笔译课总汇 超全!课件

翻译理论与实践KevinShenIntroductionArrangements:TranslationTheoriesTranslationTechniquesTranslationPractice(InClass:CATTI&NAETI)Homework:translating1passagein2weeksIntroductionTheprospectoftranslationindustryHistoryTheoriginoftranslation:InEurope:theliberatedGreekslaveLiviusAndronicusrenderedOdysseyintoLatinverseinabout240B.C.InChinatherecordoftranslationdatesbacktoZhouDynasty(1066B.C.--256B.C.)东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译.---------《礼记王制》KeyWordsinTranslationsourcelanguagetargetlanguageequivalentDefinitionTheDefinitionofTranslationTranslationisthecommunicationofthemeaningofasource-languagetextbymeansofanequivalenttarget-languagetext.——TheOxfordCompaniontotheEnglishLanguageTranslatingconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthesource-language,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle.——EugeneA.NidaTranslationmaybedefinedasfollow:thereplacementoftexuralmaterialinonelanguagebyequivalenttexuralmaterialinanotherlanguage.——CatfordTranslationisthetransfermationofatextoriginallyinonelanguageintoanotherequivalenttextinadifferentlanguageretaining,asfaraspossible,thecontentofthemessageandtheformalfeaturesandfunctionalrolesoftheoriginaltext.——RogerBellCriterialFaithfulnessExpressivenessElegance功能目的论与应用翻译功能目的论SkoposTheory/ScoposTheorySanara'snaturallyderivedformulationbringouttheshineandsmoothnessinyourhair,leavingitmanageableandhealthy.Youwon'tactuallyseehowkindSanaraistotheenvironment,soitdoesntpollutewaterorsoil.Andnaturally,thepackagingisrecyclable.莎拉娜是由天然配方精制而成，能使头发健康，光泽柔顺，易于梳理。莎拉娜系列都是具有生物降解特性，包装可回收利用，对水土、环境不会造成污染。莎拉娜，呵护您的秀发，爱护您的健康。天然配方，令秀发光泽柔顺。情有独钟，莎拉娜。生物降解，不上水土，爱护自然，数她第一。TranslationPracticeTherearelotsofvolcanoesandanexoticanimalkingdomtoexplore,yetfewpeopleoutsidetheregionknowofthem.TheviewintothecrateroftheMasayaVolcanoinNicaraguaisabreathtakingexperience,enlivenedbytheaccompanyingstrongsmellofsulphurandtheloudscreamingofparrots.Yetthecarparkontheedgeofthecraterisnearlyempty.Thisisaboonfordaringtravelerswhocanenjoyallthebeautywithouthavingtoshareitwithhordesofothersvisitors.Translation那里有太多的火山和珍禽异兽有待探寻，可是它们却鲜为外人所知。当你往尼加拉瓜的玛莎雅火山口望进去的时候，你会倒吸一口冷气，但是当你闻到那股浓烈的硫磺味，听到鹦鹉尖厉的叫声时，你又会回过神来，惊叹它的壮美。然而火山口附近的停车场却几乎空无一人。这是给勇敢者的一种奖赏，他们可以尽情独享这一切，而不必同比肩接踵的其它游客分享美景。

第二章理解原文语法结构分析Thereactionarystrengththusdeveloped,however,carriedwithinittheseedsofitsowndisintegration.反动力量就这样发展起来，然而在其内部就有四分五裂的因素。？？Itis3yearssinceIsmoked.It'ssolongsinceitrainedthattheriver-bedisdry.ItisalongtimesinceIhadaholiday.Hethoughtthatdirectlyinternalconfidenceinthegovernmentdeclined,herfinancialstructurewouldbeindanger.directlytheteachercameineveryoneisquiet.二、主语和谓语GreatlorrieswithadoubledeckcargoofcarsforexportlumberpastMagdalenandtheUniversityChurch.原译：大型卡车拖着装载着出口木材的双层货架挂车驶过马德琳和大学教堂。Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintotostrictesteconomics,amongwhichtheratespaidtolabourfigureprominently.原译：在竞争法则下，上万的雇主不得不实行一些最严厉的节约措施，其中主要的钱付给了工人。三、代词的实际含义“WhenIleavethehouse,Iwatchout”,theoldladysaid,“Iwontwalkpastacarthatisdouble-parked,andIwontwalkonthesideofthestreetwhereithappened.”Partyofficialshavepromisedtoliftsomeofthemorerecentlyintroducedmeasures,seenasexcessivebythejournalists,inexchangeforapromisefromeditorialstafftoreturntoworkandproducethisweek’sissue,accordingtomessagesonaninternalchatgroupseenbytheFinancialTimes.四、修饰关系Someofourmostskilledpeopledon’tgetthesalariesofmaidsintheUS.Thechildrenlivewithinthethree-milelimitandthecouncilhassaidinthepastthatitwillnotundertaketoprovidefreetransporttotheschool.原译：学生们都住在方圆三英里的范围内，理事会声称，要在过去他们不会负责让学生无偿乘车上学的事务。(Thereisadefinitelinkbetweensmokingandheartdiseaseandlungcancer.)Butthisdoesn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouingoodcompany.在一个好的公司？Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetitionlikethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuriesisalsogreat.舒适和奢侈？NYCitySeekstoExpandLower-CostUnits

