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必修4Unit1
ASTUDENTOFAFRICANWILDLIFE
Itis5:45amandthesunisjustrisingoverGombeNationalParkinEastAfrica.Following
Jane'swayofstudyingchimps,ourgroupareallgoingtovisitthemintheforest.Janehasstudied
thesefamiliesofchimpsformanyyearsandhelpedpeopleunderstandhowmuchtheybehavelike
humans.Watchingafamilyofchimpswakeupisourfirstactivityoftheday.Thismeansgoing
backtotheplacewhereweleftthefamilysleepinginatreethenightbefore.Everybodysitsand
waitsintheshadeofthetreeswhilethefamilybeginstowakeupandmoveoff.Thenwefollow
astheywanderintotheforest.Mostofthetime,chimpseitherfeedorcleaneachotherasawayof
showingloveintheirfamily.Janewarnsusthatourgroupisgoingtobeverytiredanddirtyby
theafternoonandsheisright.However,theeveningmakesitallworthwhile.Wewatchthemother
chimpandherbabiesplayinthetree.Thenweseethemgotosleeptogetherintheirnestforthe
night.Werealizethatthebondbetweenmembersofachimpfamilyisasstrongasinahuman
family.
NobodybeforeJanefullyunderstoodchimpbehaviour.Shespentyearsobservingandrecordingtheirdailyactivities.Sinceherchildhoodshehadwantedtoworkwithanimalsintheirownenvironment.However,thiswasnoteasy.WhenshefirstarrivedinGombein1960,itwasunusualforawomantoliveintheforest.Onlyafterhermothercametohelpherforthefirstfewmonthswassheallowedtobeginherproject.Herworkchangedthewaypeoplethinkaboutchimps.Forexample,oneimportantthingshediscoveredwasthatchimpshuntandeatmeat.Untiltheneveryonehadthoughtchimpsateonlyfruitandnuts.Sheactuallyobservedchimpsasagrouphuntingamonkeyandtheneatingit.Shealsodiscoveredhowchimpscommunicatewitheachother,andherstudyoftheirbodylanguagehelpedherworkouttheirsocialsystem.ForfortyyearsJaneGoodallhasbeenoutspokenaboutmakingtherestoftheworldunderstandandrespectthelifeoftheseanimals.Shehasarguedthatwildanimalsshouldbeleftinthewildandnotusedforentertainmentoradvertisements.Shehashelpedtosetupspecialplaceswheretheycanlivesafely.Sheisleadingabusylifebutshesays:"OnceIstop,itallcomescrowdinginandIrememberthechimpsinlaboratories.It'sterrible.ItaffectsmewhenIwatchthe
wildchimps.Isaytomyself,'Aren'ttheylucky?"AndthenIthinkaboutsmallchimpsincages1thoughtheyhavedonenothingwrong.Onceyouhaveseenthatyoucanneverforget..."Shehasachievedeverythingshewantedtodo:workingwithanimalsintheirownenvironment,gainingadoctor'sdegreeandshowingthatwomencanliveintheforestasmencan.Sheinspiresthosewhowanttocheertheachievementsofwomen.WHYNOTCARRYONHERGOODWORK?IenjoyedEnglish,biology,andchemistryatschool,butwhichoneshouldIchoosetostudyatuniversity?IdidnotknowtheansweruntiloneeveningwhenIsatdownatthecomputertodosomeresearchongreatwomenofChina.BychanceIcameacrossanarticleaboutadoctorcalledLinQiaozhi,aspecialistinwomen'sdiseases.Shelivedfrom1901to1983.Itseemedthatshehadbeenverybusyinherchosencareer,travellingabroadtostudyaswellaswritingbooksandarticles.Oneofthemcaughtmyeye.Itwasasmall
bookexplaininghowtocutthedeathratefromhavingandcaringforbabies.Shegavesome
simplerulestofollowforkeepingbabiesclean,healthyandfreefromsickness.Whydidshewrite
that?WhowerethewomenthatLinQiaozhithoughtneededthisadvice?Ilookedcarefullyatthe
textand
realizedthatitwasintendedforwomeninthecountryside.Perhapsiftheyhadanemergencythey
couldnotreachadoctor.
Suddenlyithitmehowdifficultitwasforawomantogetmedicaltrainingatthattime.
Thatwasagenerationwhengirls'educationwasalwaysplacedsecondtoboys'.Wasshesomuch
clevererthananyoneelse?Furtherreadingmademerealizethatitwashardworkand
determinationaswellashergentlenaturethatgotherintomedicalschool.Whatmadehersucceed
lateronwasthekindnessandconsiderationsheshowedtoallherpatients.Therewasstoryafter
storyofhowLinQiaozhi,tiredafteraday'swork,wentlateatnighttodeliverababyforapoor
familywhocouldnotpayher.
BynowIcouldnotwaittofindoutmoreabouther.IdiscoveredthatLinQiaozhihad
devotedherwholelifetoherpatientsandhadchosennottohaveafamilyofherown.Insteadshe
madesurethatabout50,000babiesweresafelydelivered.BythistimeIwasveryexcited.Why
notstudyatmedicalcollegelikeLinQiaozhiandcarryonhergoodwork?Itwasstillnottoolate
formetoimprovemystudies,preparefortheuniversityentranceexaminations,and⋯.2
必修4Unit2
APIONEERFORALLPEOPLE
AlthoughheisoneofChina'smostfamousscientists,YuanLongpingconsidershimselfa
farmer,forheworksthelandtodohisresearch.Indeed,hissunburntfaceandarmsandhisslim,
strongbodyarejustlikethoseofmillionsofChinesefarmers,forwhomhehasstruggledforthe
pastfivedecades.DrYuanLongpinggrowswhatiscalledsuperhybridrice.In1974,hebecame
thefirstagriculturalpioneerintheworldtogrowricethathasahighoutput.Thisspecialstrainof
ricemakesitpossibletoproduceone-thirdmoreofthecropinthesamefields.Nowmorethan
60%ofthericeproducedinChinaeachyearisfromthishybridstrain.
Bornintoapoorfarmer'sfamilyin1930,DrYuangraduatedfromSouthwestAgricultural
Collegein1953.Sincethen,findingwaystogrowmorericehasbeenhislifegoal.Asayoung
man,hesawthegreatneedforincreasingthericeoutput.Atthattime,hungerwasadisturbing
probleminmanypartsofthecountryside.DrYuansearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvests
withoutexpandingtheareaofthefields.In1950,Chinesefarmerscouldproduceonlyfifty
milliontonsofrice.Inarecentharvest,however,nearlytwohundredmilliontonsofricewas
produced.Theseincreasedharvestsmeanthat22%oftheworld'speoplearefedfromjust7%of
thefarmlandinChina.DrYuanisnowcirculatinghisknowledgeinIndia,Vietnamandmany
otherlessdevelopedcountriestoincreasetheirriceharvests.Thankstohisresearch,theUNhas
moretoolsinthebattletoridtheworldofhunger.Usinghishybridrice,farmersareproducing
harveststwiceaslargeasbefore.
DrYuanisquitesatisfiedwithhislife.However,hedoesn'tcareaboutbeingfamous.He
feelsitgiveshimlessfreedomtodohisresearch.Hewouldmuchratherkeeptimeforhishobbles.
Heenjoyslisteningtoviolinmusic,playingmah-jong,swimmingandreading.Spendingmoney
onhimselforleadingacomfortablelifealsomeansverylittletohim.Indeed,hebelievesthata
personwithtoomuchmoneyhasmoreratherthanfewertroubles.Hethereforegivesmillionsof
yuantoequipothersfortheirresearchinagriculture.
Justdreamingforthings,however,costsnothing.LongagoDryuanhadadreamabout
riceplantsastallassorghum.Eachearofricewasasbigasanearofcornandeachgrainofrice
wasashugeasapeanut.DrYuanawokefromhisdreamwiththehopeofproducingakindofrice3thatcouldfeedmorepeople.Now,manyyearslater,DrYuanhasanotherdream:toexporthisrice
sothatitcanbegrownaroundtheglobe.Onedreamisnotalwaysenough,especiallyforaperson
wholovesandcaresforhispeople.
