英语读书笔记电子版

NotesForPostgraduateEnglishIntegratedCourseCLASSNUMBER:CLASSNUMBER:STUDENTNAME:STUDENTNUMBER:INSTRUCTOR:PRO.DATE:NotesForPostgraduateEnglishIntegratedCourseContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u21445Contents 115133Unit1Education 371511.1ReadingFocus 3228081.1.1NewWords 5220671.1.2Phrases 617451.2ReadingFocus 7276731.2.1NewWords 9189531.2.2Phrases 1127989Unit2 12227352.1ReadingFocus 12

Unit1Education1.1ReadingFocusWeShouldCherishOurChildren'sFreedomtoThink--KieHoAmericanswhoremember"thegoodolddays"arenotaloneincomplainingabouttheeducationalsysteminthiscountry.Immigrants,too,complain,andwithmoreup-to-datecomparisons.LatelyIhaveheardaPolishimmigrantexpressdismaythathisdaughter'shighschoolhasnottaughtherthedifferencebetweenBelgradeandPrague.AGermanfriendwasfuriouswhenhelearnedthatthemathematicstestgiventohissononhisfirstdayasafreshmanincludedmultiplicationanddivision.ALebaneseboaststhattheaveragehigh-schoolgraduateinhishomelandcanspeakfluentlyinArabic,FrenchandEnglish.JapanesebusinessmeninLosAngelessendtheirchildrentoprivateschoolsstaffedbyteachersimportedfromJapantolearnmathematicsatJapaneselevels,generallyconsideredatleastayearmoreadvancedthanthelevelhere.ButIwonder:IfAmericaneducationissotragicallyinferior,whyisitthatthisisstillthecountryofinnovation?IthinkIfoundtheansweronmyshorttriptotheLagunaBeachMuseumofArt,wheretheworkofschoolchildrenwasonexhibit.Equippedonlywithcolorfulyarns,foilpaper,feltpensandcrayons,theyhadtransformedsimplepaperlunchbagsinto,amongotherthings,awaterfallwithflyingfish,BroomHildathewitchandahousewithawomaninabikinihidingbehindaswingingdoor.Theirpublicschoolhadprovidedthesechildrenwithopportunitiesanddirectiontofulfilltheircreativity,somethingthatpeopleinthiscountrytendtotakeforgranted.WhenIwas12inIndonesia,whereeducationfollowedtheDutchsystem,Ihadtomemorizethenamesofalltheworld'smajorcities,fromKabultoKarachi.Atthesameage,myson,whowasbroughtupaCalifornian,thoughtthatBuenosAireswasSpanishfor"goodfood."However,unlikemanychildrenofhisageinAsiaandEurope,mysonhadstudiedcreativegeography.Whenhewasonly6,hedrewamapoftheroutethathetraveledtogettoschool,includingthestreetsandtheirnames,thebuildingsandtrafficsignsandthehousesthathepassed.Americanparentsforgetthatinthiscountrytheirchildrenareabletoexperimentfreelywithideas;withoutthistheywillnotreallybeabletothinkortobelieveinthemselves.Inmyhighschoolyears,backinIndonesia,weweremodelsofdedicationandobedience;wesattolisten,toansweronlywhenasked,andtogivetheonlycorrectanswer.Evenwhenstudyingwordforms,therewerenoalternatives.Insimiles,prettylipswerealwaysasredascherries,andbeautifuleyebrowswerealwayslikeaparadeofblackclouds,likechildreninmanyothercountriesintheworld,Isimplydidnothaveachancetochoose,tomakedecisions.Myson,onthecontrary,toldmethathegotagoodlaugh—andanA—fromhisteacherforcreatinghisownsimile"themanwasasnervousasRichardPryorataKuKluxKlan*convention."There'snodoubtthatAmericaneducationdoesnotmeethighstandardsinsuchbasicskillsasmathematicsandlanguage.AndwerealizethatouryoungstersareignorantofLatin,putMussoliniinthesamecategoryasDostoevski,cannotrecitethePeriodicTablebyheart.Wouldwe,however,prefertostuffthedevelopinglittleheadsofourchildrenwithhundredsofgeometryproblems,thenamesofriversinBraziland50linesfrom"theCanterburyTales?"Dowereallywanttoretardtheirimpulses,frustratetheiropportunitiesforself-expression?WhenIwas18,IhadtomemorizeHamlet's"Tobeornottobe"speechflawlessly.InhisEnglishclass,mysonwasassignedtowritealovelettertoJuliet,eitherinShakespeareanormodernlanguage.(Hepickedthelatter;hisRomeowouldtakeitJuliettoanarcadeforvideogames).HereinAmericaahistorystudentcantaketheroleofLyndonJohnsoninanopendebateagainstanotherstudentplayingHoChiMinh.ButitisunthinkablethatayoungsterinJapanwoulddaretodothesameregardingtheroleoftheirHirohitoinWorldWarII.CriticsofAmericaneducationinthiscountrycannotgrasponething,somethingthattheydon'ttrulyunderstandbecausetheytakeitforgranted:freedom.Thismostimportantmeasurementhasbeenomittedinthestudiesofthequalityofeducationinthiscentury,theonlyone,Ithink,thatextendseventochildrenthelicensetofreelyspeak,writeandbecreative.Ourpubliceducationcertainlyisnotperfect,butitdoeshaveitsadvantages.珍惜孩子思考的自由--KieHo不只是那些怀念“美好往日”的美国人在抱怨美国的教育制度，移民们也在抱怨，使这种抱怨有了更多的当代式的对比。最近我听到一个波兰移民的沮丧地说，女儿的高中不再教贝尔格莱德和布拉格的区别。一位德国朋友很生气，因为他听说儿子大一第一天的数学考试里有乘法和除法。一个黎巴嫩人夸耀说自己祖国一般的高中毕业生都能流利讲阿拉伯语、法语和英语。在洛杉矶的日本商人把孩子送到私立学校，那里有来自日本的教师以日本的水平教数学，那通常被认为本洛杉矶当地学校教的数学高出一学年的水平。但是我惊讶的是：如果美国的教育如此悲惨地低劣，为什么美国还是一个创新的国度呢？在拉古纳滩艺术博物馆进行了短暂访问后，我想我找到了答案。这个博物馆里展览着学生们的作品。只用彩色纱线、铝箔纸、毡笔和蜡笔，学生们就把简单的午餐袋做成缀以飞鱼的瀑布、扫帚希尔达巫婆，或是一座房子，一位穿着比基尼的妇女藏在弹簧门后。公立学校为孩子们提供了机会去实现创造力，而这恰恰是人们总是认为理所当然的事。我１２岁时在印度尼西亚，那里的教育制度仿照荷兰，我不得不记住全部世界主要城市的名字，从喀布尔到卡拉奇。而同样年纪时，我那个在加利福尼亚长大的宝贝儿子还以为布宜诺斯艾利斯是西班牙语中的一种食品，或许是炸玉米饼之类的东西。但是，与他那些亚洲、欧洲的同伴不同，我儿子在运用地理知识方面已经有了创造性的进展。他才６岁时，就画出了一张从家到学校的路线图，包括街道及其名称、大楼、交通标志和他经过的房子。美国的父母们忘记了，在这里他们的孩子可以自由实践自己的想法，如果没有这些，孩子们将不能思考，并缺乏自信。高中时代，我们是奉献和服从的模范。我们规规矩矩，坐着听课，被动地回答问题，而且只能给出唯一正确的答案。即使学习句型时也没有例外，例如学比喻句，漂亮的嘴唇总是像樱桃一样红，美丽的眉毛总像排排黑云。和世界上很多其他国家的孩子一样，我完全没有机会去选择、去做决定。我儿子恰好相反，他告诉我，他开怀大笑，因为造了这样的句子：“那个人和在三Ｋ党集会上的理查德·普赖尔一样紧张。”老师给了他一个Ａ。毫无疑问，美国教育在数学、语言等基本技能方面的培训水平不高，我们也意识到，美国青年不懂拉丁语，会把墨索里尼和陀斯妥耶夫斯基归为一类，也不会背诵元素周期表。但是无论怎样，我们真的要把数百道几何题和巴西河流的名字以及《坎特伯雷故事》中的５０行诗句一起都塞进孩子们的小脑袋里吗？我们真的要扼杀他们的冲动、欲望和自我表现的机会吗？我１８岁时必须准确无误地记住哈姆雷特的“生存还是死亡”的独白，而我儿子上英语课时，则被要求给朱丽叶写一封情书，可以用莎士比亚风格的语言，也可以用现代语言。（他选择了后者；在他笔下，他的罗密欧把朱丽叶带到拱廊上打电脑游戏。）在美国，历史系的学生可以扮演林德.约翰逊，同另一个扮演胡志明公开辩论。但是难以想像日本的年轻人敢于扮演二战中裕仁天皇的角色这么做。美国教育的批评者不能忽视的一点是有些他们不能真正理解的东西，因为他们视之为理所当然，那就是自由。在教育质量的研究中，人们已经忽略了本世纪最重要的衡量标准，这个标准，我想就是给孩子自由讲话、书写、创造的权力。当然我们的公共教育并不完美，但确有自身的优势。1.1.1NewWords1.up-to-date

adj.最新的,现代的例句：

Up-to-date

technology;

up-to-date

fashions.

最新技术，最近时尚2.multiplication

n.乘法,增加,乘法表例句：

My

son

began

to

study

multiplication

when

he

was

six.

我儿子六岁的时候开始学习乘法。3.division

n.区分,分开,除法,公司,部门，师（军队里）例句：

Addition

and

division

are

forms

of

computation.

加法和除法都是计算方法.4.staff

vt.配备员工例句：

Most

of

our

offices

are

staffed

by

volunteers.

