姥姥精读团105第二节

姥姥精读团105正课第二513TheTruthabouttheGLOBALThewriteradmitsthatglobalwarmingisa38…………challenge,butsaysthatitwillnothaveacatastrophicimpactonourfuture,ifwedealwithitinthe39…………way.Ifwetrytoreducethelevelsofgreenhousegases,hebelievesthatitwouldonlyhaveaminimalimpactonrisingtemperatures.Hefeelsitwouldbebettertospendmoneyonthemore40…………healthproblemofprovidingtheworld’spopulationwithdrinkingA B C DElong-term Fusual Gsurprising Iurgent每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程513TheTruthabouttheSowhatofglobalwarming?Asweknow,carbondioxideemissionsarecausingtheplanettowarm.Thebestestimatesarethatthetemperatureswillriseby2-3℃inthiscentury,causingconsiderableproblems,atatotalcostofUS$5,000billion.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程513TheTruthabouttheDespitetheintuitionthatsomethingdrasticneedstobedoneaboutsuchacostlyproblem,economic ysesclearlyshowitwillbefarmoreexpensivetocutcarbondioxideemissionsradicallythantopaythecostsofadaptationtotheincreasedtemperatures.AmodelbyoneofthemainauthorsoftheUnitedNationsClimateChangePanelshowshowanexpectedtemperatureincreaseof2.1degreesin2100wouldonlybediminishedtoanincreaseof1.9degrees.Ortoputitanotherway,thetemperatureincreasethattheplanetwouldhaveexperiencedin2094wouldbepostponedto2100.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程513TheTruthabouttheSothisdoesnotpreventglobalwarming,butmerelybuystheworldsixyears.Yetthecostofreducingcarbondioxideemissions,fortheUnitedStatesalone,willbehigherthanthecostofsolvingtheworld’ssingle,mostpressinghealthproblem:providinguniversalaccesstocleandrinkingwaterandsanitation.Suchmeasureswouldavoid2milliondeathseveryyear,andpreventhalfabillionpeoplefrom ingseriouslyill.Itiscrucialthatwelookatthefactsifwewanttomakethebestpossibledecisionsforthefuture.Itmaybecostlytobeoverlyoptimistic-butmorecostlystilltobetoopessimistic.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程513TheTruthabouttheEnvironmentaliststakeapessimisticviewoftheworldfornumberofDataontheEarth’snaturalresourceshasonlybeensinceThenumberofstarvingpeopleintheworldhasincreasedinrecentExtinctspeciesarebeingreplacedbynewSomepollutionproblemshavebeencorrectlylinkedItwouldbebesttoattempttoslowdowneconomic每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Completethesummarybelow,usingONEWORDSONLYfromtheReadingeach1010Mostambergriscomesfromthedeadwhales11Duetoemergenceofrelatedinternationaltreaties,whalesarefrom12Ambergrisismorecostlythan13Nowadays,Ambergrisisstillappliedextensivelyinperfume每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程1Apoorandbackwardcountrycannotaffordthemoneytoroadsfitforallkindsof ernmentsoftheseruralareashavemasterednumerousmethodstoimprovetransport3BoostingthetradeamongvillagesisthefundamentalgoalforPracticalActiontoimprovetheruraltransportationsystem.4PracticalActionhadparticipatedactivelyintheLankaOrganic每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程 每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程WhatisitandwheredoesitcomeAmbergrisisasolid,waxy,flammablesubstanceofadullgreyorblackishcolorproducedinthedigestivesystemofspermwhales.AmbergriswasusedtoperfumecosmeticsinthedaysofancientMesopotamiaandalmosteverycivilizationontheearthhasabrushwithAmbergris.Before1,000AD,theChinesenamesambergrisaslungsienhiang,"dragon'sspittleperfume",astheythinkthatitwasproducedfromthedroolingofdragonsslee onrocksattheedgeofasea.TheArabsknewambergrisasanbarwhobelievedthatitisproducedfromspringsnearseas.Italsogetsitsnamefromhere.Forcenturies,thissubstancehasalsobeenusedasaflavouringforfood.