科技英语翻译第五六章

5.1数词的译法第1节翻译练习1Liquidbromineboilsat58°Catwhichtemperatureitchangesintoareddish-browngas.Movetothenextoperationafterthevoltagereaches150V.Testshaveshownthattheenergysavingcanriseabout40percent.液态溴在58摄氏度时沸腾，在这个温度它变成红褐色的气体。等电压到了150伏时，进行下一个操作。试验证明，能量节约可增加40%左右。第1节翻译练习2Ofmanythousandssparepartsdoesnotcomeuptothestandardbutone.Alotofcountieshavesetuppowerstations,chemicalfertilizerplantsandahundredandoneotherfactories.Theperiodictablecontainsmorethanonehundredchemicalelementsbelongingtoeightfamilies.在几千个备件中，只有一个不合格。许多县已建立了发电站、化肥厂以及许多别的工厂。元素周期表由属于8个族的100多个化学元素组成。Thesematerialsbecomequitesoftandflexiblebelow150°C.Anincreaseintheoxygencontentofcoalby1%reducesthatcalorificvaluebysome1.7%.Nearly25neurotransmittershavebeenfoundsofar.这些材料在150摄氏度以下变得十分柔软、易于弯曲。煤的含氧量每增加1%，其热值就下降约1.7%。迄今为止，已经发现了大约25种神经传递素。第1节翻译练习3Withtheresultofautomation,productivityhasincreasedby5timesinthatfactory.Thesalesofindustrialelectronicproductshaveincreasedtosixtimes.Theoutputofthemachinetoolshasmultipliedfourtimes.Thecurrenthasincreasedbyafactorofthree.由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率提高到5倍。工业电子产品的销售额增加了5倍。机床产量增加了3倍。电流增加了2倍。第1节翻译练习4Thistypeoffurnaceuses4timesmoreelectricitythanthattypedoes.Thisrodis4timeslongerthanthatone.Theoxygenatomisnearly16timesasheavyasthehydrogenatom.这种炉的耗电量是那种炉耗电量的4倍。这根杆比那根长3倍。氧原子的原子量几乎是氢原子量的16倍。Theatomicweightofheliumisfourtimesheavierthanthatofhydrogen.Inrollingbearingthestartingfrictionisabouttwicetherunningfriction.氦原子量比氢原子量重3倍。滚动轴承的启动摩擦大概是转动摩擦的2倍。第1节翻译练习5Theleadsofthenewcondenserareshortenedbysixtimes.Theoperationofcostdecreasedbyfivetimes.Thelossofelectricitywasreducedbyafactoroffour.Thepipeisfourtimeslighterthanthatone.新型电容器的引线缩短了5/6。成本运行降至1/5。这根管子重量是那根的1/4。电损减少了3/4。第1节翻译练习6Weldstrengthcanbeincreasedby45percent.Testshaveshownthattheenergyconsumingcanbereducedby30percent.Thelossofenergyhasbeenreducedtolessthan10percent.焊接强度可增加45%。试验证明，能量消耗可减低30%。能量损耗可减至不足10%。Itsgrainoutputwas18percenthigherthanthatin1998.Thesteeloutputis30percenthigherthanthatoflastyear.其粮食产量比1998年高出18%。钢产比去年增加了30%。第1节翻译练习7Tentoone,theexperimentisunlikelytoproducegoodresults.Thesefiguresshowthattheimprovementofmolecularrefractioniswithinafactoroften.十有八九，这项试验不可能得出好的结果。这些数字表明分子折射度的改进值为一个数量级。5.2形容词的译法第2节翻译练习1Suitabletreatmentshallbegivenassoonaspossibletoavoidhydrogenembrittlement.Complexcomputersystemsarepronetosoftwarehitches.Thepartsmustbeverystrongsothattheymaynotbreakinuse.Thiskindofsteelbecomesveryhardandverybrittlewhenhardened.尽快予以适当的处理，以免氢蚀脆化。复杂的计算机系统容易出现软件故障。零件必须十分坚固，才不会在使用中破损。这种钢淬火后就变得很硬很脆。第2节翻译练习2Hydrogenisaboutone-fourteenthasdenseasair.Heliumisaverylightgas,onlytwiceasheavyashydrogen.Icefloatsbecauseitisnotasdenseaswater.氢的密度大约是空气密度的1/14。氦气是一种很轻的气体，重量仅为氢气的2倍。冰浮起是因为它的密度比水的密度小。第2节翻译练习3Inthethermosciencesarea,themechanicalengineerisconcernedwiththermodynamics,fluidmechanics,andheattransfer.Thisinalargemeasureisresponsibleforthehighaccuracyobtainablefromsuchsystems.Thetransmissionratioisdependentupontheratioofthenumberofteethofthemeshinggearwheels.