在我们大多数办公室任职的是志愿人员。5.tragically

adv.悲剧地,悲惨地例句：

Let

the

strivings

of

us

all,

prove

Martin

Luther

King

Jr.

to

have

been

correct,

when

he

said

thathumanity

can

no

longer

be

tragically

bound

to

the

starless

midnight

of

racismand

war.

我们要用我们所有人的努力证实马丁·路德·金的话是正确的。他说，人类再也不能悲惨地走向种族歧视和战争的黑暗之夜。6.witch

n.女巫,巫婆例句：

The

witch

turned

the

princess

into

a

swan.

巫婆把公主变成了一只天鹅。7.alternative

n.替换物,取舍例句：

Please

find

alternative

means

of

transport.

请另外找一个运输方法。8.stuff

v.填满,塞满例句：

He

stuffed

the

apples

into

the

bag.

他把苹果塞进袋子里。9.unthinkable

adj.不能想的,想像不到的,过份的例句：

It

is

unthinkable

that

we

shall

allow

a

nuclear

holocaust

to

occur.

我们若竟让核武器大屠杀的惨剧发生，简直是匪夷所思。1.1.2Phrases1.take

for

granted

vi.想当然(认为理当如此,对作主观估计)例句：

It

is

taken

for

granted

that

everyone

is

equal

beforethe

law.

法律面前人人平等是被认为理所当然的。2.bring

up

教育,培养例句：

Her

parents

died

when

she

was

a

baby

and

she

was

brought

up

by

her

aunt.

她出生後不久父母双亡，是由姑母抚养大的。3.believe

in

相信,信任例句：

I

fervently

believe

in

our

eventual

victory.

我坚信我们最后会胜利。4.ignorant

of

adj.不知道(无知)例句：

To

say

you

were

ignorant

of

the

rules

is

no

excuse.

说自己不知道规则是不能成为藉口的.5.by

heart

牢记,凭记忆例句;

Everyone

in

the

class

has

to

learn

Lincoln's

Gettysburg

Address

by

heart.

