2017版高考英语二轮复习考前三个月专题一阅读理解技法剖析授之以渔

专题一阅读理解技法剖析授之以渔【考情分析】1.近三年全国卷阅读理解话题分布情况年份ABCD2016全国I四位不同领域的女性先驱及其贡献老人在子女附近居住运送造血干细胞的工作经历沉默的/、同含义全国n四则广告：一个讲座、一个喜剧演员的演出、一个喜剧演员的工作室以及一个有爵士乐和美食的好去处通过拼装玩具培养孩子们的创造性和动手能力图书漂流网站的图书分享活动一次航海活动的记录全国出音乐活动的广告女作家请朋友吃饭的一次经历节日(AppleDay)网络时代的好消息与坏消息2015全国I伦敦运河博物馆的每月会谈快乐的萨拉索塔农贸市场之旅巴黎蓬皮杜艺术中心心理学咖啡馆全国n让人郁闷的彩色电视机室内环境对身材的影响“间隔年”现象四条一日游线路2014全国I针对学生参加创新挑战赛的参赛通知旅鸽驯兽师的启示如何拯救那些面临&:的全国n失而复得的手提箱保护环境Chineseaupair在美国流行地铁袖珍指南2.近三年全国卷阅读理解题型分布情况年份细节理解题推理判断题主旨大意题词义猜测题乂早结构题观点态度题2016全国I941100全国n841200全国出8312012015全国I940101全国n11111012014全国I750201全国n941100技法剖析授之以渔一定位关键信息，拨云见日巧解细节理解题【设问特点】.考查事件、地点、人物和物品的具体细节；.问题一般比较直白；.答案常是原文的一句话或一个词，但可能变换了说法；.有时以true,false或untrue,except等提问；.错误答案往往明显与原文内容不符。［常考问题】WhichofthefollowingisNOTincluded/mentionedinthepassage?Whichofthefollowing(sentences/statements)isNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT.Inthepassage,theauthorstatesthat.Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...?Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage.Whichofthefollowingmaps/diagramsgivestherightpositionof...?【解题技巧】.速读题干抓“关键”，“跳读”文章锁信息，找准信息源是关键，即含有信息的那一段或那一句。.正误判断题：题干原文静心觅。在解答时要带着原题回到原文中，看它们之间的吻合性。这类题目头绪繁杂，在解题时一定要避免急躁心理。.数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解。弄清询问数据与原文数据的因果关系，必要时进行加减乘除或单位换算。.Paraphrase是常用手法，即把原文的说法换一种说法。.错误答案可能部分是正确的，但以偏概全；也可能根据常识正确但却与原文内容不符。【典例】(2016•全国I,A片段)RosaParks(1913-2005)OnDecember1,1955,inMontgomery,Alabama,RosaParkswouldnotgiveupherseatonabustoawhitepassenger.HersimpleactlandedParksinprison.ButitalsosetofftheMontgomerybusboycott.Itlastedformorethanayear,andkickedoffthe

saidParks.saidParks.23.Whomadeagreatcontributiontothecivil-rightsmovementintheU.S.?A.JaneAddams.B.RachelCarson.C.SandraDayO'Connor.D.RosaParks.答案D解析细节理解题。由题干可以迅速将答案锁定在文章最后一段，根据“HersimpleactlandedParksinprison…andkickedoffthecivil-rightsmovement.”所提供的信息可知，Parks为美国的民权运动做出了极大贡献。故选D项。二理顺上下文语境，字斟句酌攻克推理判断题infer（infer（推断），learnabout（知.考查暗含的信息，文章没有直说。这类试题的题干中常含道），suggest（暗示），imply（暗示），conclude（推断），indicate（暗示）等词语;.在原文中一定能找到暗示；.设问含义深刻，不像细节理解题那么直白；.正确选项既符合逻辑，又与全文主旨一致；.错误选项的特点是过于直白，歪曲事实或夸大其词。【常考问题】Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.Thepassage/authorimplies/suggeststhat.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.Fromthepassagewecantell.Thewritersuggestsinthebeginningthat.Whatprobablyhappenedintheend?【解题技巧】.根据事实细节，合理推断信息。在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，进行判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。做到判断有据，推论有理，忠于原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。.解题时应注意以下两点：（1）直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项；（2）推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。.推理判断的主要方法：抓住关键词，结合全文，归纳演绎。归纳是具体到抽象，个别到一般；演绎是一般到个别，抽象到具体。.要依据原文推理判断，牢记是在原文中考查作者的想法，而不是考生本人的想法，原文是唯一的判断依据。【典例】(2016•上海，C片段)Wouldwepayanymoreattentiontoakitemark?”Ithinkifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould,"saysNigelShadboltattheUniversityofSouthampton,UKwhostudiesopendata."Wedoknowpeopleworryalotabouttheinappropriateuseoftheirinformation."Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatNigelShadboltdoubtswhether.socialmediafirmswouldconductasurveyonthekitemarkschemepeoplewouldpayasmuchattentiontoakitemarkastheythinkakitemarkschemewouldbeworkableonanationwidescalethekitemarkwouldhelpcompaniesdeveloptheirbusinessmodels答案B解析推理判断题。根据第五段NigelShadbolt说“…ifyouwentanddidthesurvey,peoplewouldliketothinktheywould...”,最后一句又说"Butwhatwouldhappeninpracticeisanothermatter,hesays.”由此可推断，NigelShadbolt怀疑人们是否会真正和他们想的那样注意认证标记。故B项正确。三探寻主线或主题，高瞻远瞩锁定主旨大意题【设问特点】.考查标题归纳、全文主旨或段落大意；.正确选项概括范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确；.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或是偏离主题，主观臆断；.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。【常考问题】Thebesttitleforthispassageis.Thepassage(orthefirstparagraph)ismainlyabout.Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage?Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith.Thepassagemainlytellsusthat.Themainideaofthefirst/second/third...paragraphprobablyis.【解题技巧】.如原文有标题，则标题常反映主旨大意。.如问段落大意，应注意首句和尾句。.主旨信息常在forexample之前，allinall之后。.若段首为疑问句，则回答即主题。

.作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。.表示总结或结论的话常有therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等。【典例】（2015•浙江，C片段）Ifhumansweretrulyathomeunderthelightofthemoonandstars,wewouldgoindarknesshappily,themidnightworldasvisibletousasitistothevastnumberofnocturnal（夜间活动的）speciesonthisplanet.Instead,wearediurnalcreatures,witheyesadaptedtolivinginthesun'slight.Thisisabasicevolutionaryfact,eventhoughmostofusdon'tthinkofourselvesasdiurnalbeings.Yetit'stheonlywaytoexplainwhatwe'vedonetothenight:Weveengineeredittoreceiveusbyfillingitwithjight..Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?TheMagicLightTheOrangeHazeTheDisappearingNightTheRhythmsofNature答案C解析标题归纳题。整篇文章都在说明光污染给生物带来的巨大影响，本来是宁静、舒适的夜晚也被人类设计的灯光所影响。所以，标题应该是TheDisappearingNight。四洞察逻辑关系，顺藤摸瓜明辨词义猜测题【设问特点】.从原文中找单词、短语或句子设问；.只有在具体的上下文中才可判断准确；.所考单词有的是生词，有的是旧词新意；.正确选项的特征是放在原文不仅单句合理，全文也合理；.错误选项或是字面意思，或是故意胡说；.考查某些指示代词的具体指代。【常考问题】TOC\o"1-5"\h\zTheword/phrase"…"inthepassagemeans.Theword/phrase"…"couldbebestreplacedby^Whichofthefollowingisnearest/closestinmeaningto"…”?Theword/phrase"…"probablyrefersto^Accordingtothepassage,theword"…"isknownas^6.TheunderlinedwordinParagraph6.TheunderlinedwordinParagraph…means【解题技巧】.利用构词法猜词英语中有大量的单词是通过合成或加前后缀构成的，运用构词法判断生词的意义是一种快速有效的解题方法。.利用语境及逻辑关系猜词利用上下文语境和前后句之间的并列、因果、转折、对比、解释、定义和举例等关系来猜测词义。同时要特别留心某些词语，如or,thatis,inotherwords,including,although,but,evenif,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,otherthan,ratherthan,morethan,insteadof等。.利用同义解释猜词同义解释形式多样，有的利用下定义，有的利用or,thatis（tosay）,inotherwords,namely等引出后面的解释，有的利用破折号、同位语（从句）、定语从句或同义词、近义词等引出后面的解释。.利用常识及生活经验猜词考生要运用非语言知识提示来提高分析能力，力图理解阅读中的生词，以明确把握作者的意图。【典例】（2016•全国I,C片段）IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I'vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad,Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells（干细胞）inmylittleboxbecauseI'vegottwoicepacksandthat'showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor（捐献者）tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we'vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwordacourier"inParagraph1?A.providerB.deliverymanC.collectorD.medicaldoctor答案B解析词义猜测题。由下文可知，“我”是一名志愿者，从事干细胞递送的工作。所以答案为Bo五理清全文构架，画龙点睛勾勒文章结构题【设问特点】.问题主要考查对文章结构的把握能力；.考查对文章组织形式的判断;