在热学领域，机械工程师关心的是热力学、流体力学和传热学。在很大程度上，这是从这类系统中获得高精度的原因。传动比取决于两个啮合齿轮的齿数比。Oncetheengineisunderway,theseauxiliariesareturnedoff.发动机一旦启动，这些辅助设备就关闭了。第2节翻译练习4Recentdiscoverieshavebeenmadeconcerningthepeculiarpropertiesofcertainsemiconductors.Researchanddevelopmentisofparticularimportancetoaerospaceindustry.Incopperandmostpuremetalsthereisanappreciableincreaseinresistancewithanincreaseintemperature.最近，对于某些半导体的奇怪特性有一些发现。研究和发展对航空航天工业非常重要。在铜和大部分纯金属中，随着温度的升高，电阻也会明显增大。Oneofthedrawbacksoftheearlylaserswastheirinabilityofcontinuousoperation.Thesemetalionsinterferewithelectronflowandcauseagreatdecreaseinelectronmotion.Lubricatingoilsareusedtoensurethesmoothrunningofthemachine.早期激光器的缺点之一是它不能连续工作。这些金属离子阻碍电子流动，引起电子运动大幅减弱。使用润滑油是为了确保机器正常运转。第2节翻译练习5Themostcommonapplicationforbearingisthesupportofarotatingshaftthatistransmittingpowerfromonelocationtoanother.TheWorldWideWebisauniquemediumforcommunicationandforpublishing.轴承最常见的应用是支撑旋转轴将功率从一处传至另一处。万维网是一个独特的通讯和出版媒体。第2节翻译练习6Apracticalmeansoftransferringgeothermalenergyistoconvertittoelectricpower.Anelectron,ifmoving,producesamagneticfield.将地热能转变成电能是输送这种能量的一种切实可行的办法。电子如果运动，就会产生磁场。第2节翻译练习7Needlebearingshaveahighloadcapacity.Considerableeffortmustbeexpendedtoensureconsistentblastvolume,humidityandtemperature.滚针轴承的承载能力大。还要在确保风量、湿度和温度稳定方面做出相当大的努力。第2节翻译练习8Thegearteethshouldhavethestrengthsufficienttooperate.We’lldoeverythingpossibletoimprovethesupplyofelectricity.Wehopeeverythingreadyfortheoperation.Scientistshavefoundamethodofmeasurementsuitableformostislandwatersandcoastalareas.齿轮的齿必须具备足够的运转强度。我们将尽一切努力来改善电力供应。我们希望一切在开工之前就绪。科学家们已经找到了一种适合大多数岛屿的近海和沿海地区的测量方法。Coalisakindoffuelsuitableforpowergeneration.TheonlytransformeravailableisproducedinShanghai.煤是一种适合发电的燃料。唯一可用的变压器是上海产的。第2节翻译练习9Theresistanceoftheloadistoohighfortheamplifier.Forthisreasontheswitchingsignalshouldbenosteeperorlargerthannecessary.Thecapacitytostorewaterintheirleavesistypicalofdesertplant.Heisquitefamiliarwithstatefunction.负载的电阻对于放大器来说太高。因此激励信号的斜率及宽度不应超过所要求的数值。在叶子中储存水的能力是沙漠植物的特性。他非常熟悉状态函数。第3节翻译练习1Desertedsoilsaresparselycoveredwithshrubsandgrass.Therelationshipsusedarebrieflyoutlined.荒漠上稀疏地覆盖着灌木丛和杂草。这些用到了的关系已简要地概括出来了。5.3副词的译法第3节翻译练习2Theresultingfluxisconfinedessentiallytothering.Actually,andmetaloralloycanbecastbyprecisioncasting.Normallythewholemassoftheatomisconcentratedinthenucleus.所产生的磁通基本上被限制在环内。实际上，任何金属或合金都可以进行精密铸造。在正常情况下，原子的整个质量都集中在原子核里。第3节翻译练习3Admittedly,thetermtemporalcoherenceseemstoimplyaneffectwhichisexclusivelytemporal.Themostimportantadvantagesofrollingbearingsoverslidingbearingsisthemostcompleteeliminationoffriction.不可否认，时间相干性这个术语似乎意味着一种只属于时间的效应。滚动轴承优于滑动轴承的最重要的优点在于几乎完全消除了摩擦。第3节翻译练习4Wearecertainthatneutronsactdifferentlyfromprotons.Todetectgases,asampleofaircanbeanalyzedchemically.Slopesorientateddifferentlyreceivedirectsolarradiationindifferentamounts.我们确信中子的作用和质子的是不同的。为了检测各种气体，可以对空气试样进行化学分析。朝向不相同的山坡，直接接收到的太阳辐射量是不同的。