班上每个学生都必须默诵林肯葛底斯堡演说词。1.2ReadingFocusAngelsonaPin--AlexanderCalandraSometimeago,IreceivedacallfromJim,acolleagueofmine,whoteachesphysics.HeaskedmeifIwoulddohimafavorandbetherefereeonthegradingofanexaminationquestion.Isaidsure,butIdidnotquiteunderstandwhyheshouldneedmyhelp.Hetoldmethathewasabouttogiveastudentazeroforhisanswertoaphysicsquestion,butthestudentprotestedthatitwasn'tfair.Heinsistedthathedeservedaperfectscoreifthesystemwerenotsetupagainstthestudent.Finally,theyagreedtotakethemattertoanimpartialinstructor.AndIwasselected.Iwenttomycolleague'sofficeandreadtheexaminationquestion.Itsaid:"Showhowitispossibletodeterminetheheightofatallbuildingwiththeaidofabarometer."Thestudenthadanswered:"Takethebarometertothetopofthebuilding,tiealongropetoit,lowerthebarometertothestreet,andthenbringitupandmeasurethelengthoftherope.Thelengthoftheropewillbetheheightofthebuilding."Ilaughedandpointedouttomycolleaguethatwemustadmitthestudentreallyhadaprettystrongcaseforfullcreditsincehehadindeedansweredthequestioncompletelyandcorrectly.Ontheotherhand,Icouldalsoseethedilemmabecauseiffullcreditweregiventohimitcouldmeanahighgradeforthestudentinhisphysicscourse.Ahighgradeissupposedtoprovecompetenceinthecourse,buttheanswerhegavedidnotshowhisknowledgeonthesubject."So,whatwouldyoudoifyouwereme?"Jimasked.Isuggestedthatthestudenthaveanothertryatansweringthequestion.Iwasnotsurprisedthatmycolleagueagreed,butIwassurprisedthatthestudentdid,too.ItoldthestudentthatIwouldgivehimsixminutestoanswerthequestion.ButIwarnedhimthatthistimehisanswershouldshowsomeknowledgeofphysics.Hesatdownandpickeduphispen.Heappearedtobethinkinghard.Attheendoffiveminutes,however,Inoticedthathehadnotputdownasingleword.Iaskedhimifhewishedtogiveup,buthesaidno.Hehadnotwrittenanythingdownbecausehehadtoomanypossibleanswerstothisproblem.Hewasjusttryingtodecidewhichwouldbethebestone.Iexcusedmyselfforinterruptinghimandaskedhimtogoon.Inthenextminute,hedashedoffhisanswer,whichread:"Takethebarometertothetopofthebuildingandleanovertheedgeoftheroof.Dropthebarometerandtimeitsfallwithastopwatch.Then,usingtheformulaS=1/2at2,calculatetheheightofthebuilding."Atthispoint,Iaskedmycolleagueifhewouldgiveup.Henoddedyes,andIgavethestudentalmostfullcredit.WhenIleftmycolleague'soffice,Irecalledthatthestudenthadsaidthathehadotheranswerstotheproblem.Iwascurious,soIaskedhimwhattheywere."Oh,yes,"saidthestudent."Therearemanywaysofgettingtheheightofatallbuildingwiththeaidofabarometer.Forexample,youcouldtakethebarometeroutinasunnydayandmeasuretheheightofthebarometer,thelengthofitsshadow,andthelengthoftheshadowofthebuilding,andbytheuseofasimpleproportion,determinetheheightofthebuilding.Thebeautyofthismethodisthatyoudon'thavetodropthebarometerandbreakit.""Fine,"Isaid."Anymore?""Yes,"saidthestudent."Thereisaverybasicmeasurementmethodthatpeoplewilllike,becauseitissosimpleanddirect.Inthismethod,youtakethebarometerandwalkupthestairs.Asyouclimbthestairs,youmarkoffthelengthofthebarometeralongthewall.Youthencountthenumberofmarks,andthiswillgiveyoutheheightofthebuildinginbarometerunits.Theonlytroublewiththismethodisthatitdoesn'trequiremuchknowledgeofphysics.""Ofcourse,ifyoupreferamoresophisticatedmethod,amethodthatwillreallyshowsomeknowledgeofphysics,youcantiethebarometertotheendofarope,swingitasapendulumanddeterminethevalueof'g'atthestreetlevelandatthetopofthebuilding.Fromthedifferencebetweenthetwovaluesof'g'theheightofthebuildingcan,inprinciple,beworkedout.”Finally,heconcludedthatwhiletherearemanywaysofsolvingtheproblem,"Probablythebestandthemostpracticalinareal-lifesituationistotakethebarometertothebasementandknockonthesuperintendent'sdoor.Whenthesuperintendentanswers,youspeaktohimasfollows:Mr.Superintendent,Ihavehereafinebarometer.Ifyouwilltellmetheheightofthisbuilding,Iwillgladlygiveyouthisbarometer!"Atthispoint,Iaskedthestudentifhereallydidn'tknowtheexpectedanswertothisquestion.Hesmiledandadmittedthathedid,butsaidhewasfedupwithstandardanswerstostandardquestions.Hecouldn'tunderstandwhythereshouldbesomuchemphasisonfixedrulesratherthancreativethinking.Sohecouldnotresistthetemptationtoplayalittlejokewiththeeducationalsystem,whichhadbeenthrownintosuchapanicbythesuccessfullaunchingoftheRussianSputnik.AtthatmomentIsuddenlyrememberedthequestion:Howmanyangelscandanceontheheadofapin?Weteachersarealwaysblamingthestudentsforgivingwronganswers.Perhapsweshouldaskourselveswhetherwearealwaysaskingtherightquestions.针尖上的天使--亚历山大·卡兰德不久前，我接到一个教物理的同事的电话，问我是否愿给一考题的打分作一个仲裁。我说可以，但我不明白为什么需要我帮忙。他说他要给一个学生做的物理题答案判零分，而学生认为这不公平，声称如果该评分体制的建立不是与学生作对的话，他就该得满分。导师和学生同意将此争议交给一位无私的裁决者，于是选择了我。我去了那位同事的办公室，看了那道考题：“说明怎样才能用气压表来测定一栋高层建筑物的高度。”那考生答道：“把气压表拿到此楼顶，在表上系一根长绳，将气压表降至街上，然后提起来，测量绳子的长度。绳子的长度就是该楼房的高度。”我大笑，告诉同事必须承认这个学生确实有得满分的强有力的证据，因为他完全正确地回答了问题。另一方面，如果给他满分，就可能陷入两难的处境，因为如果给该生满分，这意味着该生在物理课程取得了高分。而高分就应证明该生在物理学习方面的能力，但答案却无法证实这点。“那么，如果您是我，您会怎么做呢？”吉姆问我。我建议这个学生再次尝试回答这个问题。我的同事同意了我的建议，对此我并不感到意外，令我感到意外的是，那个学生也同意了。我给了他六分钟的时间回答这个问题，并提醒他必须用一些物理知识。他坐下来，拿起笔。显然在努力思考，但是五分钟过去了，他还一个字没写。我问他是否放弃，他说不。什么都没写是因为：他对这个问题有很多答案，他只是在想最佳答案。我道歉说打扰了他，并请他继续。在最后一分钟里，他匆匆写出了他的答案：把气压表拿到建筑物最顶层，倚着楼扔下表，用跑表计算其降落时间，然后用公式计算建筑高度。这时，我问我的同事他是否愿放弃。他让步了，我给了那学生几乎一个满分。在离开同事办公室的时候，我想起那个学生说他还有其它解法，便感到好奇。于是我问他还有哪些解法。“啊，有，”他说，“有很多种方法，都可以利用这只表得出一栋高楼的高度。例如，你可以在一个大晴天把它拿到户外并测量表高和影长，还有该大楼的影长，使用一个简单的比率，就可以测定该楼的高度。这个方法的好处是不用把气压计扔下去而摔碎。”“好，”我说道“还有其它方法吗？”“有，”那学生说道，“有一种人们会喜欢的非常基本的测量方法，因为它很简单直接，该方法是，你拿着气压表开始爬楼梯。在你爬楼梯时，你在墙上标出气压表的长度，然后再数这些记号，你会以气压表为单位得到楼高，一种非常直接的方法。这个方法的唯一缺点是用不了太多物理知识。”“当然，如果你想用一种更复杂的、真正用物理学知识的方法，可以把表系到绳子的一端，让他像个钟摆一样，然后确定街面上和楼顶的摆值。通过两个摆值的差别，原则上可以算出楼高。”最后，他推断道：“还有很多其它办法来解题。也许，现实生活中最好最实用的办法是把表拿到地下室并敲主管人的房间。等他开门后，你对他说：‘我这儿有一个精致的气压表。如果你告诉我这栋高楼的高度，我就把它送给你！”这时，我问那个学生是否真不知道这个问题的常规答案。他笑了笑，承认他知道，但是他说他已厌倦了标准问题和标准答案，他不知道为什么总是强调那些固定的规则而不是创造性的思考。因此忍不住对那些对苏联人造卫星惊慌失措的美国课堂开个小玩笑。那一刻，我突然想起了一个问题：一根大头针上可以放几个跳舞的天使？我们老师们总是责备学生回答错误。或许我们应该反问自己，我们是否一直在寻求正确的答案。1.2.1NewWords1.academic

