专业八级英国文学The-Eighteenth-Century课件

TheEighteenthCentury

(1688—1798)

TheEighteenthCentury

(16881Background:

AftertheGloriousRevolution,themonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplacePraliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountry.ToryandtheWhigsbothsupportedcommerceandthepolicyoftoleranceThetwopartiesviedwitheachotherforseatsinthehouseofCommonsEnglandgrewfromasecondratecountrytoapowerfulnavalcountryinthe18thcenturybydefeatingotherEuropeancountries,especiallyFrance.Background:

AftertheGlorious2SpecialFeatures:

1、PoliticalwritingsWritingbecameanindependentjob.Hardlyawriterofthetimewasfreefrompoliticalbias.2、NewspapersandjournalsBothpartiesprintednewspapersasmeanstoexpresstheirviews

Manygreatwritersofthe18thcenturyweregreatessayists.SpecialFeatures:

1、Political33、Coffeehouses

ThecoffeehousesinLondonservedasinformalmeetinghousesformenofallclasseswheretheycouldexchangeopinionsanddobusiness.

Addison’sSpectatorClubJohnson’sClubDickens’sPickwickClub

Themenwhofrequentedcoffeehousesformedaninfluentialelementamongthereadingpublicandhelpedtodeterminethetoneofliterature,thecriticalreputationofwritters,andthesuccessorfailureofplay4、ThenewmoralityAgainstthefanaticismofthePuritansDuetothedevelopmentofscienceandphilosophyofthetime3、Coffeehouses

4Anageinwhichreasonratherthanemotion,playedanimportantrole.AnageofreasonReasoninEnglandwasatoolforthebourgeoisietoconsolidateitsrule.5、ScienceandtechnologyNewton’sscientificdiscoveryLawofgravitationHenceforth,gonewasthemedievalconceptionthattheuniversewasguidebydivinewill.Newton’sphilosophydidnotruleouttheideaofGod,butitdeprivedGodofhispowertoguidethestarsintheircourseortocommandthesuntostandstill.Anageinwhichreasonrather5ThephilosophyofJohnLockeThefatherofanewtheoryofknowledgeThisisthefunctionofreason,orunderstanding,whichisthepowertocombine,coordinate,andorganizetheimpressionsreceivedfromsensesandthustobuildabodyofgeneraltruth.Theoneforfurnishingrawmaterialsofknowledgeandtheotherforshapingthemintomeaningfulforms.6、TheFrenchinfluenceClassicismNeo-classicism

Adramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andtime.ThephilosophyofJohnLocke6Characteristicsofneo-classicism:Adramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andthetime.Emphasizedreasonratherthanemotion,formratherthancontent.Asreasonwasstressed,mostofthewritingsoftheageweredidacticandsatirical.Aselegance,correctness,appropriatenessandrestraintwerepreferred,thepoetfoundclosedcouplettheonlypossibleverseformforseriouswork.Itisalmostexclusivelya“town”

poetry,cateringtotheinterestsofthe“society”ingreatcities.Itisentirelywantinginallthoseelementsthatarerelatedwiththe“romantic”.Characteristicsofneo-classic7DanielDefoe(1661—1731)DanielDefoe8Introduction:ApioneernovelistandaprolificwriterofbooksandpamphletsAself-mademancontributedtothebeginningofEnglishjournalismandtradeFatherofmodernjournalismMasterpiece:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinson

Crusoe(1721)(alongimaginativeliterarymasterpiecewhichmadeDefoerecognizedasamajorEnglishnovelist)TheFortunesandMisfortunesoftheFamousMoll

Flanders(1722)Introduction:9RobinsonCrusoeRealincidentOutofhisownimaginationAlexanderSelkirkNewspaperinterviewRobinsonCrusoe

has

theappearanceofapicaresquenovel,showingalowlyperson’swanderingsovertheworld.Apicaroissomebodywithadoubtfulmoralcharacterwhodoesnothaveafixedgoalinlife.