TheCityCouncilyesterdayapprovedthefirstmajoroverhaulofthemostpopulartaxbreakforapartmentbuildingdevelopers,adoptingaplanintendedtoinducethemtobuildtensofthousandsofapartmentsforpeopleotherthanthewealthy.Thechanges,whichMayorMichaelR.Bloombergsupportedandwhichwouldgointoeffect4in2008,significantlyincreasetheareasofthecityinwhichdeveloperswhowantthetaxbreakmustmakeoneoutofeveryfiveapartmentstheybuildaffordabletolower-incomepeople.Theboundariesofthoseareaswouldbereconsideredeverytwoyearsinlightoftrendsinthehousingmarket.Inaddition,andforthefirsttimeinthe35-yearhistoryoftheprogram,thoselower-pricedapartmentswouldhavetobeincludedineachbuildingandcouldnotbebuiltelsewhereinthecity.Therewouldbeacaponthesizeofthetaxbreakgivenformarket-rateapartments,tolimitthedegreetowhichtheprogrammightbesaidtosubsidizegentrification.选择词义Baldheadovertheblind.Cuteoldcodger.(Ulysses)遮棚上露出个秃头，那是个精明而有怪癖的老头子。（译林版《尤利西斯》）秃子比瞎子强。精明的老家伙。（人民文学版《尤利西斯》）Themastertoldmetolightafireinthemany-week-desertedparlour,andtosetaneasy-chairinthesunshinebythewindow;andthenhebroughtherdown,andshesatalongwhileenjoyingthegenialheat,and,asweexpected,revivedbytheobjectsroundher,which,thoughfamiliar,werefreefromthedrearyassociations,investingherhatedsick-chamber.Byevening,sheseemedgreatlyexhausted;yetnoargumentscouldpersuadehertoreturntothatapartment,andIhadtoarrangetheparloursofaforherbed,tillanotherroomcouldbeprepared.(Wutheringheights)花城版《呼啸山庄》病房译林版《呼啸山庄》病床选择词义词意基本对等，直译为主1.Lastterm,ImetmyWaterlooinmyEnglishexam.上学期，我的英语考试成绩一塌糊涂。上学期，我在英语考试中遭遇了滑铁卢。2.Fearfulthathisplansmightyetfail,hedeterminedtoaddmorefueltothefireofDan’sundoing.Addmorefueltothefire,pouroilontheflame3.Theywerearmed

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teeth,readyforanyemergency.2.词义不对等。意译或者直译加解释Theforceofhabitinmillionsandtensofmillionsisamostformidableforce.几百万人和千百万的习惯势力是最可怕的势力。千百万人的。。。。ThemissileswerealreadyinCuba,andallwewouldbedoingwithablockadewouldbe“closingthedoorafterthehorsehadleftthebarn.”亡羊补牢？等马离开了谷仓再关上门？于事无补。Inordertogetgreatamountofwaterpower,weneedlargepressureandcurrent.要得到巨大的水力，我们需要大的压力和电流。TheEU’scommonagriculturalpolicyisadinosaurwhichisadding13.5poundsaweektothefoodbilloftheaverageBritishfamily.欧盟的共同农业政策是只恐龙，一词多义的情况下如何选择词义1.根据词语的语法作用选择词义Essentialimportshadstretchedthenationalcredittothebreakingpoint.必需品进口？必要的进口已使国家的信贷达到了极限。Chinesebrandsunderthewingsofforeigncompaniesusuallyhavetheadvantageofplumpermarketingbudgetsandbetteraccesstomanagementexpertise.2.结合上下文、背景、语境选择词义Whenyouthinkoftheinnumerablebirdsthatoneseesflyingabout,nottomentiontheequallynumeroussmallanimalslikefieldmiceandvoleswhichyoudonotsee,itisveryrarelythatonecomesacrossadeadbody,except,ofcourse,ontheroads.Turnofftheswitchwhenanythinggoeswrongwiththemachine.Heusuallywalkswhenhemightride.Whyusemetalwhenyoucanuseplastic?Istayedtheretillnoon,whenIwenthome.（Somegirlsstartedtodancewitheachotherimmediately;othersjuststoodaround,talkingandlooking.）Theyoungmanlookedatthegroupofgirls,andattemptedtochoosesomeone.Butbecausetheywereallsonewtohim,hedidn’tknowwheretostart.Sohetookthenearest.那年轻人打量着这群姑娘，打算邀请一位。但是，这些姑娘他一个也不认识，不知道邀请哪位，所以他邀请了离他最近的一位。Thedelegateofacertaincountrychallengedtheotherdevelopedcountriestomatchhiscountry’scontribution.某国代表向其他发达国家挑战，作出了数额相当的捐款。攀比，叫板Twomenstoodatthedoorofthehotelswherewelived,challengingeveryChinesewhoentered.I