adj.学院的,理论的,学术性的例句：

She

already

has

good

academic

qualifications

underher

belt.

她已获得良好学历.2.barometer

n.气压计,晴雨表例句：

The

barometer

began

to

fall.

气压计的读数开始下降。3.basement

n.地下室例句：

In

the

basement

water

streams

down

the

walls.

在地下室里，水顺着墙不断地流下来。4.calculate

v.计算,考虑,计划例句：

The

scientists

calculated

when

the

spacecraft

would

reach

the

moon.

科学家推算出宇宙飞船抵达月球的时间。5.deserve

vi.应该得到

vt.应受,值得例句：

You've

been

working

all

morningyou

deserve

a

rest.

你已经干了一个上午了，该休息一下了。6.dilemma

n.困境,进退两难例句：

Faced

with

the

dilemma,

he

opted

for

soldiering

on.

面临着进退两难的困境，他决定顽强地坚持下去。7.impartial

adj.公平的,不偏不倚的例句：

People

in

the

city

held

the

impartial

judge

in

high

regard.

这个城市的人们都很尊敬这位公正的法官。8.inner

adj.内部的,里面的,内心的

n.里面,内部例句：

He

has

no

inner

resources

and

hates

being

alone.

他没有内在的精神寄托，因而害怕孤独。9.pendulum

n.摆,钟摆例句：

The

pendulum

of

the

clock

in

my

room

is

a

bear.

我房间的钟摆是小熊形状的。10.superintendent

n.监督人,管理人,所长例句：

His

brother

is

appointed

superintendent

of

the

security

force.

他哥哥被任命为安全力量的负责人。11.temptation

n.诱惑,引诱

v.引,诱例句：

She

yielded

to

temptation

and

had

another

chocolate.

她禁不住诱惑,又吃了一块巧克力.1.2.2Phrases1.dash

off

vt.匆忙完成(匆匆写)例句：

She

dashed

off

two

letters

in

thirty

minutes.

她在30分钟内写好了两封信。2.with

the

aid

of

借助于,通过...的帮助例句：

We

may

travel

with

the

aid

of

a

good

map.

我们可以靠一幅好地图旅游。3.point

out

v.指出例句：

No

matter

who

point

out

our

shortcoming,

we

will

correct

them.

不管谁指出我们的缺点，我们都改正。4.at

the

end

of

在...结尾,在末端例句：

The

town

lies

at

the

end

of

the

valley.

这个镇坐落于河谷的尽头。5.put

down

v.放下,拒绝,镇压,羞辱,削减,记下,制止,取缔例句：

Put

down

your

address

here.

请在这里写下你的地址。6.mark

off

v.划分出例句：

The

boundaries

are

clearly

marked

off

on

the

map.

边界的划分在地图上标得很清楚。7.be

fed

up

with

饱受,厌烦例句：

I'm

fed

up

with

all

those

nonsense.

所有那些胡言乱语我真听腻了。8.emphasis

on

强调例句：

The

teacher

laid

emphasis

on

the

precision

of

the

translation

from

the

outset.