第3节翻译练习5Thesaltsshouldbeheatedelectrically,ifpossible.Themethodsofcontrollingpestschemicallyoftenhaveundesirablesideeffects;forthisreasonitislikelythatthemethodsofcontrollingbiologicallywillbeappliedincreasinglyinthefuture.Evaporationtakesplaceonlyatthesurfaceofaliquid;boilingtakesplacethroughouttheliquid.如果可能的话，这些盐应该用电来加热。用化学品控制害虫的方法常有不良的副作用，因此将来会越来越多地采用生物学方法。蒸发只是发生在液体表面，沸腾发生在液体各处。第3节翻译练习6TheCPUalsocontrolstheflowofdatatoandfromtheperipheraldevices.Itisalsopossibletocheckthetemperaturedistributionatthetopoftheburden,althoughtheburdenatthetopofthefurnaceisnotevenlydistributed.Thereisalsoanincreasedexcretionofnitrogen,inorganicphosphorus,andsodiumchloride(salt).CPU还控制着流向和来自外部设备的数据流。尽管炉顶炉料的分布方式是不均匀的，但炉顶炉料的温度分布也还是可以检测的。推拿还促进氮、无机磷和氯化钠（盐）的排放。第3节翻译练习7Arelativelysmallexplosionwouldbeenoughtosendashipoffataveryfastrate.Whenthecoreofthiscloudbecamedenseenough,gravitytriggeredthecollapseofitsinnerlayers.Satellites---somelargeenoughtobeplanetsintheirownright---eitherformedalongwiththegiantsorwerecapturedlater.一次较小的爆炸就足以将飞船以极快的速度发射出去。当这个分子团的核心变得十分稠密时，重力引起分子团的内层崩溃。至于卫星，有些大的足以称得上行星，它们或是与这些巨大的行星同时形成，或是后来被猎获的。第3节翻译练习8Thewattisasmallunitofpower,soweusethekilowattinstead.Insteadofworkingwiththespacevariableforelectricfieldintensitywecanworkdirectlywithvoltage.瓦特是一个很小的功率单位，因此我们就改用千瓦代之。我们可以直接用电压来代替电场强度这个空间变量。第3节翻译练习9TheexperimentalresultwasjusttheoppositeofwhatIhadexpected.Theintroductionoflaserintoindustryhasonlyjustbegun.实验结果与我预料的刚好相反。激光用于工业还仅仅刚开始。第3节翻译练习10Neverlaytoolsorworkpiecesonthewaysofalathe.Manhasnevermadeamachinethat,ofitself,willcontinueinastateofuniformmotion.Uptonow,atomicenergyhasneverbeenusedforaircraftpropulsion.绝不要把工具或工件放在车床的导轨上。人类从未制成过一台能自行永久保持匀速运动状态的机器。到目前为止，原子能从来没有被用于飞机的推进。第3节翻译练习11Anelectriccurrentisonlyashiftingofelectricity.Whatwecallmassisonlyanothermanifestationofenergy.Onlywhenanobjectmoves,isworkdone.电流仅仅是电的移动。我们所说的质量只是能的另一种表现形式。物体只有移动时才做功。第3节翻译练习12Gravitykeepsthesatelliteinorbit.Otherwise,itwoulddriftoffintospace.Hisinspectionofthetransmissionlinesrevealedsomepossiblefaultsthatmightotherwisehavebeenoverlooked.引力使卫星保持在轨道上，否则卫星就会偏离而进入太空。他对输电线路进行检查，查出了一些故障，否则这些潜在的故障就会被忽视。第3节翻译练习13Inamathematicalsensetheimpulseresponseisarathersophisticatedconcept.Processdependsonidentifyingradiostarswithsomekindofobjectemittingvisiblelight---butradioastronomerscangivetheiropticalcolleaguesonlyratherimprecisedirectionsastowheretolook.Theoperationofourgeneratingunitwasnobetterbutratherworse.从数学意义上讲，冲量反应是个相当微妙的概念。进一步的进展取决于能否确定射电星是一种能发射可见光的天体，然而射电天文学家只能给光学天文学家提供很不精确的观测方向。我们机组运行的情况没有见好，相反更糟了。Thetemperaturedidnotgoup,asonehadexpected,butratherwentdown.Theyareencouragedindesigningaturbineratherthanrepairingit.Indecidingwhereanairplaneactuallyisinthesky,webelieveoureyesratherthanourears.温度没有像人们预料的那样上升，反而下降了。他们从事涡轮机的设计工作，而不是修理涡轮机。要判断飞机在空中的确切位置，我们与其相信自己的耳朵不如相信自己的眼睛。第3节翻译练习14Justasthefeed-watersupplysystemcanbecontrolled,sothecoalhandlingequipmentcanalsobecomputer-controlled.Itisforthisreasonthatsomuchcarehastobegiventotheburdenpreparationbysinteringandbytheblendingoffluxesandcoke.Somanydeviceshaveutilizedtheseprocesses.正如给水系统可由计算机控制那样，输煤设备也可以这样做。正因为如此，必须通过优良烧结以及助熔剂和焦炭来精心准备高炉的炉料。如此之多的装置现已采用了这些工艺。第3节翻译练习15Attentionisgiventothetransformer,too.Toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein.Suchparticlesarefartootinytobeseenwiththestrongestmicroscope.Hardenedsteelistoohardandtoobrittleformanytools.同时也注意变压器。太多的女性忽视了自己摄入的铁离子含量。这种粒子太小，即使用最高倍的显微镜也看不见。硬化钢太硬、太脆，对许多工具的制作都不适宜。第3节翻译练习16Manynaturalphenomenayetremaintobeinvestigated.Thecauseofthiswearhavenotyetbeenestablished.Ifthetemperatureishigh,theresistanceofawirebecomesyetgreater.尚有许多自然现象有待研究。这种磨损的原因尚未查明。如果温度升高，导线的电阻会更大。Thiscouldturnouttobeourbiggestmistakeyet.Thisisthebiggestundergroundlakeyetdiscovered.这是我们到目前为止所犯的最大错误。这是迄今已发现的最大的底下湖。5.4形容词和副词比较级的译法第4节翻译练习1Theroadsinourpowerplantarewithanewkindofmaterial,thestrengthofwhichisasgreatasthatofconcrete.Metalsdonotchangetheirformaseasilyasplasticbodiesdo.我们电厂的道路是一种新材料铺设的，这种新材料的强度与水泥的强度一样高。金属不像塑料物体那样容易变形。第4节翻译练习2Thismaterialcanwithstandhigherstressesunderrepeatedloading.Givenahighercapitalcostforelectricbuses,thecashgrantpayablewouldbehigherforaconventionalvehicle.Ifonehasanattitudeofrespectfortheequipment,theendproductwillbemoresatisfactory.这种材料在交变载荷下可以承受较高的应力。即使电瓶巴士投资成本高于传统车辆，传统车辆应支付的现金补贴也会更高。如果人们对生产设备持尊重态度，那么其生产出的成品也会更加令人满意。第4节翻译练习3Therightgeneticmaterial,weightforweight,canbemorevaluablethanpreciousmetalsandjewels.Threeofthegiantplanetsradiatemoreheatbackintospacethantheyabsorbfromthesun.恰当的遗传物质，就其重要性来说，要比贵金属和珠宝更有价值。巨大的外层行星中有三颗射向太空的热量超过它们从太阳那里吸收的能量。第4节翻译练习4Evenquitesmallamountsofsomeimpuritiescanmakecopperamuchpoorerconductorofelectricity.Aluminumandcopperarefarmorecorrosion-resistantthanordinarysteel.甚至很少量的杂质都可能会使铜成为性能差得多的导电体。铝和铜的抗腐蚀能力比普通钢高得多。第4节翻译练习5Nuclearenergyisbeingusedmoreandmorewidely.Moreandmorenuclearpowerstationsarebuiltup.核能用得越来越广泛了。建设了越来越多的核电站。第4节翻译练习6Thegreaterthebearingload,theshorterwillbethelifeofthebearinginrevolutions.Thefartheroutthelineofthemomentumextends,thegreatertheangularmomentum.Thegreaterthecross-sectionalarea,thegreaterthestrengthwillbe.轴承的载荷越大，其以转数为单位的寿命就越短。动量作用线伸展得越远，角动量就越大。截面越大，强度越大。5.5形容词和副词最高级的译法第5节翻译练习1:Polyacetyleneisthesimplestpossibleconjugatedpolymer.Painisthemostprominentsymptomofsurgicaldisease.聚乙炔可能是最简单的共轭聚合物。疼痛是外科疾病最突出的症状。第5章总复习题Thisseemstoindicatethatfurtherresearchwouldbenecessary.Ana.c.motorissimilarinconstructiontoad.c.motor.Naturalenvironmentcanbeeasilyruinedbyinappropriateexploration.Negativechargesaremovingcounterclockwise.这似乎表明进一步研究的必要性。交流电动机与直流电动机结构相似。开发不当容易毁坏自然资源。负电荷按逆时针方向流动。Theaveragevalueofvoltagecanbemeasuredpointbypoint.Theproblemofmaterialsiseasedbythelowerboilingpoint.Asaresult,althoughthereisminimalfrictionpresent,alubricantisstillabsolutelyessential.Removalprocedureforleft-handandright-handcycliccylindersisessentiallythesame.因此，虽然有很小的摩擦，但润滑剂仍旧是非常必要的。电压的平均值可以逐点测量。由于沸点较低，材料问题容易解决。左右两边循环气缸的拆卸步骤基本上相同。Substantially,anthecyanin,thepigmentthatturnsleaves---andapples---red,isproducedbysugarsthatremainafterthenutrientsarechokedoff.Massagewillaffectmusclesthroughoutthebody.Inthistestthemajorpartisbackedoffelectrically.Itisalsogoodforshockandimpactloads.Thetermminimumlifeisalsousedtomeanratinglife.