challenge

thatinterpretation我质疑那种解释。Theyappearedincourtnottoraisedefences,butto

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thecourtjurisdiction他们来法院不是应诉,而是抗辩。exercisesImprovingyourstudyhabitswillimproveyourgrades.Thosefindingsagreewithpreviousstudiesthathavesuggested;butnotyetconfirmed,thatahigh-fatdietmaycontributetotheillness.MacroeconomicPoliciescan

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aseverebiasagainstagriculture.

OneofthecompaniesthatdevelopedtheMini-Testconcept,RBL,hasplentyofexamplesofproductswhichachievesidenticalorveryclosemarketsharesaftertheywereproducedtothosepredictedforthembytheMini-Test.改进你的学习习惯能够提高你的学习成绩。这些研究的发现与之前的研究得出的观点一致，即高脂肪饮食会引起疾病，但这一点尚未得到确认。宏观经济政策能够引起严重轻视农业的倾向。开展微型测试的公司之一，RBL，有许多产品样板，这些样板出厂后达到的市场占有量同微型测试预测的产品占有量相近。主要翻译方法之增译与省译英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法1.语法增减词：英语汉语有冠词没有冠词多用代词用，但不如英语频繁介词丰富介词少，用动词代替或者省略多用关联词少用关联词动词词形可变动词词形不变没有语气助词用助词表示各种语气EN-CH:省略原文中的冠词、某些代词、介词、关联词，增加语气助词。CH-EN：省略语气助词，适当增加一些冠词、代词、介词和关联词。TranslationTechniques1.Sincetheindustrialrevolutionbegan,thephysicalsciencehasingeneralbeenintheforefrontofthescientificmovement.自从工业革命开始以来，物理学总的来说一直处于科学运动的前列。2.Thenthewholecourseofmylifemighthavebeendifferent.如果真是那样的话，我的生命路程也许会是另一番景象。3.我喜爱湖。湖是大地的眼睛，湖是一种流动的深情，湖是生活中没有被剥夺的奇妙。Ilovelakes.Fortheyaretheeyesofthemotherearth;theyaretheflowingdeeplove;andtheyarethewonderssurvivedinourlife.4.在美国做生意，尤其是一开始，中方不可避免地会有些损失。InevitablyChinawillsuffersomelossesandreversalswhendoingbusinessintheU.S.,especiallyintheinitialstage.5.该地区已经没有什么城乡差别了。ThereislittledifferencebetweentownandcountryinthisregionTranslationTechniques2.根据语义增减词Mygrandparentsbelievedyouwereeitherhonestoryouweren’t.我的祖父母认为，你要么诚实，要么不诚实，没有中间道路可选（不可能介于两者之间）。ThiswasthegreatestRussianoffensiveofthewar.Stalinwasthrowingin180divisions,asurprisinglylargepartofthemarmored,inPolandandEastPrussiaalone.Therewasnostoppingthem.这是大战以来俄国发动的最大攻势。仅在波兰和东普鲁士两地，斯大林就投入了一百八十个师的兵力，其中装甲部队所占比例大得惊人。他们锐不可挡，势如破竹。我们认为如此严重的失业现象将不再发生我们必须克服悲观情绪Pessimism外交活动Diplomacy疯狂行为Madness落后面貌backwardness英语中大量使用抽象词，概括力强、而汉语则比较具体，因此需要将抽象词具体化。Consumersmaybespendingmoreontaxestopayforgovernmentactionaginstdisease,ignorance,crimeandprejudice.消费者们可能会付更多的税，以资助政府采取措施防治疾病、铲除愚昧、制止犯罪和消除偏见。Afterfillingourstomachs,ourclothes,ourgarages,ourteeth,andourminds,wenowmayseektoensurethehealth,safety,andleisuretoenjoymorefullythegoodthingsonthefirstfourlevels.填抱肚子、购足衣物、买了汽车、补好牙齿、充实精神生活以后，我们现在可能又寻求身体健康、人身安全、清闲自在，以便充分地享受前四个档次所提供的好的物质生活。TranslationTechniques广大人民群众ThebroadmassesofthepeopleThemasses/thepeople加强国防建设是关键。Itisessentialtostrengthenthebuildingofnationaldefense.Itisessentialtostrengthenthenationaldefense.全体人民对那些严重的官僚主义和腐败现象强烈不满。Thepeopleasawholearestronglydissatisfiedwiththephenomenaofseriousbureaucratismandcorruption中英动静之别及词类转化WhataretheprospectsfortheChineseeconomy?Few,ifany,economicquestionscanbemoreimportant.Ihavejustattendedthisyear’sChinaDevelopmentForuminBeijing,whichbringswesternbusinessleadersandscholarstogetherwithseniorChinesepolicymakersandacademics,withthisquestionverymuchinmymind.中国经济前景如何？当前没有几个经济问题（如果有的话）能比这个问题更重要。我刚在北京参加今年的中国发展高层论坛，该论坛汇聚了中国高层政策制定者、学术界人士和西方商界领袖，这一问题始终在我脑海中萦绕。中英动静之别及词类转化自动化要求不断详细了解极其系统的操作。。。英语和汉语的思维差异1英语偏爱静态词，主要表现：大量抽象名词作主语，大量地使用从句和介词短语；汉语则喜欢大量用动词抽象名词转化为动词：Hisimitationofthatsingerisperfect.他对那位歌唱家模仿地惟妙惟肖。Theapplicationofelectoniccomputersmakesforatremendousriseinlaborproductivity.使用电子计算机可以大大提高劳动生产率。