老师从一开始就强调翻译准确性。

Unit2AgainstAllOdds2.1ReadingFocusAgainstAllOddsWhenStephenHawkingreturnedtoSt.AlbansfortheChristmasvacationattheendof1962,thewholeofsouthernEnglandwascoveredinathickblanketofsnow.Inhisownmind,hemusthaveknownthatsomethingwaswrong.Thestrangeclumsinesshehadbeenexperiencinghadoccurredmorefrequently.AtthepartyhethrewonNewYear'sEve,hehaddifficultiespouringaglassofwine,andmostoftheliquidendeduponthetablecloth.Afteraseriesofexaminations,hewastoldthathehadarareandincurablediseasecalledALS.Thediseaseaffectsthepatient'snervesinthespinalcordandthepartsofthebrainwhichcontrolmotorfunctions.Thebodygraduallywastesaway,butthemindremainsunaffected.Hawkingjusthappenedtobestudyingtheoreticalphysics,oneoftheveryfewjobsforwhichthemindistheonlyrealtoolneeded.This,however,gavelittlecomforttothetwenty-one-year-oldwho,likeeveryoneelse,hadseenanormallifeaheadofhimratherthanadeathsentence.Thedoctorshadgivenhimtwoyears.Hawkingwasdeeplyshockedbythenewsandexperiencedatimeofdeepdepression.Heshuthimselfawayandlistenedtoagreatdealofloudmusic.Hekeptthinking,'Howcouldsomethinglikethishappentome?WhyshouldIbecutofflikethis?'ThereseemedverylittlepointincontinuingwithhisresearchbecausehemightnotlivelongenoughtofinishhisPhD.Forawhilehequitenaturallybelievedthattherewasnothingtolivefor.Ifhewasgoingtodiewithinafewyears,thenwhybothertodoanythingnow?Hewouldliveouthistimespanandthendie.Thatwashisfate.Itwasnotlong,however,beforehedraggedhimselfoutofhisdepressionandbacktowork.Inthehospital,hehadseenaboydieofleukemiainthebedoppositehim,andithadnotbeenaprettysight.Herealizedthatclearlytherewerepeoplewhowereworseoffthanhim.Atleast,hisconditiondidn'tmakehimfeelill.Wheneverhefeltlikepityinghimself,herememberedthatboy.Hehadhadsomerecurringdreams.Hedreamtthathewasgoingtobeputtodeath,whichmadehimrealizethattherewerealotofworthwhilethingshecoulddoifheweretobesetfree.Inanotherfrequentlyoccurringdream,hethoughthecouldgiveuphislifetosaveothers:'Afterall,ifIweregoingtodieanyway,itmightaswelldosomegood.'ThereislittledoubtthattheappearanceonthesceneofayoungwomanwasamajorturningpointinHawking'slife.ThiswasJaneWilde,whomhehadfirstmetattheparty.Afterhecameoutofthehospital,thetwoofthembegantoseealotmoreofoneanother,andastrongrelationshipdeveloped.ItwasfindingJanethatenabledhimtobreakoutofhisdepression.Aspredicted,duringhisfirsttwoyearsatCambridge,theeffectsofthediseaserapidlyworsened.Hewasbeginningtoexperiencegreatdifficultyinwalkingandwasforcedtouseastickinordertocoverjustafewfeet.Withthesupportofwallsandobjects,aswellassticks,hewouldmanage,painfullyslowly,tomoveacrossroomsandopenareas.Thereweremanytimeswhenthesesupportswerenotadequate,andhewouldturnupintheofficewithabandagearoundhishead,havingfallenheavilyandreceivedanastybump.Meanwhile,hisspeechrapidlybecamefirstslurred,andthenveryhardtofollow,andeventhoseclosetohimwerehavingdifficultyunderstandingwhathewassaying.Nothingslowedhimdown,however;infact,hewasjusthittinghisstride.Workwasprogressingfasterandbetterthaniteverhadbefore.Crazyasitmayseem,ALSissimplynotthatimportanttohim.Ofcoursehehashadtosufferthehumiliationsandobstructionsfacingallthoseinsocietywhoarenotable-bodied,andnaturallyhehashadtoadapttohisconditionandtoliveunderexceptionalcircumstances.Butthediseasehasnottouchedhismind,andsoithasnotaffectedhiswork.Morethananyoneelse,Hawkinghimselfwouldwishtodownplayhisdisabilityandtogivehisfullattentiontoscience,forthatiswhatisreallyimportanttohim.HavingcometotermswithALSandfoundsomeoneinJanewithwhomhecouldsharehislifeonapurelypersonallevel,hebegantoblossom.Thecouplebecameengaged,andthefrequencyofweekendvisitsincreased.Itwasobvioustoeveryonethatthetwoofthemweretrulyhappyandhighlyimportanttoeachother.Janerecalls,'Iwantedtofindsomepurposetomyexistence,andIsupposeIfounditintheideaoflookingafterhim.Butwewereinlove.'ForHawking,hisengagementtoJanewasprobablythemostimportantthingthathadeverhappenedtohim:itchangedhislifeandgavehimsomethingtolivefor.WithoutthehelpofJanehealmostcertainlywouldnothavebeenabletocarryonorhadthewilltodoso.Fromthispointon,hisworkwentfromstrengthtostrength,andSciama,hissupervisor,begantobelievethatHawkingmight,afterall,managetopulltogetherthedifferentthreadsofhisPhDresearch.Itwasstilltouchandgo,butawonderfulchancewasjustaroundthecorner.不计成败1962年年底，当史蒂芬.霍金返回圣.奥尔本过圣诞假期时，整个英国南部已被厚厚的大雪覆盖。在他的意识里，他一定知道有什么东西出问题了。在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。新年前夕的聚会上，他艰难地倒了一杯酒，大部分都倾到桌布上了。经过一系列体检，他被告知得了一种罕见、不可治愈的疾病，叫肌萎缩侧索硬化症（ALS）。这种疾病可以影响病人的脊髓神经和大脑内控制运动功能的区域。身体会慢慢衰弱，而大脑丝毫不受影响。霍金当时正在研究理论物理，这是仅有的少数真正只需大脑思考就可以进行的研究。然而，这几乎不能给这个21岁的年轻人任何安慰，像其他每个人一样，渴望的是正常的生活，而不是死刑。医生认为他只能再活两年。霍金被这一消息深深震撼了，一度陷入深度抑郁中。他把自己关起来，听大量喧闹的音乐。他不停地想：为什么这样的事会落在我头上？我怎么能摆脱掉呢？由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天，他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。当时他当然相信没有什么值得活下去了。如果几年后就要死去，为什么还要自寻麻烦做事呢？干脆坐等死亡来临好了。这是他的命运。然而，不久他就摆脱抑郁重返工作中了。在医院，他看到对面病床的男孩死于白血病，这不是一个微不足道的场景。霍金清楚地意识到，世上还有比自己更不幸的人。至少，他的病并不让他感到不舒服。不管什么时候想自怜时，他就想起这个男孩。他做了很多相同的梦，梦见自己被杀，这让他意识到，如果活着，他还有很多值得做的事情。在另一个经常做的梦中，他想以自己的生命去挽救别人：“不管怎样，总之我是要死的，不妨去做些好事。”无可怀疑的是，一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点，她就是简·王尔德，首次见到她是在一个聚会上。出院后，两人开始越来越频繁地见面并发展了深厚的关系。遇到简以后，他走出了抑郁。正如预料中的那样，他在剑桥大学的前两年，病情急剧恶化。他走路开始困难起来，要想走几步，必须得用拐杖。只有撑着墙、物体和拐杖，他才能痛苦缓慢地在房间和空地上走动。很多时候，这些支撑物根本不够用，出现在办公室的时候，他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上，头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。同时很快，他开始言语不清，很难听懂，甚至周围的人也很难听懂他在说什么。然而，什么都没有让他停下来。事实上，他正渐入佳境。工作比以前任何时候都进展得又快又好。看起来有点儿疯狂，ALS对他来说不是很重要了。当然，和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样，他必须忍受羞耻和障碍，自然地，他必须调整状态，以适应特别环境下的生活。但是，疾病没有影响他的大脑，因此也没有影响他的工作。比其他人要好的是，霍金本人希望淡化看待自己的残疾，将全部精力投入到科学中去，因为这对他来说才是真正重要的。霍金接受了患上ALS这一事实，并在六月份遇到了一个可以与之纯粹私人地分享生活的人，他开始高兴起来。两人订了婚，周末相见的次数频繁起来。显然，所有的人都觉得两人真正很幸福，在对方心目中都很重要。简回忆说，“我本想追求生活的目标，我想，我发现照顾他就是我的目标。但是我们已经相爱的了。”对霍金来说，和简订婚可能是有生以来最重要的事：这改变了他的生活，赋予他生活的意义。没有简的帮助，他几乎难以坚持下去，达到自己的愿望。从此以后，他的工作日益壮大，他的督学Sciama开始相信，霍金可能会完成博士论文。危险在即，但是奇迹即将出现。2.1.1NewWords1.blanket