CHEMICALORORGANICFARMING?Overthepasthalfcentury,usingchemicalfertilizershasbecomeverycommoninfarming.Manyfarmerswelcomedthemasagreatwaytostopcropdiseaseandincreaseproduction.Recently,however,scientistshavebeenfindingthatlong-termuseofthesefertilizerscancausedamagetothelandand,evenmoredangerous,topeople'shealth.Whataresomeoftheproblemscausedbychemicalfertilizers?First,theydamagethelandbykillingthehelpfulbacteriaandpestsaswellastheharmfulones.Chemicalsalsostayinthegroundandundergroundwaterforalongtime.Thisaffectscropsand,therefore,animalsandhumans,sincechemicalsgetinsidethecropsandcannotjustbewashedoff.Thesechemicalsinthefoodsupplybuildupinpeople'sbodiesovertime.Manyofthesechemicalscanleadtocancerorotherillnesses.Inaddition,fruit,vegetablesandotherfoodgrownwithchemicalfertilizersusuallygrowtoofasttobefullofmuchnutrition.Theymaylookbeautiful,butinsidethereisusuallymorewaterthanvitaminsandminerals.Withthesediscoveries,somefarmersandmanycustomersarebeginningtoturntoorganicfarming.Organicfarmingissimplyfarmingwithoutusinganychemicals.Theyfocusonkeepingtheirsoilrichandfreeofdisease.Ahealthysoilreducesdiseaseandhelpscropsgrowstrongandhealthy.Organicfarmers,therefore,oftenpreferusingnaturalwastefromanimalsasfertilizer.Theyfeelthatthismakesthesoilintheirfieldsricherinmineralsandsomorefertile.Thisalsokeepstheair,soil,waterandcropsfreefromchemicals.Organicfarmersalsousemanyothermethodstokeepthesoilfertile.Theyoftenchangethekindofcropineachfieldeveryfewyears,forexample,growingcornorwheatandthenthenextyearpeasorsoybeans.Cropssuchaspeasorsoybeansputimportantmineralsbackintothesoil,makingitreadyforcropssuchaswheatorcornthatneedrichandfertilesoil.Organicfarmersalsoplantcropstousedifferentlevelsofsoil,forexample,plantingpeanutsthatusetheground'ssurfacefollowedbyvegetablesthatputdowndeeproots.Someorganicfarmerspreferplantinggrassbetweencropstopreventwindorwaterfromcarryingawaythesoil,andthen
4leavingitinthegroundtobecomeanaturalfertilizerforthenextyear'scrop.Thesemany
differentorganicfarmingmethodshavethesamegoal:togrowgoodfoodandavoiddamagingthe
environmentorpeople'shealth.
