofindsomepurposetomyexistence,andIsupposeIfounditintheideaoflookingafterhim.Butwewereinlove.'ForHawking,hisengagementtoJanewasprobablythemostimportantthingthathadeverhappenedtohim:itchangedhislifeandgavehimsomethingtolivefor.WithoutthehelpofJanehealmostcertainlywouldnothavebeenabletocarryonorhadthewilltodoso.Fromthispointon,hisworkwentfromstrengthtostrength,andSciama,hissupervisor,begantobelievethatHawkingmight,afterall,managetopulltogetherthedifferentthreadsofhisPhDresearch.Itwasstilltouchandgo,butawonderfulchancewasjustaroundthecorner.不计成败1962年年底,当史蒂芬.霍金返回圣.奥尔本过圣诞假期时,整个英国南部已被厚厚的大雪覆盖。在他的意识里,他一定知道有什么东西出问题了。在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。新年前夕的聚会上,他艰难地倒了一杯酒,大部分都倾到桌布上了。经过一系列体检,他被告知得了一种罕见、不可治愈的疾病,叫肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)。这种疾病可以影响病人的脊髓神经和大脑内控制运动功能的区域。身体会慢慢衰弱,而大脑丝毫不受影响。霍金当时正在研究理论物理,这是仅有的少数真正只需大脑思考就可以进行的研究。然而,这几乎不能给这个21岁的年轻人任何安慰,像其他每个人一样,渴望的是正常的生活,而不是死刑。医生认为他只能再活两年。霍金被这一消息深深震撼了,一度陷入深度抑郁中。他把自己关起来,听大量喧闹的音乐。他不停地想:为什么这样的事会落在我头上?我怎么能摆脱掉呢?由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天,他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。当时他当然相信没有什么值得活下去了。如果几年后就要死去,为什么还要自寻麻烦做事呢?干脆坐等死亡来临好了。这是他的命运。然而,不久他就摆脱抑郁重返工作中了。在医院,他看到对面病床的男孩死于白血病,这不是一个微不足道的场景。霍金清楚地意识到,世上还有比自己更不幸的人。至少,他的病并不让他感到不舒服。不管什么时候想自怜时,他就想起这个男孩。他做了很多相同的梦,梦见自己被杀,这让他意识到,如果活着,他还有很多值得做的事情。在另一个经常做的梦中,他想以自己的生命去挽救别人:“不管怎样,总之我是要死的,不妨去做些好事。”无可怀疑的是,一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点,她就是简·王尔德,首次见到她是在一个聚会上。出院后,两人开始越来越频繁地见面并发展了深厚的关系。遇到简以后,他走出了抑郁。正如预料中的那样,他在剑桥大学的前两年,病情急剧恶化。他走路开始困难起来,要想走几步,必须得用拐杖。只有撑着墙、物体和拐杖,他才能痛苦缓慢地在房间和空地上走动。很多时候,这些支撑物根本不够用,出现在办公室的时候,他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上,头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。同时很快,他开始言语不清,很难听懂,甚至周围的人也很难听懂他在说什么。然而,什么都没有让他停下来。事实上,他正渐入佳境。工作比以前任何时候都进展得又快又好。看起来有点儿疯狂,ALS对他来说不是很重要了。当然,和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样,他必须忍受羞耻和障碍,自然地,他必须调整状态,以适应特别环境下的生活。但是,疾病没有影响他的大脑,因此也没有影响他的工作。比其他人要好的是,霍金本人希望淡化看待自己的残疾,将全部精力投入到科学中去,因为这对他来说才是真正重要的。霍金接受了患上ALS这一事实,并在六月份遇到了一个可以与之纯粹私人地分享生活的人,他开始高兴起来。两人订了婚,周末相见的次数频繁起来。显然,所有的人都觉得两人真正很幸福,在对方心目中都很重要。简回忆说,“我本想追求生活的目标,我想,我发现照顾他就是我的目标。但是我们已经相爱的了。”对霍金来说,和简订婚可能是有生以来最重要的事:这改变了他的生活,赋予他生活的意义。没有简的帮助,他几乎难以坚持下去,达到自己的愿望。从此以后,他的工作日益壮大,他的督学Sciama开始相信,霍金可能会完成博士论文。危险在即,但是奇迹即将出现。2.1.1NewWords1.blanket
n.毛毯例句:
The
traveler
wrapped
himself
with
a
blanket.
旅行者用毯子把自己裹上。2.clumsiness
n.笨拙,粗陋,不漂亮例句:
Pardon
me
my
clumsiness.
原谅我的笨拙。3.end
up
结束,告终例句:
If
you
continue
to
steal
you'll
end
up
in
prison.
你要是继续行窃终归得进监狱.4.tablecloth
n.桌布,台布例句:
I'll
dust
the
table
before
putting
the
tablecloth
on.