n.毛毯例句：

The

traveler

wrapped

himself

with

a

blanket.

旅行者用毯子把自己裹上。2.clumsiness

n.笨拙,粗陋,不漂亮例句：

Pardon

me

my

clumsiness.

原谅我的笨拙。3.end

up

结束,告终例句：

If

you

continue

to

steal

you'll

end

up

in

prison.

你要是继续行窃终归得进监狱.4.tablecloth

n.桌布,台布例句：

I'll

dust

the

table

before

putting

the

tablecloth

on.

我要在铺台布以前先把桌上的灰掸干净。5.incurable

adj.不能医治的,不能矫正的,无救的例句：

The

child

has

an

incurable

habit.

那孩子有个无法矫正的习惯。6.recurring

反复出现的，反复发生的例句：

recurring

decimal

循环小数7.worthwhile

adj.值得(做)的例句：

Thank

you

for

making

my

visit

so

worthwhile.

I

shall

treasure

your

friendship

and

kindhospitality

you

have

given

me.

感谢你们使我的访问如此有价值。我将珍惜我们之间的友谊及你们给予我的盛情款待。8.break

out

of

冲出,逃出;摆脱(束缚等)例句：

I

should

like

to

break

out

of

this

meaningless

way

of

life.

我想摆脱这种无聊的生活。9.bump

n.撞击,隆起物例句：

She

got

a

bump

on

her

head.

她头上撞起了一个包。10.slur

v.草率地看过,忽略,含糊地念例句：

When

a

man

is

drunk

his

speech

is

slurred.

当一个人喝醉时,他说话就口齿不清。11.stride

n.大步,一跨步例句：

She

found

the

job

difficult

at

first,

but

now

she's

really

getting

into

her

stride.

起初她觉得这工作很难，但现在已驾轻就熟了。12.downplay

v.不予重视,轻描淡写,低调处理例句：

The

chairman

downplayed

the

question

of

your

appointment.

主席轻描淡写地谈及你任命一事。2.1.2Phrases1.spinal

cord

脊髓例句：

To

kill(cattle)

by

cutting

the

spinal

cord.

杀牛用将脊柱砍断的方法杀（牛等）2.waste

away

日益消瘦,日渐衰弱例句：

He

is

wasting

away

from

disease.

他因病消瘦不少。3.unaffected

adj.自然的,不娇揉造作的;未被感动的,未受影响的;例句：

The

house

was

unaffected

by

the

strong

wind.

那楝房子未被强风吹动。4.shut

away

关起来例句：

She

shut

herself

away

in

her

country

house.

她把自己关在别墅里。5.live

out

vt.活过例句：

I

doubt

if

she'll

live

out

the

winter.

我看她活不过今年冬季。6.drag

out

of

把…从…中拉出例句：

The

newspaper

reporters

wanted

to

know

why

I

had

resigned

form

the

cabinet

but

wildhorses

wouldn't

drag

it

out

of

me.

新闻记者想知道我为什么辞去内阁职务，但是他们休想从我这里探到口风。7.come

to

terms

妥协,和解例句：

He

seems

to

have

come

to

terms

with

losing

his

sight.

他好象已经接受了自己将失明这个事实。8.go

from

strength

to

strength

不断壮大例句：

Since

her

appointment

the

department

have

go

from

strength

to

strength.

自从她任职以来,这个部门越办越好了。9.engagement

n.诺言,约会,婚约例句：

Their

engagement

was

announced

in

the

papers.

他们订婚的消息登报了。2.1.3Grammar1.The

strange

clumsiness

he

had

been

experiencinghad

occurred

more

frequently.【参考译文】在他身上发生的奇怪而笨拙的现象开始频繁发生。

【结构分析】该句的主语是“The

strange

clumsiness

hehad

been

experiencing”，谓语是“had

occurred

”。2.There

seemed

very

little

point

in

continuing

with

his

research

because

he

might

not

live

longenough

to

finish

his

PhD.【参考译文】由于他可能不能活到完成博士学位那天，他觉得继续研究已经没有什么意义了。

【结构分析】这里的“very

little

point

in

doing...”是个固定搭配，意思是“做某事没有意义”。类似的表达还有：there

is

no

point

doing

sth.做某事无意义。3.There

is

little

doubt

that

the

appearance

on

thescene

of

a

young

woman

was

a

major

turning

pointin

Hawking's

life.【参考译文】无可怀疑的是，一位年轻女子的出现是霍金生命的重要转折点。

【结构解析】句中that引导的从句是一个同位语从句，对"doubt"做进一步的解释。4.There

were

many

times

when

these

supports

were

not

adequate,

and

he

would

turn

up

inthe

office

with

a

bandage

around

his

head,

having

fallen

heavily

and

received

a

nasty

bump.【参考译文】很多时候，这些支撑物根本不够用，出现在办公室的时候，他满头绷带--因重重地摔在地上，头上摔出了丑陋的肿块。

【结构解析】"with

a

bandage

around

his

head"是介词短语做状语，修饰“turn

up”，"having

fallenheavily

and

received

a

nasty

bump"做原因状语，修饰“turn

up

in

the

office

with

a

bandage

aroundhis

head”。5.Of

course

he

has

had

to

suffer

the

humiliations

and

obstructions

facing

all

those

in

societywho

are

not

able-bodied。【参考译文】当然，和社会上所有那些身体不健全的人一样，他必须忍受羞耻和障碍。

【结构解析】句中“

facing

all

those

in

society

who

are

not

able-bodied”是定语，修饰前面的“thehumiliations

and

obstructions”。

2.2ReadingMore1.“Weallhaveourownlifetopursue,ourownkindofdreamtobeweaving,andweallhavethepowertomakewishescometrue,aslongaswekeepbelieving.”–LouisaMayAlcot