Automationinvolvesadetailedandcontinuousknowledgeoffunctioningofthemachinesystemm,sothatthebestcorrectiveactionscanbeappliedimmediatelywhentheybecomenecessary.Thesightofthosefieldsofstubbleandturnips,nowhisown,gavehimmanysecretjoys.看着四周的田野里，有的种着萝卜，有的留着麦秆，如今都成了自己的财产，他心里暗暗得意。介词和从句Thegirlsatupforherfatherallthenight.那个女孩坐了一整夜，等着她爸爸归来。Withthesewordstheoldmanstoodupandwentaway.说完这些话，那老人起身就走了。Whohasnotadmiredtheartificesanddelicateapproacheswithwhichwomen"prepared"theirfriendsforbadnews?女人们向朋友讲坏消息时，为了减轻对方的痛苦，总是惯用花招，措辞得当，谁不佩服？er或者or结尾，表示职务或者身份的名词有时可以翻译成动词。Tomisnotasmoker,buthisfatherisachain-smoker.汤姆不吸烟，可他的父亲吸起烟来一支接一支。Hewasagreatloverofliteraturewhenhewasachild.他从小酷爱文学。Someofmyclassmatesaregoodsingers.我们班有些同学唱歌唱得很好。汉译英知识是人类创造的。Humanbeingsarethecreatorsofknowlege.禁止违反游戏规则。Anyviolationofthegamerulesareprohibited.OECD推出“知识经济”的新概念，充分认识到知识、信息和科技在经济发展中起到的领导作用。Theconceptof"KnowledgeBasedEconomy"resultsfromtherecognitionbyOECDoftheleadingroleofknowledge,information,andtechnologeineconomicgrowth.其他的词类转换Sotakesomeofthatextratimeyoumighthavespentinahealthcluborgymandgiveitovertothearts.因此，不妨从花在健身俱乐部或者体育馆的时间中挤出一些来从事文艺活动。Wewerewronglyinformed.我们得到的是错误消息。Themeetingisagreatsuccess.这次会议非常成功。Theyshowedtheirdeterminationtoopposethesanction.他们坚决反对这项制裁。Thedevelopedworldwillremainthebreedinggroundofthewealthyindividualsofthefuture,accordingtoresearchpublishedtoday.Unveilingapredictiononthegrowthinthenumberofwealthyindividualsoverthenextdecade,BarclaysWealthandtheEconomistIntelligenceUnitsaidthesignificanceoftheemergingmarketsinBrazil,Russia,IndiaandChina–theso-calledBriceconomiesasasourceoftherichhadbeen“overplayed”.Thereportpredictedthatasthenumberofwealthypeoplegrewacrosstheglobe,thevastmajorityofhighnetworthindividuals,definedasthosewithinvestmentsandsavingsofover$1m,wouldcontinuetocomefromdevelopedmarkets.AllG7nationswillseethenumberofhighnetworthindividualsdoubleoverthenextdecade,accordingtothereport.IntheUK,JapanandGermanythesenumberswillmorethantriple,whileCanadawillenjoyanalmostsix-foldincrease.TheUKandGermanywillcompetetobecomethefirstEuropeanG7countrytoplayhostto1mmillionairehouseholdsoverthenextdecade.Accordingtothereport,Germanywillwintherace,achievingthelandmarkin2016,whiletheUKwillfollowin2017.汉英的分与合一、分译一般情况：保留句子的结构个别情况：结构进行调整原因：汉语一般用含有动词的句子表达完整的意思英语除了有谓语动词的句子外，非谓语动词、非谓语动词短语、一些由动词派生出来的名词等均可以表达一个完整的意思方法：将原文中某个与主句关系不十分紧密的词或者结构，诸如名词、副词、形容词、介词短语、独立结构、定语从句等提出来先译或者后译，译成一个分句或者独立句子。把某些名词、形容词、副词译成句子1.Amovieofmyleavingthatfoxholewouldlikeashellleavingarifle.我离开那个单人掩体速度之快，要是拍成电影，会像出膛的子弹一样。2.Asaplacetolive,itleftmuchtobedesired.Asasecrettrainingbaseforarevolutionarynewplane,itwasanexcellentsite,itsremotenesseffectivelymaskingitsactivity.作为居住的地方，那儿还有很多不足之处，作为改装新型飞机的秘密训练基地，那儿是非常理想的地方。它地处边陲，人们不易了解那里的情况3.ChairmanMaomighthavespokenwithunderstandingprideofhispolicyof"self-reliance".毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时也许感到自豪，这是可以理解的。4.Hehadlongbeenheldincodialcontemptbyhispeers;nowthatcontemptwasnolongercordial.长期以来，他的同僚们虽然看不起他，却还是对他很热情，可现在，只剩下看不起，热情没有了。5.EveryBritishmotoristwilltellyouthatradarisusedmostunfairlybythepolicetocatchdriverswhoareaccidentallygoingalittlefasterthanthespeedlimit.每一个驾驶汽车的英国人都会告诉你，经常常用雷达来抓偶然稍微超速的司机。这种做法是极不公平的。6.HearrivedinWashingtonataripemomentinternationally.他当时到达华盛顿，就国际形势而言，正是时候。Howdoyoudeterminetheamountoflifeinsuranceyouwouldneedtomaintainyourfamily'scurrentlifestyleifthebread-winnerdied?那么，要在家庭主力去世后，还要维持现有生活方式，这一笔所需要的人寿保险该怎么确定？修改"Andweshouldmoderatethesaturatedfat,cholesterol,sugar,saltandalcoholinourdiets,"addedClinton,whohasawell-documentedappetitefornot-very-healthyfood.