.考查对文章基本架构的理解。【常考问题】Howisthetextorganized?Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby.ThetextismainlydevelopedintheorderofWhichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?Thefirstparagraphservesasa（n）.Whatwouldtheauthorprobablydiscussintheparagraphthatfollows?【解题技巧】.发挥整体感悟能力，做结构题也要了解全文的主题。.判断文章体裁类型，是议论文、记叙文还是说明文。.记叙文通常以时间、地点或故事情节发展（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等为序进行写作。.议论文总体上可以分为四类：第一类：“提出论点一分论点一一分论点二一分论点三……一结论”；第二类：“引入段一导出论点一分点论述一结论”；第三类："提出问题一分析问题一解决问题”；第四类：“提出反面观点一批驳反面观点一提出正面观点”。.说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作。.了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总一分；总一分一总；分一总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。【典例】（2016•北京，D）WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy（自主性）andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday'sstudentsarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Forpreviousgenerations,collegewasadecisivebreakfromparentalcontrol;guidanceandsupportneededtocomefrompeopleofthesameageandfromwithin.Inthepasttwodecades,however,continuedconnectionwithanddependenceonfamily,thankstocellphones,emailandsocialmedia,haveincreasedsignificantly.Someparentsgosofarastohelpwithcoursework.Insteadofpromotingtheideaofcollegeasapassagefromtheshelterofthefamilytoautonomyandadultresponsibility,,collegeneedstobeatimeuniversitieshavegivenintotheideathattheyshouldprovidethesameenvironmentasthatofthehome.,collegeneedstobeatimeToprepareforincreasedautonomyandresponsibilityofexplorationandexperimentation.Thisprocessinvolves“tryingon"newwaysofthinkingaboutoneselfbothintellectually（在思维方面）andpersonally.Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces“withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafetoexpressopinionsandchallengemajorityviews.Intellectualgrowthandflexibilityarefosteredbystrictdebateandquestioning.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity（群体）differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefined（规定）andcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.Itisnotsurprisingthatyoungpeoplearelikelytoburstout,particularlywhentherearereasonstodoso.Ourgenerationoncejoinedhandsandstoodfirmattimesofnationalemergency.Whatislackingtodayistheconflictbetweenadolescent'sdesireforautonomyandtheirunderstandingofanunsafeworld.Therefore,thereisthedesirefortheirdormstobereplacementhomesandnotplacestoexperienceintellectualgrowth.Everycollegediscussionaboutcommunityvalues,socialclimateandbehaviorshouldincluderecognitionofthedevelopmentalimportanceofstudentautonomyandself-regulation,ofthenecessarytensionbetweensafetyandself-discovery.70.Whichof