初中英语专题22阅读理解环境保护类解析版

专题22阅读理解（环境保护类）1.C12019浙江卷】Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor（因素）.Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（资源）.ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt（融雪）.Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

Ecologicalstudiesofforests.Banningwoodcutting.Limitinghousingdevelopment.Firecontrolmeasures.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonWhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?PatrickMclntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia【答案】27.A28.D29.C30.A【解析】文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机，大型树木在急剧减少，作者阐述了现象，并分析了其原因。A段落主旨题。根据文章第二段第三句Thenumberoftrees•••declinecby50percent…morethan55A项。percent…75percei^数字可知，该段主要讲述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。…competewith可:resource…competewith可:resource缴进的森林防火措施，虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量骤减，所以选D项。29.C细节理解题。根据最后一段Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid29.C细节理解题。根据最后一段Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaidhavebeenrisingtemperaturesreducewater••可知，水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度，故选C项。30.A主旨大意题。根据全文可知，主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了原因。由此A项能很好地概括全文。2.D【2019北京】Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate，accordingtoanewstudy.Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）calledphytoplankton.Because更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年ofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide（二氧化碳）intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.thNqtiantyieEeofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.",sheIsaidhetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable"inParagraph3probablymean?A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.UnnoticeableWhatcanwelearnfromthepassage?Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchangesPhytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimateD.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年A.ToassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchangesB.ToanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchainC.ToexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceansD.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton【答案】42.B43.A44.D45.C【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化，进而导致海洋颜色的变化。B主旨大意题。第一段的主要讲的是：根据一项新的研究，由于气候变暖，到本世纪末界上的海洋将会更蓝更绿；第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。因为气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长，同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量，从而导致海洋外观的变化。因此文章前两段的主要讲的是海洋颜色变化的原因”。故选B。A猜测词义题。根据第三段最后一句可知：气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养物质。因此，此处的“vulnerable是易受影响的”意思，即sensitiveosignificant重大的，有意义的；beneficial有益的；unnoticeable不明显的。故选A。D推理判断题。从文章第四段中的"Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.可知，有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更绿。”故选D。C主旨大意题。根据整篇文章的内容来看，主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变，而这种改变主要是因为浮游植物数量的变化，因此本文的主要目的是解释气候变化对海洋的影响故选Co3.C12019天津】Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestable更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年overthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable，wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskeyscientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.AstronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredatorhasawidefoodchoicecaneasilyfindnewpreystickstoonepreyspeciescanquicklymovetoanotherplaceWhatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.【答案】46.B47.C48.D49.A50.D【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家通过建了一个数模找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。体现了人与大自然的和谐。B细节理解题。根据第二段中的第一句withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs,句中的principles与选项B中的rules对应，故答案为B。C细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是astronglink。根据第二段中的第三句whenapredatoralwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked,知当某一掠食动物只坚持吃一个品种时，它们之间的关系就很强，故答案为CoD推理判断题。根据第三段中的smallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems以及其后举的例子知位于实食物网顶端的猎物对其他的物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直接联系的物种，故答案为D其他的物种的数量会有意想不到的变化。A推理判断题。根据第四段中的第一句话unplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue是这一段的主题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的，根据最后一句，这些行为都大大影响了生态平衡，可知认为的无计划的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为AoD推理判断题。根据最后一段中的preventioniskey,知预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。4.C[2018?北京卷]更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