必修4Unit3
AMASTEROFNONVERBALHUMOURAsVictorHugooncesaid,"Laughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanface",anduptonownobodyhasbeenabletodothisbetterthanCharlieChaplin.HebrightenedthelivesofAmericansandBritishthroughtwoworldwarsandthehardyearsinbetween.Hemadepeoplelaughatatimewhentheyfeltdepressed,sotheycouldfeelmorecontentwiththeirlives.NotthatCharlie'sownlifewaseasy!Hewasborninapoorfamilyin1889.Hisparentswerebothpoormusichallperformers.YoumayfinditastonishingthatCharliewastaughttosingassoonashecouldspeakanddanceassoonashecouldwalk.Suchtrainingwascommoninactingfamiliesatthistime,especiallywhenthefamilyincomewasoftenuncertain.Unfortunatelyhisfatherdied,leavingthefamilyevenworseoff,soCharliespenthischildhoodlookingafterhissickmotherandhisbrother.Byhisteens,Charliehad,throughhishumour,becomeoneofthemostpopularchildactorsinEngland.Hecouldmimeandactthefooldoingordinaryeverydaytasks.Noonewaseverboredwatchinghim-hissubtleactingmadeeverythingentertaining.Astimewentby,hebeganmakingfilms.Hegrewmoreandmorepopularashischarmingcharacter,thelittletramp,becameknownthroughouttheworld.Thetramp,apoor,homelessmanwithamoustache,worelargetrousers,worn-outshoesandasmallroundblackhat.Hewalkedaroundstillycarryingawalkingstick.Thischaracterwasasocialfailurebutwaslovedforhisoptimismanddeterminationtoovercomealldifficulties.Hewastheunderdogwhowaskindevenwhenotherswereunkindtohim.Howdidthelittletrampmakeasadsituationentertaining?Hereisanexamplefromoneofhismostfamousfilms,TheGoldRush.Itisthemid-nineteenthcenturyandgoldhasjustbeendiscoveredinCalifornia.Likesomanyothers,thelittletrampandhisfriendhaverushedthereinsearchofgold,butwithoutsuccess.Insteadtheyarehidinginasmallhutontheedgeofamountainduringasnowstormwithnothingtoeat.Theyaresohungrythattheytryboilingapairofleathershoesfortheirdinner.Charliefirstpicksoutthelacesandeatsthemasiftheywere
5spaghetti.Thenhecutsofftheleathertopoftheshoeasifitwerethefineststeak.Finallyhetries
cuttingandchewingthebottomoftheshoe.Heeatseachmouthfulwithgreatenjoyment.The
actingissoconvincingthatitmakesyoubelievethatitisoneofthebestmealshehasevertasted!
CharlieChaplinwrote,directedandproducedthefilmshestarredin.In1972hewasgivena
specialOscarforhisoutstandingworkinfilms.HelivedinEnglandandtheUSAbutspenthis
lastyearsinSwitzerland,wherehewasburiedin1977.Heislovedandrememberedasagreat
actorwhocouldinspirepeoplewithgreatconfidence.
ENGLISHJOKES
1Therearethousandsofjokeswhichuse"playonwords"toamuseus.Onepersonasksa
questionwhichexpectsaparticularreply.Instead,whathegetsisanotherkindofanswerwhich
makesthesituationfunny.Nowreadsomeofthesecustomerandwaiterjokes.Canyoumatchthe
jokewiththeexplanation?
1C:What'sthatflydoinginmysoup?
Swimming,Ithink!
2C:What'sthat?
It'sbeansoup.
C:Idon'twanttoknowwhatit'sbeen.Iwanttoknowwhatitisnow.
C:Waiter,willthepancakesbelong?
No,sir.Round.
2Somejokesarelongerandtellashort,funnystory.Thefollowingisoneofthosejokes
aboutthefamousdetectiveSherlockHolmesandhisfriendDoctorWatson.Readitanddecide
whichofthesetwokindsofjokesyoulikebetter.Giveyourreasons.
SherlockHolmesandDoctorWatsonwentcampinginamountainousarea.Theywere
lyingintheopenairunderthestars.SherlockHolmeslookedupatthestarsandwhispered,
"Watson,whenyoulookatthatbeautifulsky,whatdoyouthinkof?"Watsonreplied,"Ithinkof
howshortlifeisandhowlongtheuniversehaslasted.""No,no,Watson!"Holmessaid."Whatdo
youreallythinkof?."Watsontriedagain."IthinkofhowsmallIamandhowvasttheskyis."
"Tryagain,Watson!"saidHolmes.Watsontriedathirdtime."Ithinkofhowcoldtheuniverseis
andhowwarmpeoplecanbeintheirbeds."Holmessaid,"Watson,youfool!Youshouldbe
thinkingthatsomeonehasstolenourtent!"6
必修4Unit4
COMMUNICATION:NOPROBLEM?
Yesterday,anotherstudentandI,representingouruniversity'sstudentassociation,wentto
theCapitalInternationalAirporttomeetthisyear'sinternationalstudents.Theywerecomingto
studyatBeijingUniversity.Wewouldtakethemfirsttotheirdormitoriesandthentothestudent
canteen.Afterhalfanhourofwaitingfortheirflighttoarrive,Isawseveralyoungpeopleenter
thewaitingarealookingaroundcuriously.Istoodforaminutewatchingthemandthenwentto
greetthem.