Importance:RobinsonCrusoeisinfactanewspeciesofwritingwhichinhabitsthepicaresqueframewithastoryintheshapeofajournalandhasastrongflavourofjournalistictruth.RobinsonCrusoe10Characteristicsofthehero

TheheroisatypicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practicalanddiligent,witharestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges.DefoetriestoteachamoralmessagethroughhisstoryDefoesingsthepraisesoflabour,presentingitasthesourceofhumanprideandhappinessaswellasameanstochangeman’slivingconditionsfromdesperationtoprosperity.Defoealsobeautifiescolonialismandslavery.DefoeletsCrusoetreatwomenasarticlesofpropertyandasameanstobreedandestablishalineageCharacteristicsofthehero

Th11JonathanSwift(1667—1745)JonathanSwift12ComparationDefoeandSwift:

Similarities:Bothofthemwereconsiderablyoccupiedinthedangerouscareerofpoliticalwriters.BothofthemwereaffliatedthemselvestoRobertHarley.Differences:Defoewasabusinessmananddidnothavemuchknowledgeoftheclassics.Hewasadissenter.Swiftwasachurchmanandauniversitygraduate.HewasamemberoftheAnglicanChurch.ComparationDefoeandSwift:

S13BothofthemviewedtheworldwithcommonsenseDefoeaimedtoimprovethemoralsofhistimeSwiftviewedhumansocietywithcontemptandhasbeencalledacynicandevenamisanthrope.Masterpiece:TheBattleof

Books(1696-1698)Isasatireonthecontroversyamongliterarypeopleconcerningthevaluesoftheancientsandmoderns.ATaleofthe

Tub(1696-1698)Isasatireonthevariouschurchesofhistime.From1704to1713SwiftwrotepoliticalpamphletsfortheWhigsandlaterfortheTories.Bothofthemviewedtheworld14HislifeinIrelandgavehimanintimateknowledgeofthemiserableconditionofthepeople.TheDrapier’s

Letters(1724)exposethisblatantactofrobbery.AModest

Proposal(1729)isamorebittersatireonhepolicyoftheEnglishgovernmenttowardstheIrishpeople.Gulliver’s

Travels(1726)FormoftravelliteratureFourvoyagesHislifeinIrelandgavehima15JosephAddison(1672—1719)Richard

Steele(1672—1729)JosephAddison(1672—1719)16Introduction:TheystartedPeriodicalessays.Bothofthemwereeducators.Theiraimwastoeducatethenewlyrisenmiddleclass.Theywereconcernedaboutthemoralsandmodesofthetime.Theysetouttobemindcensorsofthemoralsoftheage,andmostoftheircompositionsdealtwithlighttopics.TheiraimwastobridgethegapbetweenthesmallcircleofLondoneleganceandwit,andthelarge,serious,ratherPuritanmiddleclass.Itwas,moreover,bytheiruseofwit,humour,andsatirethattheyscoredmostnotonlytointerestthegeneralreaderbutalsotoguideanddeveloptheirtastes.Introduction:17AlexanderPope(1688—1744)AlexanderPope18ThefirstperiodPastoralsEssayonCriticismTheRapeoftheLockThesecondperiod(1720-1726)TranslationofHomer’sepicpoemsIliadandOdysseyThethirdandlastcreativeperiod(1728-?)TheDunciadThefirstperiod19SamuelJohnson(1709—1784)SamuelJohnson20Introduction:ThegreatestEnglishmanoflettersbetweenPopeandWordsworthHismagnificentletterwrittentoLordChesterfieldmarkedtheendofthesystemofpatronage.TheDictionarymadehimeconomicallyindependent.Hefoundedaclubandmanymenoflettersgatheredaroundhim.AsacritichewasknownforhisPrefacetohiseditionofShakespeare.Masterpiece:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagehisPrefacetohiseditionofShakespeareIntroduction:21HenryFielding(1707—1754)HenryFielding22Introduction:Playwright,novelistanddistrictlawmagistrateFieldingwasfirsteducatedathomeunderthetutelageofaclergyman.ThenhewassenttoEton.Masterpiece:AnApologyfortheLifeofMrs.Shamela

Andrews(1741)TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJoseph

Andrews(1742)JosephAndrewsbecameFielding’sfirstgreatsuccessandmadehimseehowhecouldmakethebestuseofhisliterarytalent,forassoonasthecountryclergymanParsonAbrahamAdamsappearedinthestory,thewholenovelwenthappilyoutofcontrolandawayfromitsoriginalplan.Introduction:23ThenovelturnedfromanovelofseductionintooneofthefirstexemplarsofthegreatEnglishpanoramictradition,whichwastoreachnewheightslaterinThackerayandDickens.TheHistoryofTomJones,AFoundlingThefirstdescribesTom’schildhoodinMr.Allworthy’scountryhome;themiddleonecontainsadventuresOntheroadtoLondon;andthelasttellswhathappensinLondontoTomandSophia.Thecitystandsforevilandsin.Uprightyoungfellow,braveandhonestandfullofsympathyforthepoorandweak.morally,spiritually,andevenphysically.TomJonesisopentoallegoricalreadings.Thenovelturnedfromanovel24ThomasGray(1716—1771)ThomasGray25GraveyardSchoolCharacteristics:CarvingforsomethingmorenaturalandspontaneousinthoughtandlanguageEmotionsandsentimentsasaleadingroleintheirpoetsReawakeningofaninterestinnatureandinthenaturalrelationsbetweenmanandmanIntroduction:ThomasGrayasarepresentativeTheElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyardGraveyardSchoolCharacteristi26RichardBrinsleySheridan(1751—1816)RichardBrinsleySheridan27Masterpiece:TheSchoolforScandalInthetraditionofComedyofMannersThroughwittyremarksandingeniousstagecraftexposingtheimmorality,hypocrisy,moneyhunting,scandal-mongeringoftheidleclassesin18thcenturyEngland.Masterpiece:28RobertBurns(1759—1796)RobertBurns29Introduction:Hislast12yearsincollectingScottishfolksongsAprofoundloveforthecommonScottishpeopleandtheirliteratureBesideslovelyrics,mostofhispoemsandsongsareaboutpatrioticandpoliticalthemes.PoemsandsongsarepremeatedwiththeScottishnationalspiritMasterpiece:PoemsandsongsintheScottishdialectandinthetraditionofScottishfolksongsIntroduction:30WilliamBlake(1757—1827)WilliamBlake31Introduction:ApoetandanengraverMasterpiece:PoeticalSketches(1783)SongsofInnocence(1789)whichexpressesthepoet’sdelightinlifeandfromthiscollectionwecanhavethefirstglimpseofBlake’smysticism,whichwilldevelopinhislaterpoems.SongsofExperience(1794)whoseatmosphereissadandgloomyandmanhaslosttheHeavenofInnocenceandgainedtheHellofExperience.Introduction:32TwocontrarystatesofhumansoulVersesbearthesametitlebutthetoneandatmoshphereareentirelydifferent.AheavenofourmiseryInlaterpoemsBlakegrewmoremysticalandconcentratedmoreonhisinnerselfandclaimedthathesawvisions.Twocontrarystatesofhumans33

TheEighteenthCentury

(1688—1798)

TheEighteenthCentury

(168834Background:

AftertheGloriousRevolution,themonarchwasdeprivedofrulingpowerandinhisplacePraliamentbecametheactualleaderofthecountry.ToryandtheWhigsbothsupportedcommerceandthepolicyoftoleranceThetwopartiesviedwitheachotherforseatsinthehouseofCommonsEnglandgrewfromasecondratecountrytoapowerfulnavalcountryinthe18thcenturybydefeatingotherEuropeancountries,especiallyFrance.Background:

AftertheGlorious35SpecialFeatures:

1、PoliticalwritingsWritingbecameanindependentjob.Hardlyawriterofthetimewasfreefrompoliticalbias.2、NewspapersandjournalsBothpartiesprintednewspapersasmeanstoexpresstheirviews

Manygreatwritersofthe18thcenturyweregreatessayists.SpecialFeatures:

1、Political363、Coffeehouses

ThecoffeehousesinLondonservedasinformalmeetinghousesformenofallclasseswheretheycouldexchangeopinionsanddobusiness.