Plastic-EatingWormsHumansproducemorethan300milliontonsofplasticeveryyear.Almosthalfofthatwindsupinlandfills（垃圾填埋场），andupto12milliontonspollutetheoceans.Sofarthereisnoeffectivewaytogetridofit,butanewstudysuggestsananswermaylieinthestomachsofsomehungryworms.greaterwaxmothResearchersinSpainandEnglandrecentlyfoundthatthewormsofthegreaterwaxmothcanbreakdownpolyethylene,whichaccountsfor40%ofplastics.Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.Toconfirmthatthewormsgreaterwaxmothnotresponsibleforthepolyethylenebreakdown,theresearchersmadesomewormsintopaste（糊状物）andappliedittoplasticfilms.14hourslaterthefilmshadlost13%oftheirmass——apparentlybrokendownbyenzymes（酶）chevFedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saysthewormsabilitytobreakdowntheirefydayfromtheworms'stomachs.TheirfindingerwpublishedinCurrentBiologyin2017.chevFedericaBertocchini,co-authorofthestudy,saysthewormsabilitytobreakdowntheirefydaybeeswax—alsoallowsthemtobreakdownplastic."Waxisacomplexmixture,butthebasicbondinpolyethylene,thecarbon-carbonbond,isthereaswell,"sheexplains,"Thewaxwormevolvedamethodorsystemtobreakthisbond."JenniferDeBruyn,amicrobiologistattheUniversityofTennessee,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy,saysitisnotsurprisingthatsuchwormscanbreakdownpolyethylene.Butcomparedwithpreviousstudies,shefindsthespeedofbreakingdowninthisoneexciting.Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微生物）?Bertocchiniagreesandhopesherteam'findingsmightonedayhelpemploytheenzymetobreakdownplasticsinlandfills.Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess—notsimply"millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic."Whatcanwelearnaboutthewormsinthestudy?Theytakeplasticsastheireverydayfood.Theyarenewlyevolvedcreatures.Theycanconsumeplastics.Theywindupinlandfills.更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年AccordingtoJenniferDeBruyn,thenextstepofthestudyisto.identifyothermeansofthebreakdownfindoutthesourceoftheenzymeconfirmtheresearchfindingsincreasethebreakdownspeedItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatthechemicalmight.helptoraisewormshelpmakeplasticbagsbeusedtocleantheoceansbeproducedinfactoriesinfutureWhatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?Toexplainastudymethodonworms.Tointroducethedietofaspecialworm.Topresentawaytobreakdownplastics.Toproposenewmeanstokeepeco-balance.【答案】43—46CBDC【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。从环保理念出发，文章围绕一种可以降解塑料的虫子大蜡螟展开，描述了研究进展及虫子能降解塑料的原理，即使用其胃中的酶降解塑料，为塑料污染问题提供了新的思路。C细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Theteamleft100waxwormsonacommercialpolyethyleneshoppingbagfor12hours,andthewormsconsumedandbrokedownabout92milligrams,oralmost3%ofit.可知，这些虫子可以消耗聚乙烯购物袋，即塑料袋。故选CoB推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的"Thenextstep,DeBruynsays,willbetoidentifythecauseofthebreakdown.Isitanenzymeproducedbythewormitselforbyitsgutmicrobes（肠道微生物）?”可知，下——步是探究酶的来源。故选CoD推理判断题。根据文章最后——段“Butsheexpectsusingthechemicalinsomekindofindustrialprocess-notsimply"millionsofwormsthrownontopoftheplastic”可知研究者希望那些化学物品可以批量生产，而不是将许多虫子直接扔在垃圾堆里。故选D。C写作意图题。全文都在围绕可以降解垃圾的虫子展开，文章的目的就是向读者呈现这种独特的降解更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年塑料的方式。故选Ao5.[2017江苏卷]DOldproblem,newapproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsomedecadesafterCO2emissions（NE放）peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterandmorecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:Thereisno'one-sizefitsall'adaptation.,therNeverthelessaresomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskorcost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicatingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity（连接）toreplacefloodedroadsandhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel：hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.ChewangNorphellivesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation（灌溉）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3ofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseofgreenhouses（whichreflectlightbacktospace）haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexampleshouldact更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年asaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslistoftheplanet.”Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.AfriendofmineownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.adaptationisanever-changingprocessthecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeglobalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsadaptationtoclimatechangeischallengingWhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?Storingiceforfutureuse.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.Changingtheirrigationtime.更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.BTheglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.CThiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.DSunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshouldAadapttocarbonpollutionBplanthighlyprofitablecropsCleavecarbonemissionaloneDfightagainstcarbonpollutionWhat'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?Settingupanewstandard.Reducingcarbonemission.CAdaptingtoclimatechange.D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.