我要在铺台布以前先把桌上的灰掸干净。5.incurable
adj.不能医治的,不能矫正的,无救的例句:
The
child
has
an
incurable
habit.
那孩子有个无法矫正的习惯。6.recurring
反复出现的,反复发生的例句:
recurring
decimal
循环小数7.worthwhile
adj.值得(做)的例句:
Thank
you
for
making
my
visit
so
worthwhile.
I
shall
treasure
your
friendship
and
kindhospitality
you
have
given
me.
感谢你们使我的访问如此有价值。我将珍惜我们之间的友谊及你们给予我的盛情款待。8.break
out
of
冲出,逃出;摆脱(束缚等)例句:
I
should
like
to
break
out
of
this
meaningless
way
of
life.
我想摆脱这种无聊的生活。9.bump
n.撞击,隆起物例句:
She
got
a
bump
on
her
head.
她头上撞起了一个包。10.slur
v.草率地看过,忽略,含糊地念例句:
When
a
man
is
drunk
his
speech
is
slurred.
当一个人喝醉时,他说话就口齿不清。11.stride
n.大步,一跨步例句:
She
found
the
job
difficult
at
first,
but
now
she's
really
getting
into
her
stride.
起初她觉得这工作很难,但现在已驾轻就熟了。12.downplay
v.不予重视,轻描淡写,低调处理例句:
The
chairman
downplayed
the
question
of
your
appointment.
主席轻描淡写地谈及你任命一事。2.1.2Phrases1.spinal
cord
脊髓例句:
To
kill(cattle)
by
cutting
the
spinal
cord.
杀牛用将脊柱砍断的方法杀(牛等)2.waste
away
日益消瘦,日渐衰弱例句:
He
is
wasting
away
from
disease.
他因病消瘦不少。3.unaffected
adj.自然的,不娇揉造作的;未被感动的,未受影响的;例句:
The
house
was
unaffected
by
the
strong
wind.
那楝房子未被强风吹动。4.shut
away
关起来例句:
She
shut
herself
away
in
her
country
house.
她把自己关在别墅里。5.live
out
vt.活过例句:
I
doubt
if
she'll
live
out
the
winter.
我看她活不过今年冬季。6.drag
out
of
把…从…中拉出例句:
The
newspaper
reporters
wanted
to
know
why
I
had
resigned
form
the
cabinet
but
wildhorses
wouldn't
drag
it
out
of
me.
新闻记者想知道我为什么辞去内阁职务,但是他们休想从我这里探到口风。7.come
to
terms
妥协,和解例句:
He
seems
to
have
come
to
terms
with
losing
his
sight.
他好象已经接受了自己将失明这个事实。8.go
from
strength
to
strength
不断壮大例句:
Since
her
appointment
the
department
have
go
from
strength
to
strength.
自从她任职以来,这个部门越办越好了。9.engagement
n.诺言,约会,婚约例句:
Their
engagement
was
announced
in
the
papers.
他们订婚的消息登报了。2.1.3Grammar1.The
strange
clumsiness
he
had
been
experiencinghad
occurred
more
frequently.【参考译文】在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。
【结构分析】该句的主语是“The
strange
clumsiness
hehad
been
experiencing”,谓语是“had
occurred
”。2.There
seemed
very
little
point
in
continuing
with
his
research
because
he
might
not
live
longenough
to
finish
his
PhD.【参考译文】由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天,他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。
【结构分析】这里的“very
little
point
in
doing...”是个固定搭配,意思是“做某事没有意义”。类似的表达还有:there
is
no
point
doing
sth.做某事无意义。3.There
is
little
doubt
that
the
appearance
on
thescene
of
a
young
woman
was
a
major
turning
pointin
Hawking's
life.【参考译文】无可怀疑的是,一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点。
【结构解析】句中that引导的从句是一个同位语从句,对"doubt"做进一步的解释。4.There
were
many
times
when
these
supports
were
not
adequate,
and
he
would
turn
up
inthe
office
with
a
bandage
around
his
head,
having
fallen
heavily
and
received
a
nasty
bump.【参考译文】很多时候,这些支撑物根本不够用,出现在办公室的时候,他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上,头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。
【结构解析】"with
a
bandage
around
his
head"是介词短语做状语,修饰“turn
up”,"having
fallenheavily
and
received
a
nasty
bump"做原因状语,修饰“turn
up
in
the
office
with
a
bandage
aroundhis
head”。5.Of
course
he
has
had
to
suffer
the
humiliations
and
obstructions
facing
all
those
in
societywho
are
not
able-bodied。【参考译文】当然,和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样,他必须忍受羞耻和障碍。
【结构解析】句中“
facing
all
those
in
society
who
are
not
able-bodied”是定语,修饰前面的“thehumiliations
and
obstructions”。
2.2ReadingMore1.“Weallhaveourownlifetopursue,ourownkindofdreamtobeweaving,andweallhavethepowertomakewishescometrue,aslongaswekeepbelieving.”–LouisaMayAlcot
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