托福阅读中的逻辑关系词

托福阅读中的逻辑关系词作者在阐述观点时会大量使用逻辑关系词来组织结构，展开论证。在阅读过程中，充分利用逻辑关系词（也称之为语言信号词）是定位主旨和查找细节信息的重要阅读应试技巧之一。通过寻找信号词可以寻找线索，快速定位答案所在。常见的信号词包括以下四类：-Comparison比较关系词E.g.Thisapproachisconsideredtobemuchmoreeffectivethanthepreviousone.Mobiletelephonesaremuchthinnerthantheyusedtobe.Australiaisadrycontinent,secondonlytoAntarctica.Ofthevariousstrainsofthiscrop,thisnewhybridproducesbyfarthehighestyields.Mostpeoplestudyingintelligenceandcreativityinthenewmillenniumnowpreferabroaderdefinition.Signalwords:a.同级比较Equally;inthesameway;likewise,similarlyb.比较级：morethan,-erthan,lessthanc.变化：change)alter,vary,modify)revise)increase)decrease)enhance)diminish)develop)progress)advance)improve)retreat)degenerate)continue)remaind.差异：different,distinguish,separate,same,similar,comparable,compareto超越：surpass,exceed,excel,over,superiorto最高级1)本身有最高级含义：maximum,minimum,peak,outstanding,top2)本身程度比较深：amazing,surprising,astonishing,prohibitivelyhigh,deeply3)否定+比较=最高级Nooneismoreoutstandingthanhim.g.表示对比：while,whereas,incomparisonContrast转折关系词（让步）转折词+重点内容，让步词+背景之类的（次重点）E.g.Inrecenttimes,however,thatloftyidealhasnotalwaysbeenattained.Ratherthan=rather=insteadof=nottakeresponsibilityfortheirweight,obesepeoplehaveoftensoughtsolaceintheexcusethattheyhaveaslowmetabolism.Nuclearpowersupplies5%oftheworld'senergyfrommorethan400Butplants.withtheexceptionofFranceandJapan,therichworldhasstoppedorderingnewreactors.Althoughthenumberoflibrariesmultiplied,libraryusersremainedfewinnumberthuntilliteracybecamemorewidespreadduringthe18century.Whilethereisnowbroadagreementabouttheeffectsofhigh-levelradiation,thereiscontroversyoverthelong-termeffectoflow-leveldoses.Signalwords:Conversely,admittedly,ironically,however,while,but,although,bycontrast,despite,eventhough,incontrast,inspiteof,insteadof,instead,nevertheless,nonetheless,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherwise,though,rather,yet,whereasCauseandeffect因果关系词因：because、becauseof、for、as、by、since、inthat、onaccountof、with果：so、sothat、therefore、thereby、asaresult、hence、thus、consequently、Accordingly,??因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。隐性因果：A导致（因-果）：cause、reason、leadto、giveriseto、resultin、render、make、let、ask、push、stimulate、fuel、produce、tempt、encourage、draw、trigger如：Theincreasedpressuresofexpandingpopulationhaveledtotheremovalofwoodyplantssothatmanycitiesandtowaresurroundedbylargeareascompletelylackingintrees.在这段话中，有leadto表示了导致的意思，即结果，而sothat更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。B由？而来（果-因）：resultfrom、derivefrom、originatefrom、initiatefrom、stemfrom、beattributableto、attributeto如：Theextremeseriousofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandtremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.”在这段话中，根据resultfrom可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。C反映，体现（果-因）：reflect、show、present、demonstrate、suggest、implyD考虑到J:given、considering、inviewof、thanksto、accordingtoHesucceededthanksto（inviewof）hiseffort.E依赖于：relyon、dependon、resorttoHeresortedtobookswhenhehadproblems.F条件关系：when、once、assoonas、AslongasAssoonashegotthemoney,hewouldleavethecountryatonce.G分词短语，不定式做状语：Failinginthefinalexam,shecried.Negativity否定关系词显性否定：no、not、never、nor、none、neither隐形否定：failto、refuse、remove、reject、lackof、deprive否定前缀：a-、ab-、dis-、il-、im-、in