【答案】65—70ACADDB【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了世界各地适应如今全球变暖的气候的方法。A句意理解题。根据第二段第二句"Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptiigtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.可知，我们并不是在讨论适应一个新的标准，而是适应不断变化的条件。据此可以判断，这句话的意思是：适应是一个不断变化的过程。故选A项。C细节理解题。根据第三段第三句"MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.以及该段其他内容可知，Rezwan所在的组织充分利用洪水灾害为人们提供便利，故选C项。A细节理解题。根据第四段“Thdossofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture…Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.可知，冰人”适应全球变暖的影响的方法是冬天将水冻成冰储存起来，以备春天用，故选A项。而这种方法并没有防止冰川的融化和改变灌溉的时间，故排除B、C和D项。更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年

D细节理解题。根据第五段“IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet•••Bypaintingbuildingswhite,citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.以及第六段“…paintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.可知，提高地球对光的反射能力可以缓解气候变暖，而秘鲁农民的做法恰恰印证了这一点。故选D项。D推理判断题。根据第七段"Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.以及最后一段"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.可知，一些污染企业辩解称他们无法控制碳污染，只能选择适应，这完全是胡扯，污染企业仍然要减少碳排放，与碳污染做斗争。故选D项。B推理判断题。根据文章最后两句"Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.可知，作者认为最合理的应对全球变暖的方法是减少碳排放，此举的需要。故选B项。6.12016北京】CCaliforniaCondor'sShockingRecoveryCaliforniacondorsareNorthAmerica'slargestbirds,4®ingwingofupto3meters.Inthe1980s,electricallinesandleadpoisoning（铅中毒）nearlydrovethemtodyingout.Now,electricshocktrainingandmedicaltreatmentarehelpingtorescuethesebigbirds.Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewild,andtherearenowmorethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico.Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff.gointoAsthosythenight,theyjustdon'tseethepowerlines,saysBruceRideoutofSanDiegoZoo.Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution（电死）iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.Soscientistshavecomeupwithashockingidea.Tallpoles,placedinlargetrainingareas,teachthebirdstostayclearofelectricallinesbygivingthemapainfulbutundeadlyelectricshock.Beforethetrainingwasintroduced,66%ofset-freedcondorsdiedofelectrocution.Thishasnowdroppedto18%.Leadpoisonoushasprovedmoredifficulttodealwith.Whencondorseatdeadbodiesofotheranimalscontaininglead,theyabsorblargequantitiesoflead.Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproducebaby更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年birds,andcanleadtokidney（'肾）failuresanddeath.SocondorswithhighlevelsofleadaresenttoLosAngelesZoo,wheretheyaretreatedwithcalciumEDTA,achemicalthatremovesleadfromthebloodoverseveraldays.Thisworkisstartingtopayoff.Theannualdeathrateforadultcondorshasdroppedfrom38%in2000to5.4%in2011.Rideout'steamthinksthattheCaliforniacondors'averagesiirviisantiiwejiiBtttied^ereightyears.“Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow,"hesays."Theyararewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem.”63.Californiacondorsattractresearchersstbecadseittteye.A.areactiveatnightB.hadtobebredinthewildC.arefoundoninCaliforniaD.almostdiedoutinthe1980sResearchershavefoundelectricallinesare.A.blockingcondors'journeyhomebigkillersofCaliforbniacondorasrestplacesforcondorsatnightusedtokeepcondorsawayAccordingtoParaghaph5,leadpoisoning.A.makescondorstoonervoustoflyhaslittleeffectoncondors'kidneyscanhardlybegottenridofformcondorsd'bloomakesitdifferentforcondorstoproducebabybirdsThepassageshowsthat.A.theaveragesurvivaltimeofcondorsissatisfactoryB.Rideout'sresearchinterestliesinelectricengineeringC.theeffortstoprotectcondorshavebroughtgoodresultsD.researchershavefoundthefinalanswerstotheproblem【答案】63.D64.B65.D66.C更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年【解析】加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。D推理判断题。根据第三段Astheygointorestforthenight”排除A;根据第二段Inthelate1980s,thelastfewcondorsweretakenfromthewil”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B;根据第二段morethan150flyingoverCaliforniaandnearbyArizona,UtahandBajainMexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚有condors,排除C,故选DoB细节理解题。根据第三段“Electricallineshavebeenkillingthemoff...Theirwingscanbridgethegapbetweenlines,resultinginelectrocution（电死）iftheytouchtwolinesatonce.“可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选BoD段落大意题。根据Thisaffectstheirnervoussystemsandabilitytoproducebabybirds,andcanleadtokidney（肾）failuresanddeath”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。C推理判断题。根据justundereightyears”可知，神鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A;根据Althoughthesemeasuresarenoteffectiveforever”可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D;根据第六段Theyaretrulygoodbirdsthatarewortheveryeffortweputintorecoveringthem.