克林顿接着说：“我们的食品中应该有适当的饱和脂肪、胆固醇、糖、盐和酒精。”克林顿的胃口证明，他摄取的饮食并不十分有益于健康。TheNewBreedconstituteamajorityoftheAmericanpeople(approximately52percent).Notsurprisingly,theyounger,bettereducatedandmoreaffluentpartsofthepopulationaredisproportionatelyrepresentedintheNewBreed.新型美国人占美国人口的多数（约为52%），他们代表着人口中较年轻、受教育较多、较富裕的那部分人。这不足为奇，但却是不成比列的。（二）、将某些短语译成句子。1.InAugust,1946,onmyfifthtripthroughChina,boundformyMoscowhomebutnotinhaste,sincemyhusbandhaddiedinthewar,IcametoYenan.一九四六年八月，我在回莫斯科家的途中，第五次路过中国；由于我丈夫已在战争中牺牲了，所以我不急于回去，于是就来到了延安。2.Thetragicsinkingofthisgreatlinerwillalwaysberememberedforsheentsownonherfirstvoyagewithlossoflife.人们永远不会忘记这艘大型客轮沉没时的悲惨情景，因为她是第一次出航就沉没的，而且有很多人丧生。3.Thisisacomplexoperationrequiringconsiderabledivisionoflabour.这是一项复杂的活动，它需要进行周密的劳动分工。4.Hehadgreatphysicalstrengthandhadthereputationofneverorderingamantodoanythinghewouldnotdohimself.他身体强壮，自己不愿做的事从不命令手下人去做，以此享有盛誉。5.Scientistsestimatesthefulleconomic,or"lifecycle"costforatonofsaltat$500,or20timesthe$25purchaseprice.Thatbeginstomaketheswitchtocalciummagnesiumacetate,perhapsthemostpromisingalternative,lookpractical.科学家们估计，每吨盐带来的全部经济开支，即“全程”开支，可达500美元，这是20倍于25美元的购买价。这样便开始使改用钙镁醋酸盐显得实用起来，也许钙镁醋酸盐是最有开发前途的替代品。Inthiswayanearlier,andperhapsevengreater,cropmightbeobtained.用这种方法，一个较熟的，也许更多的庄稼可以获得。改：用这种方法，庄家可以早一点收获，其收成或许会更好些。Inthepoorestnationsoftheworld,morethanhalfofthepopulationlivesonfarms.Thiscomparessharplywithlessthan10percentinwesternEuropeandlessthan4percentintheUnitedStates.在世界上最贫穷的国家，过半人口以农业为生，这与西欧的10%及美国的4%的农业人口比例形成鲜明的对比。改：在世界上最贫穷的国家，农业人口过半，这也西欧和美国形成了鲜明的对比。西欧农业人口为10%，美国农业人口4%Heneedsit（conceit）toencouragehimintryingmomentswhenhe'sbotheredbythedoubtsanduncertaintiesthatarepartofthepracitceofmedicine.当他受到行医中必定会遇到的重重疑虑的煎熬时，他需要自负来支撑自己度过这些难受的时间。改：有疑虑和拿不准是行医中不可避免的。当医生遇到这种棘手的情况时，他需要用自负来鼓励自己果断地作出决定。Someparentssimplycannotstandlettingtheirbabycryuntilheorshelearnstofallsleepontheirown,orwhenthebabyawakensinthemiddleofthenight.有些家长根本无法忍受婴儿自己学会入睡之前的啼哭，或是半夜里婴儿醒时的啼哭。改：婴儿在学会自己入睡前常常在睡前啼哭，婴儿也常常半夜醒来时啼哭。对此，一些家长简直忍受不了。（三）、把某些定语从句译成分句或者独立句子。1.Apartfromhavingtokeeptoagreatmanyrulesandcustoms,manyofwhichseemedtomestupid,wewereneverallowedtobealone.我们除了要遵守大量的规定和习惯以外，还不许单独一个人待着。而对我来说，其中许多规定和习惯都似乎是愚蠢可笑的。2.BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingball.大街上阳光灿烂。一群穿着假日服装的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.ThiswastheperiodwhenEinsteinbegantheresearchwhichresultedinthecreationofhisfamousTheoryofRelativity.在这期间，爱因斯坦开始进行一项研究。经过这项研究，他创立了著名的相对论。4.Nowtheintegratedcircuithasreducedbymanytimesthesizeofthecomputerofwhichitformsapart,thuscreatinganewgenerationofportableminicompters.现在的集成电路城了计算机的组成部分。这使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。Severalcannalswerebuilttofacilitateworldcommerce,themostimportantbeingtheSuez,whichshortenedtheroutebetweenWesternEuropeandIndiaby4,000miles,andthePanama,whichreducedthedistancebetweenNewYorkandSanFranciscobyalmost8,000miles.译文1.几条运河的开凿便利了世界贸易，其中最重要的是将西欧到印度的航程缩短了4000英里的苏伊士运河，和将纽约到旧金山距离减少了近8000英里的巴拿马运河。译文2.前者，后者Withtheadvancementoftechnology,smallcomputershavecomeontothemarketwhicharecapableofdoingtheworkwhichusedtobedonebymuchlargerandexpensivecomputers,sonowmostsmallcompaniescanusethem.译文：随着科学技术的发展，能完成工作的小计算机已经投放市场，而这些工作过去时由大的多贵得多的计算机来完成的。因此，现在很小的公司也能使用计算机。Hemaintainedthatitwouldbeamistaketoholdupprogressinthebilateraltalkoveramatterwhichinvolvesothers.译文：他认为，为了讨论其他国家问题而举行的这次双边会谈不能取得进展，实在是错误的。二、合译法（一）、词与词的合译英语喜欢并用同义词来加强含义或语气1.Heisamanofcultureandlearning.他是一个有学问的人。