在此项实验中，主要部分被电补偿。本质上，使树叶和苹果变红的色素——花色素苷是营养去除后剩余的糖分产生的。它还适用于振动和冲击载荷。推拿将会对全身的肌肉组织产生影响。最小寿命这个术语也指额定寿命。Usually,a2cmadjustmentofthemachineisenoughtobringthepressurebacktonormal.Statisticsisarathermodernbranchofmathematics.Computersprovidethemeansforgreaterspeedandaccuracyinworkingwithideasthanhadpreviouslybeenpossible.Lessthanaquarteroftheenergyofahumanengineisconvertedintomechanicalenergy.Hydrogenisthelightestgas,itsdensitybeing0.0894g/l.统计学是一门相当新的数学分支。人体发出的不到1/4的能量转变为机械能。计算机处理意念时所提供方法的速度和精确度都超过了以往所能达到的水平。氢是最轻的气体，其密度为0.0894克/升。通常，把机器调整2厘米就足以使压力恢复正常。6.1介词的一般译法第1节翻译练习1Ingeneral,manservesasthesourceofinfectionwhileanimalsactassuchonlyoccasionally.Anindustrialrobotsharesmanyattributesincommonwithanumericalcontrolmachinetool.一般来说，人可作为感染源，而动物只是偶然如此。工业用机器人与数控机床有许多共同的特性。第1节翻译练习2Withnon-changeovercontrolboththeboilerplantandthechillerplantoperatetoprovidesimultaneousheatingandcoolingthroughouttheyear.Theonlineservicedeliverssubstantiallymorevaluetoourglobalaudienceofe-businessprofessionalsinthechemical,plasticsandalliedindustries.Thisdevicecanmimicphotosynthesistoproduceusableenergyfromsunlight.采用非转换控制，锅炉设备和制冷装置都在运行，全年可同时供暖和制冷。该网络服务主要向全球从事化学、塑料及相关工业的专业电子商务用户提供更有价值的服务。这种装置能够模拟光合作用，利用阳光产生可用的能源。第1节翻译练习3Thelongitudinalaxisoftheturbinegeneratorisperpendiculartotheaxisofthesteamgenerator.Intherightconditions,membranesareself-assembling.Windingofthespringinducesresidualstressesthroughbending.汽轮发电机的纵轴与锅炉轴线垂直。当条件适宜时，细胞膜会自行聚集。卷绕弹簧时因为弯曲引起了残余应力。第1节翻译练习4Ifleakageoccursaroundoutputshaft,replacesealandpacking.Sotheygiveoffastrongersignaltosensitiveradiationdetectorsmountedoverthesubject’shead.如输出轴周围漏油，应更换密封件及填料。因而它向安装在受试者头部上方的灵敏的辐射探测器发出的信号比较强。第1节翻译练习5Itiscustomarytouseelectromagnetsratherthanpermanentmagnetsforthefield.Thisflatscreentechnologyeliminatescurvatureonthescreensurface.Allthechargeonaconductorliesonitssurface.通常磁场用的都是电磁铁而不是永久磁铁。这种纯平面技术可以消除屏幕表面的弯曲。导体的全部电荷都在其表面。6.2介词短语的译法第2节翻译练习1Foreaseofassemblyandremovalofthewheels,theouterracesarepress-fittedinthewheelhubs.Withthelengthmuchgreaterthanitswidth,thecoiliscalledsolenoid.Withonlyabouthalfasmanymovingpartsasaconventionalengine,aWankelisonlyhalfthesizeandweight,andalmostcompletelyvibrationless.为了便于车轮安装和拆卸，把外套圈压入配合到轮毂里。如果长度远远超过了宽度，这种线圈就称为螺线管。由于其运动机件数几乎仅为一般发动机的一半，汪克尔发动机只有一般发动机的一半大、一半重，而且几乎完全没有振动。Withoutanelectricfieldapplied,adielectricatomissymmetrical.Despitechangesintheload,thevoltageappliedtoitremainsfairlyconstant.Formoreinformationontheimprovementswe’vemade,scrolldowntoNewFeatures&Functionality.如果没有外加电场，电介质原子是对称的。不管负载如何变化，加在负载上的电压都仍然相当稳定。要想对我们的改进有更多的了解，请往下看“新特点与新功能”。第2节翻译练习2Singularityfunctionsdonotoccurinphysicalsystems.Afairamountoftheoreticalandexperimentalworkhasbeendevotedatthisagencytoabetterunderstandingofnon-stationaryaerodynmics.物理系统不存在奇异函数。该机构为更好地了解非定常气体动力学作了大量的理论研究和试验工作。第2节翻译练习3Animalsarealwayslosingcarbonbyrespirationasagainstplantsalwaysgainingcarbon.Themosteffectivemethodofreducingfrictionistouserollingfrictioninsteadofslidingfriction.动物通过呼吸排除碳，而植物却吸收碳。减少摩擦力的最有效的方法是采用滚动摩擦，而不是采用滑动摩擦。第2节翻译练习4Theshapeoftheelectronspectruminbetadecayisnotdominatedbypropertiesofthematrixelement.Pressureinaliquidisatrightanglestothewallsofcontainer.β衰变的电子谱的形状不取决于矩阵元的性质。液体的压力与容器壁垂直。第2节翻译练习5Hysteresisenergyisausefulbasisfortheestablishmentoffailurecriteriainfatigue.Physicalchemistryappliesthemethodsofphysicstothestudyofchemicalsystems.在建立疲劳破坏准则时，迟滞能量是一个有用的依据。物理化学是应用物理学的方法研究化学体系。6.3常用介词的译法第3节翻译练习1Littleinformationisgivenabouttheoriginoflife.Abasicchangeinthinkingaboutforceandmassisrequired.Fluoridedamageisgenerallyrestrictedtoareasaboutmanufacturingplants.Thevacuumwascreatedabouttheexit.关于生命起源方面的资料极少。对于力和质量的看法需要做根本的改变。氟化物的危害一般仅限于制造厂附近。在出口附近产生真空。第3节翻译练习2Allofitscircuitelementsarebondedtogetherafterbeingmanufactured.Linereamsnewbushingsafterinstallation.Afteralllogiceventshavebeencompleted,theautomaticcontrolunitinitiatesthemachineaftertheinstruction.将所有的电路元件在制成之后都连结在一起。安装后对新轴套绞同心孔。在所有的逻辑事件完成之后，自动控制器按照指令再次启动该机器。Thosemachinesaremadeafterthemodel.Afterallitschangeableforms,energycanneverbedestroyed.那些机器是按该模型制成的。尽管能的形式是可以改变的，但绝不会消失。第3节翻译练习3Workinginstrumentsareverifiedforcalibrationagainstreferenceinstruments.Thecurrentinatransmittingantennawhenplottedagainsttimeisusuallyasinewave.Theprocesswasagainstanybasiclawsofphysics.Forceisnecessarytodriveanelectriccurrentagainstaresistance.工业用的仪表要根据基准仪表来校验其刻度。将发射天线中的电流相对于时间来描述出来，常是一正弦波。该过程违背了物理学的基本原理。驱动电流克服电阻需要有电动势。Oneofthechiefusesofzincistoprotectthesurfaceofironagainstrust.Lighteningrodsareusedtoprotectelectricaldevicesagainstlightening.Itisnecessarytopreventinductionmotorsagainstoverloadandundervoltage.Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachalgorithmhavetobeweightedagainsteachotherinthelightoftheparticularapplication.锌的主要用途之一是防止铁表面生锈。避雷针用来保护电器设备不受雷击。必须保护感应电动机，防止过载及欠压。每一种算法都必须根据具体应用相互对比才能权衡其优劣。第3节翻译练习4Thesecondphaseoftherestorationprojectwillbetolaydownastabilizationringaroundthetower’sfoundation.Theseparatingforceonthemillwascalculatedtobearound10million1b.Thearchdamiseconomicalinnarrowcanyonswherethetopchordlengthisaroundtwotothreetimestheheightofthedam.修复工程的第二阶段是在塔基周围建造一环形稳固基。此轧机的轧制力量估计大约一千万磅左右。截面越大，强度越大。第3节翻译练习5Eachobservationcouldbeweightedinverselyasthedistanceorasthesquarerootofthefrequency.Iftheelectriclinesareparalleltotheearth,thewaveisreferredtoashorizontallypolarized.每次观测可以倒过来加权，作为距离或频率的平方根。如果电力线与地面平行，其电波就称为水平极化电波。第3节翻译练习6Atthebeginningofitsoperation,thisturbineisonlyabout50percentefficient.Itisusualtoprovideaflowmeteratthecolumnoutlet.Asmallholeisprovidedatthelockringgroovetofacilitateremovalofthelockring.在开始运行的时候，这台涡轮机的效率只有50%。在柱子出口处常常要安装一个流量器。为使锁定环拆卸方便，可在其沟槽内开一小孔。Theshuntmotoroperatesnearlyatconstantspeed.Womenofchild-bearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.并励电动机差不多恒速运行。育龄女性危险最大，因为月经是铁流失重要原因之一。第3节翻译练习7Andoffshoredrillingismadepossiblebyusinghugequantitiesofgaseousnitrogenandoxygentoprovidealivableatmospheredeepunderwater.Everymetalpossessescertainproperties,orcharacteristicsorqualitieswhichwecanfindbyexperiment.Allmaterialsaredeformedtosomeextentbytheapplicationofanexternalforce.