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选Co考点：环保类短文阅读7.12016江苏】CElNifio,aSpanishtermfor“theChristchild”,wasnamedbySouthAmericanfishermanwhonoticedthatglobalweatherpattern,whichhappenseverytwotosevenyears,reducedtheamountoffishescaughtaroundChristmas.ElNifioseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.Theweathereffectsbothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNifio,onbalance,thantheylose.AstudyfoundthatastrongNifioin1997helpedAmerican'economygrowby15billion,partlybecauseofbetteragriculturalharvest,farmersintheMidwestgainedfromextrarain.Thetotalriseinagriculturalinrichcountriesingrowththanthefallinpoorones.ButinIndonesiaextremelydryforestsareinflames.Amulti-yeardrought（干旱）insouth-eastBrazilisbecomingworse.ThoughheavyrainsbroughtaboutbyElNinomayrelievethedroughtinCalifornia,theyare更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年likelytocausesurfacefloodingandotherdisasters.ThemostrecentpowerfulNino,in1997-98,killedaround21,000peopleandcauseddamageworth$36billionaroundtheglobe.ButsuchNinoscomewithmonthsofwarning,andsomuchisknownabouthowtheyhappenthatgovernmentscanprepare.AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute（ODI）,however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.Thisisdespiteevidencethatadollarspentonrisk-reductionsavesatleasttwoonreconstruction.Simpleimprovementstoinfrastructure（基础设施）canreducethespreadofdisease.Bettersewers（T水道）makeitlesslikelythatheavyrainisfollowedbyanoutbreakofthediseaseofbadstomach.Strongerbridgesmeanvillagesarelesslikelytobeleftwithoutfoodandmedicineafterfloods.Accordingtoapaperin2011byMrHsiangandco-authors,civilconflictisrelatedtoElNino'sahndrithfulpoiosetsthecountry,thestrongerthelink.Thoughtherelationshipmaynotbecausal,helpingdividedcommunitiestopreparefordisasterswouldatleastreducetheriskthatthosedisastersarefollowedbykillingandwoundingpeople.SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.WhatcanwelearnaboutElNinoinParagraph1?ItisnamedafteraSouthAmericanfisherman.Ittakesplacealmosteveryyearallovertheworld.ItforcesfishermentostopcatchingfisharoundChristmas.Itseesthechangesofwaterflowdirectionintheocean.62.WhatmayElNinosbringabouttothecountriesaffected?Agriculturalharvestsinrichcountriesfall.Droughtsbecomemoreharmfulthanfloods.Richcountries'gainsaregreaterthantheirlosses.Poorcountriessufferlessfromdroughtseconomically.ThedataprovidedbyODIinParagraph4suggestthat.moreinvestmentshouldgotoriskreductiongovernmentsofpoorcountriesneedmoreaidvictimsofElNinodeservemorecompensation更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年recoveryandreconstructionshouldcomefirstWhatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?TointroduceElNinoanditsorigin.ToexplaintheconsequencesofElNino.ToshowwaysoffightingagainstElNino.TourgepeopletoprepareforElNino.【答案】61.D62.C63.A64.D【解析】本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。.D细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句日Nifioseeswarmwater,collectedoverseveralyearsinthewesternPacific,flowbackeastwardswhenwindsthatnormallyblowwestwardsweaken,orsometimestheotherwayround.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D正确。.C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句RichcountriesgainmorefrompowerfulNifio,onbalance,thantheylose.可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处要大于所得到的坏处。接着在第三句中列举了1997年的厄尔尼诺给美国经济带来的好处。故C项正确。.A推理判断题。根据第四段第三句AccordingtotheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI),however,just12%ofdisaster-relieffundinginthepasttwodecadeshasgoneonreducingrisksinadvance,ratherthanrecoveryandrebuildingafterwards.根据ODI的观点，为应对厄尔尼诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺现象的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。故A项正确。.D目的意图题。本文主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们诺政府应该做更多的投资预防厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后再进行重新补救和恢复。再根据最后一句"SincethepoorestareleastlikelytomakeupfortheirlossesfromdisasterslinkedtoElNino,reducingtheirlossesneedstobethepriority.各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D项正确。8.12015江苏】BIntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhilethe更多优质资料请关注公众号：诗酒叙华年weightofelectronicgoodsrepresentedbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration（含量）ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinSo-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedthosemetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging（包装）itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduction,distribution,anduseofproducts—aswellasmanagementoftheresultingwaste—allresultingreenhousegasrelease.Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestart—forinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive（动机）forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackagingthe