考研英语冲刺30天第15天：阅读理解篇之三

考研英语冲刺30天第15天：阅读理解篇之三第十五天：难题错题分别整理---阅读理解篇之三除了寻找正确答案以外，有时需要避免选项中的陷阱。所以今天总结干扰选项的特征。一、例证题干扰选项特征：就事论事(以例子本身的细节为答案)例如，Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit'suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.(2003-4)Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat.medicalresourcesareoftenwasteddoctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseasessometreatmentsaretooaggressivemedicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable问题对应二段倒数第二句。这个例子就是说明前一句的：由于有第三方为我们支付医疗费用，我们便要求医生为我们做所能做的一切事情，即使这么做毫无用处。二段末句进一步指出医生为了不让病人失望，经常采取一些过激的(aggressive)、缺乏科学根据的治疗方法。由于治疗结果不理想，自然造成医疗资源的浪费。A选项符合此意，为正确答案。B选项和C选项都就事论事，即都是例子本身的细节，不是例子要说明的内容。D"医疗费用越来越难以承担"在原文没有提到。二、推理题干扰选项特征：推得过远(所得出的结论经过多步推理产生，无原文依据)例如，ThedefiningtermofintelligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms,theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion).Generallycostingseveralhundreddollars,theyareusuallygivenonlybypsychologists,althoughvariationsofthempopulatebookstoresandtheWorldWideWeb.SuperhighscoreslikevosSavant'sarenolongerpossible,becausescoringisnowbasedonastatisticalpopulationdistributionamongagepeers,ratherthansimplydividingthementalagebythechronologicalageandmultiplyingby100.Otherstandardizedtests,suchastheScholasticAssessmentTest(SAT)andtheGraduateRecordExam(GRE),capturethemainaspectsofIQtests.WhatcanbeinferredaboutintelligencetestingfromParagraph3?PeoplenolongeruseIQscoresasanindicatorofintelligence.MoreversionsofIQtestarenowavailableontheInternet.Thetestcontentsandformatsforadultsandchildrenmaybedifferent.Scientistshavedefinedtheimportantelementsofhumanintelligence.问题是"关于智力测验，能从第三段推出什么"。C"针对成年人和儿童的智力测验的内容和形式可能不同"与原文第三段第二句对应：Thetestcomesprimarilyintwoforms,theStanford-BinetIntelligenceScaleandtheWechslerIntelligenceScales(bothcomeinadultandchildren'sversion)，其中原文的括号中指出：智力测验的两种形式都有成人版和儿童版。既然如此，说明成年人的智力测验在内容和形式两方面与儿童可能不同，因此C为正确答案。注意：C选项中的format对应原文括号中的version。A"人们不再用智商分数反映智力水平"推得过远，因为段首仅说现在智商测验不如过去频繁，这不等于取消了智商测验。B"因特网上的智商测验版本比以前更多了"与原文"不同智商测验版本充斥了万维网不符，因为选项中的比较是原文所没有提到的。三、主旨题干扰选项特征：细枝末节(以例子、细节做主题)例如，Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals:theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe"shiftingbaseline".Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevel.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries'managementefficiency.biomasslevel.catch-sizelimits.technologicalapplication.问题是“作者似乎主要关注大多数渔场的哪一个方面"，这等于问文章的主题。B"生物数量水平"就是文章主题，因为作者从第二段开始都在论述这一问题，所以B选项为正确答案。A"管理效率"和C”捕获量限制”在原文未提过，D"技术应用”是细枝末节，所以它们都是干扰选项。四、事实细节题干扰选项特征：．正反混淆（态度、有无与原文相反）．无中生有（选项中的比较在原文无依据）．扩大范围（选项去掉了原文的限制条件或修饰范围）．因果倒置（两个事物在问题与选项中的因果关系与它们在原文的因果关系相反）例如，Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive-thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.(2005-4)TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.可以将各个选项与原文一一进行比较，与McWhorter谈到的观点一致的就是正确答案。按照出题顺序，可以优先定位四段，其中四段末句指出：他(指McWhorter)并不像其他人那样认为如果我们讲话不得体就无法正确思考。这等于说他认为我们即使讲话不得体也能正确思考，就是说逻辑思维与我们的讲话方式没有必然的联系。A选项说的正是这一意思，为正确答案。其他三个选项与四段所说都不相符，也不是McWhorter认可的观点，所以都是干扰选项。第二个选项中的比较"moreexpressivethan..."在原文未提到，属于无中生有。又如，Inspiteof"endlesstalkofdifference",Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis"thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofdeference"characteristicofpopularculture.Peopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption",launchedbythe19th-enturydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite"thesewerestores"anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact."Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.（2006-1）Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19th-centuryplayedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption.根据问题中的关键词thedepartmentstoresofthe19th-century定位一段第三句--该句指出：人们被吸引到"消费文化"之中--这场消费运动是由19世纪的百货商店发起的。这里的"消费文化"就是前一句中所说的"大众文化"（popularculture）。既然19世纪的百货商店导致了消费文化，即大众文化的出现，那么（A）"在传播大众文化方面起了一定作用"是正确答案，因为它符合此意。B选项属于断章取义，C选项与原文正反混淆，而D"百货商店的出现源于消费文化"颠倒了因果关系，反之才对。五、其他．常识判断（根据一般经验做出判断）2．过于绝对（级、性判断在原文无依据）例如，Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunities,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirths,liketheageofdeath,hasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Again,differencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday-everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring-meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.(2000-2)WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate?Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.Themiddleclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.Indiaisoneofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.关于印度的例子在二段末。作者举这个例子的目的是说明进化的作用又少了一个用武之地：在过去，由于人们间的贫富差异使得人们的生存和生育受到影响，富人生存能力强，但是到了现在，贫富差异对人们的生存能力的影响已经很小。这样，自然选择在贫富差异方面就无所作为。8”自然选择在贫富之间的作用很难发挥"符合此意，为正确答案。A"富人的小孩一般比穷人多”为常识判断，即可能符合现实，但在原文没有提到，所以不是正确答案。C选项包含具体数字，这类选项一般是干扰选项。又如，Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn'tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.(2005-2)Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthattherewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath.thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant.peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife.antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense.问题是"支持吸烟者的一个论据是什么"，这一点在一段谈到。C"人们有选择自己生活方式的自由"由一段第三句可以推出，因为原文指出"反对吸烟的游说团体存心破坏吸烟者的生活方式，政府不应该干涉吸烟"，由此可见支持吸烟者认为吸烟是他们的生活方式，他们有选择的自由，他人（包括政府在内）不应对此加以干涉。因此C为正确答案。A"没有科学证据证明吸烟和死亡之间的因果关系"与一段第二句"证据不