用大量的氮气和氧气形成在深水中能够生活的环境，才有可能进行海底石油钻探。每一种金属都具有某些性能，或特性、性质，而这些我们可以通过实验检验出来。所有材料多少都会由于外力而变形。（练习8用法）NdBytheLawofUniversalGravitation,allbodiesattracteachother.Bythistheorywecanexplainthephenomenonforwhichtheoldviewofmatterdidnotaccount.按照万有引力定律，一切物体都相互吸引。根据这一学说，我们就能解释旧的物质观没有说明的现象。第3节翻译练习8Themachinetoolisdirectlydrivenbythemaindrivemotor.Thepituitaryglandisconstitutedbytwolobes.Theenergypossessedbyanobjectbyvirtueofitsmotioniscalledkineticenergy,orenergyofmotion.Theproductioncapacityhasgreatlyincreasedbythedevelopmentofthecontrolofmanufacturingprocessesbycomputers.机床由主电机直接启动。物体由于运动而获得的能量称为动能，或称为运动能量。由于采用了计算机控制制造过程，因而生产能力大大提高。垂腺体由两个叶组成。第3节翻译练习9Wemaynothaveeliminatedcigarettesmokingcompletelybytheendofthiscentury.Thefacultylinemustberepairedbythetimeofthesummerharvest.Thecurrentinaninductorlagsthevoltageby90°or,whatisthesamething,thevoltageleadsthecurrentby90°.Theexpertscalculatethatthiswillstraightenupthetowerbyseveralcentimeters.到本世纪末我们或许还不能完全消除吸烟现象。夏收之前，故障线路必须修好。根据专家们的计算，这将使斜塔取直几厘米。电感器中的电流落后于电压90°，或者说，电压超前于电流90°。第3节翻译练习10ByhPawemeananinternationalstandardizedpressureunit.Byconductivitywemeantheabilitytoconductanelectriccurrent.所谓百帕，是国际上通用的表示气压的单位。所谓导电率，是指传导电流的能力。Nd第3节翻译练习11Theelectricdrivesystemismadedetachableforeaseoftransportationandinstallation.CFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalswerefirstmass-producedinthe1950sforuseasrefrigerants,industrialsolvents,cleaningfluidsandagentsinmakingfoamproducts.Thesedataarethebasisforimportantdecisions.Theywillbuildtwopowerplantshere,whichcanmeetthedemandsforpowersupply.为了便于运输和安装，电力驱动系统做成可拆式。20世纪50年代，氟里昂和其他消耗臭氧的化工产品首次批量生产，它们主要用作制冷剂、工业溶剂、清洗液以及制造泡沫产品的制剂。这些数据上做出重要决策的依据。他们将在这里建两座电厂，这样便可以满足对电力的需求。Nd第3节翻译练习12Thetemperaturewastoohighfortheboilertowithstand.Avisualinspectionmustbedonecarefullyforthematerials,especiallyforthosetobeusedinfabricationofpressurevessels.Forthisreason,beverycarefulwhenyoutakeantibiotics.Thefirstpassengerscametoground,nonetheworsefortheirexperience,3,000metersfromtheirstandingpoint.温度提高，致使锅炉承受不了。必须对材料仔细进行外观检查，对制造压力容器所用材料尤需如此。由于这个原因，当你用抗生素时务必非常小心。第一批乘客在离出发点3000米处着陆，并没有因这一遭遇而发生不良反应。Nd第3节翻译练习13Makewaterdodutyforalcoholasasolvent.Theysucceededinsubstitutingasyntheticrubberforthenaturalrubber.Electricitycompensatesforbarometricpressureaswellassystempressurevariations.用水代替酒精当溶剂用。他们在用合成橡胶代替天然橡胶方面取得了成功。用电补偿大气压力和系统压力的变化。NdThediseaseragedthroughthecityformonths.Themixturewascuredatroomtemperaturefor8-14days.这种疾病在这座城市猖獗了几个月。混合物在室温下需熟化8-14天。第3节翻译练习14Foralltheirgreatstablenessunderordinarycircumstances,insulatingmaterialsmaychangeradicallyincharacteristicsunderextremeconditionsofvoltagestressortemperatureorundertheactionofcertainchemicals.Forallitsinvisibleshield,theozonelayercanbemeasuredinanumberofways.Forallouradvice,heinsistsoncarryingoutignitionexperiment.尽管在正常的情形下绝缘材料的性能很稳定，但在极端情况下，比如电压过高、高温或在某种化学物质作用下，绝缘材料的性能会遭到完全破坏。尽管臭氧层是一种不可见的保护层，但还是有多种测量它的方法。