2.Hisfatherisamanwhoforgivesandforgets.他父亲是一位宽宏大量的人。3.You'llsupplyfinancialpower,andwe'llsupplymanpower.Isn'tthatfairandsquare?（二）、句子合译1.Shewaited,butinvain.她白等了。2.Parentslovetheirchildrenandtheloveisperfect.父母对子女的爱是无微不至的。3.AboriginestodayliveindifferentcircumstancethroughoutAustralia,rangingfromsomewholivemuchastheirancestorsdidinthmoreremoteordistantareas,tothosewhohavemergedwiththelifeoflargecitiesandtowns.土著人现在住在澳大利亚不同的环境中。一些人像他们祖先一样生活在偏僻郊远的地方，一些人已经融入了大城镇的生活。语序调整1.时空顺序英语由小到大、由远及近的顺序汉语大致相反若时间、地点、方式状语同时存在英语：方式-地点-时间-动词汉语：时间-地点-方式-动词例1：Weatetoourheart’scontentatherhomelastSunday.我们上星期天在她家饱餐一顿。例2：Theydiscussedtheplananimatedlyintheclassroomyesterdayafternoon.他们昨天下午在教室里热烈讨论这一计划。在叙述动作、事件时，汉语一般是按照自然时间顺序将短句排列成长句的，英语则比较灵活。例3：Atotherhouses1