ThefirstpersontoarrivewasTonyGarciafromColombia,closelyfollowedbyJulia
SmithfromBritain.AfterImetthemandthenintroducedthemtoeachother,Iwasverysurprised.
TonyapproachedJulia,touchedhershoulderandkissedheronthecheek!Shesteppedback
appearingsurprisedandputupherhands,asifindefence.Iguessedthattherewasprobablya
majormisunderstanding.ThenAkiraNagatafromJapancameinsmiling,togetherwithGeorge
CookfromCanada.Astheywereintroduced,GeorgereachedhishandouttotheJapanesestudent.
Justatthatmoment,however,AkirabowedsohisnosetouchedGeorge'smovinghand.Theyboth
apologized-anotherculturalmistake!
AhmedAziz,anotherinternationalstudent,wasfromJordan.Whenwemetyesterday,he
movedveryclosetomeasIintroducedmyself.Imovedbackabit,buthecameclosertoaska
questionandthenshookmyhand.WhenDarleneCoulonfromFrancecamedashingthroughthe
door,sherecognizedTonyGarcia'ssmilingface.Theyshookhandsandthenkissedeachother
twiceoneachcheek,sincethatistheFrenchcustomwhenadultsmeetpeopletheyknow.Ahmed
Aziz.,onthecontrary,simplynoddedatthegirls.MenfromMiddleEasternandotherMuslim
countrieswilloftenstandquiteclosetoothermentotalkbutwillusuallynottouchwomen.
AsIgettoknowmoreinternationalfriends,Ilearnmoreaboutthiscultural"body
language".Notallculturesgreeteachotherthesameway,noraretheycomfortableinthesame
waywithtouchingordistancebetweenpeople.Inthesamewaythatpeoplecommunicatewith
spokenlanguage,theyalsoexpresstheirfeelingsusingunspoken"language"throughphysical
distance,actionsorposture.Englishpeople,forexample,donotusuallystandveryclosetoothers
ortouchstrangersassoonastheymeet.However,peoplefromplaceslikeSpain,ItalyorSouth7Americancountriesapproachotherscloselyandaremorelikelytotouchthem.Mostpeople
aroundtheworldnowgreeteachotherbyshakinghands,butsomeculturesuseothergreetingsas
well,suchastheJapanese,whoprefertobow.
Theseactionsarenotgoodorbad,butaresimplywaysinwhichcultureshavedeveloped.I
haveseen,however,thatculturalcustomsforbodylanguageareverygeneral-notallmembersof
aculturebehaveinthesameway.Ingeneral,though,studyinginternationalcustomscancertainly
helpavoiddifficultiesintoday'sworldofculturalcrossroads!
SHOWINGOURFEELINGS
Bodylanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulmeansofcommunication,oftenevenmore
powerfulthanspokenlanguage.Peoplearoundtheworldshowallkindsoffeelings,wishesand
attitudesthattheymightneverspeakaloud.Itispossibleto"read"othersaroundus,evenifthey
donotintendforustocatchtheirunspokencommunication.Ofcourse,bodylanguagecanbe
misread,butmanygesturesandactionsareuniversal.
Themostuniversalfacialexpressionis,ofcourse,thesmile–itsfunctionistoshow
happinessandputpeopleatease.Itdoesnotalwaysmeanthatwearetrulyhappy,however.
Smilesaroundtheworldcanbefalse,hidingotherfeelingslikeanger,fearorworry.Thereare
unhappysmiles,suchaswhensomeone"losesface"andsmilestohideit.However,thegeneral
purposeofsmilingistoshowgoodfeelings.
Fromthetimewearebabies,weshowunhappinessorangerbyfrowning.Inmostplaces
aroundtheworld,frowningandturningone'sbacktosomeoneshowsanger.Makingafistand
shakingitalmostalwaysmeansthatsomeoneisangryandthreateninganotherperson.