尽管我们劝阻他，他仍然坚持要进行点火实验。Nd第3节翻译练习15Thisreducestheresistancetocurrentflowingfromthewirethroughtherubbertocopperstripsbelowthetubes.Ausermayjumpfromonedocumenttoanotherinanonlinear,associativeway.Fromtheinformationinthistable,wecaneasilycomputeanestimateofthevalueofthemeanofthisgroupeddata.Havingnocompass,hegothisbearingsfromthesun.轴承的载荷越大，其以转数为单位的寿命就越短。动量作用线伸展得越远，角动量就越大。截面越大，强度越大。Nd第3节翻译练习16Fabricateashieldfrom12cmaluminumalloytothedimensionsshownonFigure11.Theelectronicdeviceismadefromsemiconductor.Deadtimeisthetimeaworkerlossesfromlackofmaterialsorequipmentbreakdown.Asimilarerrorarisesfromneglectofmultiplecauses.按图11所示，用12厘米厚的铝合金制造防护罩。这只电子器件是用半导体做的。无效时间是指工人因无原料或设备故障而失去的时间。类似的错误可能由于忽视了多种原因而产生。Nd第3节翻译练习17Thehardenedwashershallbepreventedfromturningduringlocknuttightening.Washersshallbefromburrsandsharpedges.Thetriggeringcircuitisimmunefromnoise.Themixturearedistinctfromcompounds.Dataisoftendistinguishedfrominformationandfromprograms.当自锁螺母拧紧时应防止淬火垫圈转动。这个触发电路不受杂音影响。混合物不同于化合物。垫圈不应带有毛刺和尖角。数据通常有别于信息和程序。Nd第3节翻译练习18Highlypoisonousinsecticidesshouldbekeptfromordinaryinsecticides.Electrolysisistheliberationoffreeelementsfromaliquidbypassinganelectriccurrentthroughit.Placethesepartsinaplasticbag,andkeepseparatefromotherbearingassemblies.剧毒农药和普通农药要严格分开置放。电解就是让电流通过液体，从而使游离元素从液体中分离出来的过程。将这些零件装进塑料袋中，和其他轴承部件分开置放。Nd第3节翻译练习19CanadianscientistslookedforozonethinningintheArctic.InCanada,governmentsarealsostartingprogramstorecycleandrecoverCFCs.Theusesofindustrialgasesinourhigh-techworldarenumerousandvaried.加拿大科学家在北极区寻找臭氧层变薄的迹象。在加拿大，政府正在开展工作回收和循环使用氟里昂。在我们这个技术高度发达的社会中工业气体的用途是多种多样的。NdThehummingbirdhasthehighestmetabolicrateperunitofbodyweightintheavianworld.Althoughinrecentyearstheliquidstatehasbeenthesubjectofintensestudy,theseveralbookstreatmainlythephysicsofthisstate.Inthe1970s,thefocusofdesigninghardwarewasthecreationofcircuitry.在鸟类世界中，单位体重的新陈代谢以蜂鸟为最高。虽然近年来液态已成为努力研究的课题，但是这些书主要是谈论液态的物理特征。在20世纪70年代，硬件设计的焦点是生成电路。第3节翻译练习20Thedecisiontorepairisnoteasy,especiallyinborderlinecases.Allmoleculesareinconstantmotion.Inthestudyoflubricationandjournalbearings,additionalfundamentalknowledgemustbeutilized.Inordertopreventanydamageorinjurytohumaneyesintraining,alaserenergyattenuatormaybemountedonthelaserexitwindow.做出返修的决定不是容易的，在可修可不修的情况下尤其如此。在研究润滑和滑动轴承时，尚需用到另外的基础知识。在训练时，为防止误伤人眼，可在激光输出窗口上装上激光能量衰减器。一切分子都处在永恒的运动状态之中。Nd第3节翻译练习21Theelectricpowerwhichisconsumedinanelectriccircuitismeasuredinwattsorkilowatts.Energyandworkarebothmeasuredinjoules.Power,beingtheamountofworkdonepersecond,ismeasuredinwatts(joules/sec).电路中消耗的电力是以瓦或千瓦计量的。能和功都用焦耳计量。功率是每秒钟所做的功，所以用瓦特（焦耳/秒）计量。Nd第3节翻译练习22Objectssinkdownintofluidsuntiltheupthrustequalstheweightoftheobject.Ifapermanentmagnetsisplungedintothecoilthemeterregistersamomentarycurrent.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.物体沉入流体，直到向上的推力与物体的重量相等。如果把永久磁铁插入线圈，电表会记录到一次瞬间电流。只是在最近，天文学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。NdPhysicsgivesuspowertoadventureintotheunknown.Heattransformsiceintowaterandwaterint