thedoorswereslammedinmyface2，cuttingshort3

mypolitelyandhumblycouchedrequestforsomethingtoeat4.我到了另外一些人家门口1，谦恭有礼地讨要点儿东西吃4，话还没说完3，他们就当着我的面“砰”一声把大门关上了2。2.逻辑顺序并列成分英语：轻重、前后、因果或者部分-整体汉语：较大、较极端，给人印象深刻的放在前面elementaryandhighschools中小学privateandpublic公私衣食住行Food，clothing，shelterandtransportation悲喜交集Havemixedfeelingsofjoyandsorrow新仇旧恨Oldscoresandnewhatred经风雨，见世面facetheworldandbravethestorm句子中：英语：先主后从，先表态后叙事，先果后因汉语：自然逻辑发展顺序例4：Tohimthereissomethingdivineinthesympatheticindulgenceshesubstitutesfortheangrydisgustwithwhichoneofhisowncountrywomenresenthissupposedcondition.要是一个英国女人看到他真像他自己所假定的那么烂醉，她就会对他又恼怒，又厌恶，而娜拉对他却是又同情又宽容，他在这中间看出了一点神圣的品质。例6：Howcanhegetgoodgradeswhenhewon‘tstudy？他不用功的话怎么拿高分呢？例7：Ican'ttellyouwhenyouwon'tlisten.既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。例8：Shepersistedinherworkwhenshemighttakeagoodrest.她本可以好好休息一下，但还是坚持工作。3.结构性调整英语中的同位语、倒装句、状语、定语、插入语、主语等，翻译时要根据汉语语序进行调整。例9：Formerlyaworkerhimself，hewasnowanengineer.他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。（同位语换序）例10：How

beautifulthehills

lookwiththecloudsbehindthem！衬着后面的云彩，这些山看起来多美啊！（倒装句换序）例11：Eventhewildanimalsofhishomeland，itseemedtoKunta，hadmoredignitythanthesecreatures.昆塔觉得，就连他家乡的野兽也比这群人自重。（插入语换序）ItsoundslikeMissionImpossible：SellcoffeetoChina’steadrinkers．Starbuckssolutionistoselecthigh－proonthebusieststreets，wherestoresaresuretoseducethesee－and－be－seenset．AsStarbuckslaunchesanaggressiveexpansioninChina，acoffeefrontiersteepedinnearly5,000yearsoftea．Thegoal：tobuildhiphang－outsthattapintoanewtasteforChina’semergingmiddleclass．StarbucksChinadoesn’tplananyadvertising，promotions，orothermarketingstrategies，asidefromsponsoringanonlinecoffeeclubandtheoccasionaloffice－towercoffeetasting．Instead，thecompanyiscountingonselectingsuchhigh－visibility，high－trafficcafelocationsthattheymarketthemselves．Itsmainadvertisingmediumisthestoreitself．英语长句的译法