Therearemanywaysaroundtheworldtoshowagreement,butnoddingtheheadupand
downisusedforagreement,almostworldwide.Mostpeoplealsounderstandthatshakingthehead
fromsidetosidemeansdisagreementorrefusal.
HowaboutshowingthatIambored?Lookingawayfrompeopleoryawningwill,inmost
cases,makemeappeartobeuninterested.However,ifIturntowardandlookatsomeoneor
something,peoplefromalmosteveryculturewillthinkthatIaminterested.IfIrollmyeyesand
turnmyheadaway,ImostlikelydonotbelievewhatIamhearingordonotlikeit.
Beingrespectfultopeopleissubjective,basedoneachculture,butingeneralitis
probablynotagoodideatogiveahugtoabossorteacher.Inalmosteveryculture,itisnot8usuallygoodtostandtooclosetosomeoneofahigherrank.Standingatalittledistancewithopen
handswillshowthatIamwillingtolisten.
Withsomanyculturaldifferencesbetweenpeople,itisgreattohavesomesimilaritiesin
bodylanguage.Wecanoftenbewrongabouteachother,soitisanamazingthingthatwe
understandeachotheraswellaswedo!
必修4Unit5
THEMEPARKS—FUNANDMORETHANFUNWhichthemeparkwouldyouliketovisit?Therearevariouskindsofthemeparks,withadifferentparkforalmosteverything:food,culture,science,cartoons,moviesorhistory.Someparksarefamousforhavingthebiggestorlongestrollercoasters,othersforshowingthefamoussightsandsoundsofaculture.Whicheverandwhateveryoulike,thereisathemeparkforyou!ThethemeparkyouareprobablymostfamiliarwithisDisneyland.Itcanbefoundinseveralpartsoftheworld.Itwillbringyouintoamagicalworldandmakeyourdreamscometrue,whethertravelingthroughspace,visitingapirateshipormeetingyourfavouritefairytaleorDisneycartooncharacter.Asyouwanderaroundthefantasyamusementpark,youmayseeSnowWhiteorMickeyMouseinaparadeoronthestreet.OfcourseDisneylandalsohasmanyexcitingrides,fromgiantswingingshipstoterrifyingfree-falldrops.Withalltheseattractions,nowondertourismisincreasingwhereverthereisaDisneyland.Ifyouwanttohavefunandmorethanfun,cometoDisneyland!Dollywood,inthebeautifulSmokyMountainsinthesoutheasternUSA,isoneofthemostuniquethemeparksintheworld.DollywoodshowsandcelebratesAmerica'straditionalsoutheasternculture.AlthoughDollywoodhasrides,thepark'smainattractionisitsculture.Famouscountrymusicgroupsperformthereallyearinindoorandoutdoortheatres.PeoplecomefromalloverAmericatoseecarpentersandothercraftsmenmakewood,glassandironobjectsintheold-fashionedway.Visitthecandyshoptotrythesamekindofcandy
thatAmericansouthernersmade150yearsago,ortakearideontheonlysteam-enginetrainstill
workinginthesoutheastUSA.Youcanevenseebeautifulbaldeaglesintheworld'slargestbald
eaglepreserve.Andforthosewholikerides,Dollywoodhasoneofthebestoldwoodenroller9coasters,Thunderhead.Itisworld-famousforhavingthemostlengthinthesmallestspace.Come
toDollywoodtohavefunlearningallaboutAmerica'shistoricalsoutheasternculture!
IfyouwanttoexperiencetheancientdaysandgreatdeedsofEnglishknightsandladies,
princesandqueens,thenEngland'sCamelotParkistheplaceforyou.Everyareaoftheparkis
modelledafterlifeinthedaysofKingArthurandtheKnightsoftheRoundTable.Inoneplace,
youcanwatchmagicshowswithMerlintheWizard.Ifyouwanttoseefightingwithswordsoron
horseback,thenthejoustingareaisagoodplacetovisit.If
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