Addison’sSpectatorClubJohnson’sClubDickens’sPickwickClub

Themenwhofrequentedcoffeehousesformedaninfluentialelementamongthereadingpublicandhelpedtodeterminethetoneofliterature,thecriticalreputationofwritters,andthesuccessorfailureofplay4、ThenewmoralityAgainstthefanaticismofthePuritansDuetothedevelopmentofscienceandphilosophyofthetime3、Coffeehouses

37Anageinwhichreasonratherthanemotion,playedanimportantrole.AnageofreasonReasoninEnglandwasatoolforthebourgeoisietoconsolidateitsrule.5、ScienceandtechnologyNewton’sscientificdiscoveryLawofgravitationHenceforth,gonewasthemedievalconceptionthattheuniversewasguidebydivinewill.Newton’sphilosophydidnotruleouttheideaofGod,butitdeprivedGodofhispowertoguidethestarsintheircourseortocommandthesuntostandstill.Anageinwhichreasonrather38ThephilosophyofJohnLockeThefatherofanewtheoryofknowledgeThisisthefunctionofreason,orunderstanding,whichisthepowertocombine,coordinate,andorganizetheimpressionsreceivedfromsensesandthustobuildabodyofgeneraltruth.Theoneforfurnishingrawmaterialsofknowledgeandtheotherforshapingthemintomeaningfulforms.6、TheFrenchinfluenceClassicismNeo-classicism

Adramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andtime.ThephilosophyofJohnLocke39Characteristicsofneo-classicism:Adramatistshouldobservethethreeunitiesofaction,place,andthetime.Emphasizedreasonratherthanemotion,formratherthancontent.Asreasonwasstressed,mostofthewritingsoftheageweredidacticandsatirical.Aselegance,correctness,appropriatenessandrestraintwerepreferred,thepoetfoundclosedcouplettheonlypossibleverseformforseriouswork.Itisalmostexclusivelya“town”

poetry,cateringtotheinterestsofthe“society”ingreatcities.Itisentirelywantinginallthoseelementsthatarerelatedwiththe“romantic”.Characteristicsofneo-classic40DanielDefoe(1661—1731)DanielDefoe41Introduction:ApioneernovelistandaprolificwriterofbooksandpamphletsAself-mademancontributedtothebeginningofEnglishjournalismandtradeFatherofmodernjournalismMasterpiece:TheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinson

Crusoe(1721)(alongimaginativeliterarymasterpiecewhichmadeDefoerecognizedasamajorEnglishnovelist)TheFortunesandMisfortunesoftheFamousMoll

Flanders(1722)Introduction:42RobinsonCrusoeRealincidentOutofhisownimaginationAlexanderSelkirkNewspaperinterviewRobinsonCrusoe

has

theappearanceofapicaresquenovel,showingalowlyperson’swanderingsovertheworld.Apicaroissomebodywithadoubtfulmoralcharacterwhodoesnothaveafixedgoalinlife.

Importance:RobinsonCrusoeisinfactanewspeciesofwritingwhichinhabitsthepicaresqueframewithastoryintheshapeofajournalandhasastrongflavourofjournalistictruth.RobinsonCrusoe43Characteristicsofthehero

TheheroisatypicaloftherisingEnglishbourgeoisclass,practicalanddiligent,witharestlesscuriositytoknowmoreabouttheworldandadesiretoproveindividualpowerinthefaceofsocialandnaturalchallenges.DefoetriestoteachamoralmessagethroughhisstoryDefoesingsthepraisesoflabour,presentingitasthesourceofhumanprideandhappinessaswellasameanstochangeman’slivingconditionsfromdesperationtoprosperity.Defoealsobeautifiescolonialismandslavery.DefoeletsCrusoetreatwomenasarticlesofpropertyandasameanstobreedandestablishalineageCharacteristicsofthehero

Th44JonathanSwift(1667—1745)JonathanSwift45ComparationDefoeandSwift:

Similarities:Bothofthemwereconsiderablyoccupiedinthedangerouscareerofpoliticalwriters.BothofthemwereaffliatedthemselvestoRobertHarley.Differences:Defoewasabusinessmananddidnothavemuchknowledgeoftheclassics.Hewasadissenter.Swiftwasachurchmanandauniversitygraduate.HewasamemberoftheAnglicanChurch.ComparationDefoeandSwift:

S46BothofthemviewedtheworldwithcommonsenseDefoeaimedtoimprovethemoralsofhistimeSwiftviewedhumansocietywithcontemptandhasbeencalledacynicandevenamisanthrope.Masterpiece:TheBattleof

Books(1696-1698)Isasatireonthecontroversyamongliterarypeopleconcerningthevaluesoftheancientsandmoderns.ATaleofthe

Tub(1696-1698)Isasatireonthevariouschurchesofhistime.From1704to1713SwiftwrotepoliticalpamphletsfortheWhigsandlaterfortheTories.Bothofthemviewedtheworld47HislifeinIrelandgavehimanintimateknowledgeofthemiserableconditionofthepeople.TheDrapier’s

Letters(1724)exposethisblatantactofrobbery.AModest

Proposal(1729)isamorebittersatireonhepolicyoftheEnglishgovernmenttowardstheIrishpeople.Gulliver’s

Travels(1726)FormoftravelliteratureFourvoyagesHislifeinIrelandgavehima48JosephAddison(1672—1719)Richard

Steele(1672—1729)JosephAddison(1672—1719)49Introduction:TheystartedPeriodicalessays.Bothofthemwereeducators.Theiraimwastoeducatethenewlyrisenmiddleclass.Theywereconcernedaboutthemoralsandmodesofthetime.Theysetouttobemindcensorsofthemoralsoftheage,andmostoftheircompositionsdealtwithlighttopics.TheiraimwastobridgethegapbetweenthesmallcircleofLondoneleganceandwit,andthelarge,serious,ratherPuritanmiddleclass.Itwas,moreover,bytheiruseofwit,humour,andsatirethattheyscoredmostnotonlytointerestthegeneralreaderbutalsotoguideanddeveloptheirtastes.Introduction:50AlexanderPope(1688—1744)AlexanderPope51ThefirstperiodPastoralsEssayonCriticismTheRapeoftheLockThesecondperiod(1720-1726)TranslationofHomer’sepicpoemsIliadandOdysseyThethirdandlastcreativeperiod(1728-?)TheDunciadThefirstperiod52SamuelJohnson(1709—1784)SamuelJohnson53Introduction:ThegreatestEnglishmanoflettersbetweenPopeandWordsworthHismagnificentletterwrittentoLordChesterfieldmarkedtheendofthesystemofpatronage.TheDictionarymadehimeconomicallyindependent.Hefoundedaclubandmanymenoflettersgatheredaroundhim.AsacritichewasknownforhisPrefacetohiseditionofShakespeare.Masterpiece:ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguagehisPrefacetohiseditionofShakespeareIntroduction:54HenryFielding(1707—1754)HenryFielding55Introduction:Playwright,novelistanddistrictlawmagistrateFieldingwasfirsteducatedathomeunderthetutelageofaclergyman.ThenhewassenttoEton.Masterpiece:AnApologyfortheLifeofMrs.Shamela

Andrews(1741)TheHistoryoftheAdventuresofJoseph

Andrews(1742)JosephAndrewsbecameFielding’sfirstgreatsuccessandmadehimseehowhecouldmakethebestuseofhisliterarytalent,forassoonasthecountryclergymanParsonAbrahamAdamsappearedinthestory,thewholenovelwenthappilyoutofcontrolandawayfromitsoriginalplan.Introduction:56ThenovelturnedfromanovelofseductionintooneofthefirstexemplarsofthegreatEnglishpanoramictradition,whichwastoreachnewheightslaterinThackerayandDickens.TheHistoryofTomJones,AFoundlingThefirstdescribesTom’schildhoodinMr.Allworthy’scountryhome;themiddleonecontainsadventuresOntheroadtoLondon;andthelasttellswhathappensinLondon