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程DuringtheMiddleAges,Europeansusedambergrisasaremedyforheadaches,colds,epilepsy,andotherailments.Inthe1851whalingnovelMoby-Dick,HermanMelvilleclaimedthatambergriswas"largelyusedinperfumery."Melvilledevotesacompletechaptertoadiscussionofambergris,withspecialattentiontotheironythat"fineladiesandgentlemenshouldregalethemselveswithanessencefoundintheingloriousbowelsofasickwhale:'Butnobodyeverknewwhereitreallycamefrom.Expertswerestillguessingitsoriginthousandsofyearslater,untilthelongagesofguessworkendedinthe 1720's,whenNantucketwhalersfoundgobsofthecostlymaterialinsidethestomachsofspermwhales.Industrialwhalingquicklyburgeoned.By20thcenturyambergrisismainlyrecoveredfrominsidethecarcassesofspermwhales.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Throughcountlessages,peoplehavefoundpiecesofambergrisonsandybeaches.Itwasnamedgreyambertodistinguishitfromgoldenamber,anotherraretreasure.Bothofthemwereamongthemostsought-aftersubstancesintheworld,almostasvaluableasgold.(Ambergrissellsforroughly$20agram,slightlylessthangoldat$30agram.)Amberfloatsinsaltwater,andinoldtimestheoriginofboththesesubstanceswasmysterious.Butitturnedoutthatamberandambergrishavelittleincommon.AmberisafossilizedresinfromtreesthatwasquitefamiliartoEuropeanslongbeforethediscoveryoftheNewWorld,andprizedforjewelry.Althoughconsideredagem,amberisahard,transparent,wholly-organicmaterialderivedfromtheresinofextinctspeciesoftrees,mainlypines.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Piecesofambertornfromtheseafloorarecastupbythe每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程TotheearliestWesternchroniclers,ambergriswasvariouslythoughttocomefromthesamebituminousseafountsasamber,fromthespermoffishesorwhales,fromthedrop sofstrangeseabirds(probablybecauseofconfusionovertheincludedbeaksofsquid)orfromthelargehivesofbeeslivingnearthesea.MarcoPolowasthefirstWesternchroniclerwhocorrectlyattributedambergristospermwhalesanditsvomit.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Asspermwhalesnavigateintheoceans,theyoftendivedownto2kmormorebelowthesealeveltopreyonsquid,mostfamouslytheGiantSquid.It'scommonlyacceptedthatambergrisformsinthewhale'sgutorintestinesasthecreatureattemptsto"deal"withsquidbeaks.Spermwhalesareratherpartialtosquid,butseeminglystruggletodigestthehard,sharp,parrot-likebeaks.Itisthoughttheirstomachjuices ehyper-activetryingtoprocesstheirritants,andeventuallyhard,resinouslumpsareformedaroundthebeaks,andthenexpelledfromtheirinnardsbyvomiting.Whenawhaleinitiallyvomitsupambergris,itissoftandhasaterriblesmell.Somemarinebiologistscompareittotheunpleasantsmellofcowdung.Butafterfloatingonthesaltyoceanforaboutadecade,thesubstancehardenswithairandsunintoasmooth,waxy,usuallyroundedpieceofnostrilheaven.Thedungsmell每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Sinceambergrisisderivedfromanimals,naturallyaquestionofethicsarises,andinthecaseofambergris,itisveryimportanttoconsider.Spermwhalesareanendangeredspecies,whosepopulationsstartedtodeclineasfarbackasthe19thcenturyduetothehighdemandfortheirhighlyemollientoil,andtodaytheirstocksstillhavenotrecovered.Duringthe1970's,theSavetheWhalesmovementbroughttheplightofwhalestointernationalrecognition.Manypeoplenowbelievethatwhalesare"saved".Thiscouldn'tbefurtherfromthetruth.Allaroundtheworld,whalingstillexists.Manycountriescontinuetohuntwhales,inspiteofinternationaltreatiestoprotectthem.Manymarineresearchersareconcernedthateventhetradeinnaturallyfoundambergriscanbeharmfulbycreatingfurtherincentivestohuntwhalesforthisvaluablesubstance.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程OneoftheformsambergrisisusedasavaluablefixativeinperfumestoenhanceandprolongthescentButnowadays,sinceambergrisisrareandexpensive,bigfragrance rsthatmakemostofthefragrancesonthemarkettodaydonotdealinitforreasonsofcost,availabilityandmur啼legalissues,andmostperfumeriesprefertoaddachemicalderivativewhichmimicsthepropertiesofambergris.Asafragranceconsumeryoucanassumethatthereisnonaturalambergrisinyourperfumebottle,unlessthecompanyadvertisesthisfactandunlessyouownvintagefragrancescreatedbeforethe1980s.Ifyouarewonderingifyouhavebeenwearingaperfumewiththislegendaryingredientyoumaywanttoreviewyourscentcollection.HereareafewofsomeofthetopambergriscontainingperfumesGivenchyAmarigeChanelNo.5,andGucciGuilty.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程AambergrisB.amberC.bothambergrisandD.neitherambergrisnorMentionedMentionedbyHermanMelvilleinhisUsedasBeingAddsflavortoCouldbeseenEmitspleasant每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Completethesummarybelow,usingONEWORDSONLYfromtheReadingeachTheformationofambergrisiscommonlyacceptedthatitisdiscoveredfromintestinesofaspecificspeciesofwhales.Spermwhaleshaveapreferenceforsquidbutcannotabsorbitstoughandparrot-shaped7Thedigestivejuicelumpsaroundthesquidparts.Thentheselumps,the，releasedbytheirstomachsgraduallyformssemi-finishedambergris,areexpelledfromtheirinnardsthrough8andsunlight,thepiece9 .Atfirst,itwillemitadisgustingsmell.However,withcontactofairintoasoftandwaxysubstancewithapleasantaroma.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程Completethesummarybelow,usingONEWORDSONLYfromtheReadingeach1010Mostambergriscomesfromthedeadwhales11Duetoemergenceofrelatedinternationaltreaties,whalesarefrom12Ambergrisismorecostlythan13Nowadays,Ambergrisisstillappliedextensivelyinperfume每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"Practical 每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程

RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalAWhilstthefocusofNationalDevelopmentPlansinthetransportsectorliesheavilyintheareasofextendingroadnetworksandbridges,therearestillmajorgapsidentifiedinaddressingtheneedsofpoorercommunities.Thereisaneedtodevelopandpromotethesustainableuseofalternativetransportsystemsandintermediatemeansoftransportation(IMTs)thatcomplementthelinkagesofpoorpeoplewithroadnetworksandothersocio-economicinfrastructurestoimprovetheirlivelihoods.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalBOntheotherhand,thedevelopmentofallweatheredroads(only30percentofruralpopulationhaveaccesstothissofar)andmotorablebridgesareverycostlyforacountrywithasmallandstagnanteconomy.Inadditiontheseinterventionsarenotalwaysfavourableinallgeographicalcontextsenvironmentally,sociallyandeconomically.Morethan60percentofthenetworkisconcentratedonthelowlandareasofthecountry.Althoughthereareanumberofalternativewaysbywhichtransportationandmobilityneedsofruralcommunitiesinthehillscanbeaddressed,alackofclear ernmentfocusandpolicies,lackoffiscalandeconomicincentivesandlackofadequatetechnicalknowledgeandmanufacturingcapacitieshaveledtounderdevelopmentofthisalternativetransportsub-sector,includingtheprovisionofIMTs.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalCOneofthemajorcausesofpovertyisisolation.Improvingtheaccessandmobilityoftheisolatedpoorpavesthewayforaccesstomarkets,servicesandopportunities.Byimprovetransportpoorerpeopleareabletoaccessmarketswheretheycanbuyorsellgoodsto e,andmakebetteruseofessentialservicessuchashealthandeducation.Noproperroadsorvehiclesmeanwomenandchildrenareforcedtospendmanyhourseachdayattendingtotheirmostbasicneeds,suchascollectingwaterandfirewood.Thisvaluabletimecouldbeusedtotendcrops,careforthefamily,andstudyordevelopsmallbusinessideastogeneratemuchneeded每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalRoadbuildingWithoutroads,ruralcommunitiesareextremelyrestricted.Collectingwaterandfirewood,andgoingtolocalmarketsisahugetask,thereforeitisunderstandablethattheconstructionofroadsisamajorpriorityformanyruralcommunities.PracticalActionishel toimproveruralaccesstransportinfrastructuresthroughtheconstructionandrehabilitationofshortruralroads,smallbridges,culvertsandothertransportrelatedfunctions.Theaimistousemethodsthatencouragecommunitydrivendevelopment.Thismeansvillagerscanimprovetheirownlivesthroughbetteraccesstomarkets,healthcare,educationandothereconomicandsocialopportunities,aswellasbringingimprovedservicesand stothenow-accessiblevillages.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalDrivingforwardnewideasPracticalActionandthecommunitiesweworkwithareconstantlycraftingandhoningnewideastohelppoorpeople.Cycletrailershaveapracticalbusinessusetoo,hel peoplecarrytheirgoods,suchasvegetablesandcharcoal,tomarketsforsale.Notonlythat,butthoseonthepoverty-linecanearnadecent ebymakingmaintainingandoperatingbicycletaxis.WithPracticalAction'sknow-how,SriLankancommunitieshavebeenabletostartabusserviceandmaintaintheroadsalongwhichittravels.Theimpacthasbeenremarkable.Thisservicehasputanendtopeople'ssocial每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalQuickandaffordable,itgivesthemareliablewaytotraveltothenearesttown;andnowtheirchildrencangetaneducation,makingitfarmorelikelythey'llfindapathoutofpoverty.PracticalActionisalsoanactivememberofmanynationalandregionalnetworksthroughwhichexchangeofknowledgeandadvocatingbasedonactionresearcharecarriedoutandoneconspicuousexampleistheLankaOrganicAgricultureMovement.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"Practical transportsystemForpeoplewholiveinremote,mountainousareas,gettingfoodtomarketinordertoearnenoughmoneytosurviveisaseriousissue.Thehillsaresosteepthattravellingdownthemisdangerous.Aportercanhelpbuttheyareexpensive,anditwouldstilltakehoursorevenaday.Thejourneycantakesolongthattheirgoodsstarttoperishand eworthlessandless.PracticalActionhasdevelopedaningenioussolutioncalledanaerialropeway.Itcaneitheroperatebygravitationforceorwiththeuseofexternalpower.每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalTheropewayconsistsoftwotrolleysrollingoversupporttracksconnectedtoacontrolcableinthemiddlewhichmovesinatraditionalflywheelsystem.Thetrolleyatthetopisloadedwithgoodsandcantakeupto120kg.Thisispulleddowntothestationatthebottom,eitherbytheforceofgravityorbyexternalpower.Theothertrolleyatthebottomisthereforepulledupwardsautomatically.Theexternalpowercanbeproducedbyamicrohydrosystemifaccesstoanelectricitygridisnotanoption.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalBringingpeopleonboardPracticalActiondevelopedatwo-wheeledirontrailerthatcanbeattached(viaahitchbehindtheseat)toabicycleandbeusedtocarryheavyloads(uptoaround200kgs)offood,waterorevenpassengers.Peoplecannowcarrythreetimesasmuchasbeforeandstillpedalthebicycle.Thecycletrailersareusedfortransportinggoodsbylocalproducers,asambulances,asmobileshops,andevenasmobilelibraries.Theyaremadeinsmallvillageworkshopsfromirontubing,whichiscut,bent,weldedanddrilledtomaketheframeandwheels.Modificationsarealsocarriedouttothetrailersintheseworkshopsattherequestofthebuyers.每每月两期精读班你从5到7有语法课程RuralTransportPlanof"PracticalThetwo-wheeled`ambulance'ismadefrommoldedmetal,withstandardrubber-typedwheels.The"bed"sectioncanbepaddedwithcushionstomakethepatientcomfortable,whilethe"seat"sectionallowsafamilymembertoattendtothepatientduringtransit.Adedicatedbicycleisneededtopulltheambulancetrailer,sothatothercommunitymembersdonotneedtogowithoutthebicyclestheydependonintheirdailylives.Ajoiningmechanismallowsforeasyremoval