1.切分法将英语长句按意群切分为若干小句再逐句翻译。Willthedecisiontobombthecountry’soillifeline

persuadetheirleaderstoenditsarmedinfiltrationoftheirneighboringcountries？轰炸该国石油命脉的主张，会叫该国的领袖裹足，不再武装渗透邻近各国吗？NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.现在美国有一个奇怪的既对立又统一的现象：人们一方面为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪，另一方面又对能够亲自动手取得成功而由衷地感到高兴。2.拆译法将原文中的某一部分（如单词、短语或从句）提取出来单独处理，或者放在译文句首，或者放在译文句末。如：Manyman-madesubstancesarereplacingcertainnaturalmaterialsbecauseeitherthequantityofthenaturalproductcannotmeetourever-increasingrequirement,ormoreoften,becausethephysicalpropertiesofthesyntheticsubstance,whichisthecommonnameforman-madematerial,havebeenchosen,andevenemphasized,sothatitwouldbethegreatestuseinthefieldinwhichitistobeapplied.人造材料统称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料，这或者是由于天然材料产量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于人们通常选择并强调了合成材料的一些物理性质而造成的。因此，合成材料在其计划使用的范围内发挥着最大的作用。Theveryimportantoilindustry，whichhasdonemuchtorejuvenatetheeconomyoftheSouthsincetheendofWorldWarII，madeconsiderableheadwayespeciallyinthefivestatesofArkansas，Louisiana，Mississippi，OklahomaandTexas.第二次世界大战以后石油工业对振兴南部经济起了很大的作用。这个十分重要的工业部门特别是在一下5个州中取得了很大的进展：阿肯色、路易斯安那、密西西比、俄克拉荷马和得克萨斯。BrightsunshinefoldedthestreetwhereagroupofboysinSundayclotheswereplayingballs.大街上阳光灿烂。一群穿着假日服饰的孩子正在街上玩皮球。3.插入标点法是指插入原文中所没有的标点符号，如破折号、括号、冒号等等。用这种方法来保持原文的连贯性。如：NowthereisinAmericaacuriouscombinationofprideinhavingrisentoapositionwhereitisnolongernecessarytodependonmanuallaborforalivingandgenuinedelightinwhatoneisabletoaccomplishwithone'sownhands.现在美国有一个奇怪的既对立又统一的现象：人们一方面为地位上升不再需要靠体力劳动谋生而感到自豪，另一方面又对能够亲自动手取得成功做事而由衷地感到高兴。Theeffectsofsmokinghavewidelybeenassociatedwithanincreasedriskofdevelopinglungdiseasesincludingcancer，heartdiseaseandstroke.“Interventiontodiscouragesmokingshouldreceivehighpriority，”theresearchersconclude.吸烟的影响与患肺病（包括肺癌）、心脏病和中风的风险的增加有着千丝万缕的联系。研究人员的结论是：“劝人戒烟应是当务之急。”4.句子重组法也叫综合法，在准确地领会、把握了原文的基础上，打破原文的结构，灵活自如地表达出原文的信息、含义。如：Itisacuriousfact,ofwhichIcanthinkofnosatisfactoryexplanation，thatenthusiasmforcountrylifeandloveofnaturalsceneryarestrongestandmostwidelydiffusedpreciselyinthoseEuropeancountrieswhichhavetheworstclimateandwherethesearchforthepicturesqueinvolvesthegreatestdiscomfort.欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最喜欢欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。Thepoorarethefirsttoexperiencetechnologicalprogressasacursewhichdestroystheoldmuscle-powerjobthatpreviousgenerationsusedasameanstofighttheirwayoutofpoverty.对于以往几代人来说，旧式的体力劳动时一种用以摆脱贫困的手段，而技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以为生的体力劳动。因此，首先体验到技术进步之害的是穷人。Theconcertedeffortbypolicymakers.businesses,recreationmanagersandorganizationssuchastheWorldWildlifeFundandConservationInternationaltomakeecotourismamainstreampracticeispromising.Weinthewesternindustrializednationshaveanincredibleopportunityforrestorativeandregenerativechangethroughecotourism.Thereseemstobelittledoubtthattourismwillcontinuetogrow;themostimportantquestionremains.Willitbeecologicallyresponsibleandsustainable?

Theresponsibilityclearlyrestswithourselvestocareforanenvironmentalandculturaldiversitywhichhistoricallywehaveused