【全国卷一二轮复习备考策略】2020-2021年浙江新高考英语概要写作-概写之路步步为营课件

【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略1THANKS!概写之路,步步为营THANKS!概写之路,步步为营2概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；3.上下文的连贯性；4.对各要点表达的独立性情况。

40-80概写题型&评分参考概要写作（满分25分）1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；31Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedabout

attitudestodirt.

2

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedical

opinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardanger

wasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.So

didthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirt

inafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakena

bath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.

3Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好处)ofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighbor

eversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshave

movedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea;clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?

4Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,an

Americanimmunologist(免疫学家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmune

system.Andthelatter（后者）positionisgainingsomeground.考纲样题1Gettingridofdirt,in4Onthecontrary,Yet,Thus,However,1.Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.2.Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.3.Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor4.Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.thekingofFranceandEnglandHenryIV,kingofFranceCleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Itseemedthestandardofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondscience.First-timeparentswarnchildrenofftouchingdirt.Scientistsencouragechildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupimmunesystem.Author’spointNowadaysEversincethe18thcenturyIntheearly16thcenturySupportingdetailsThusbeganalongtime…SinceWorldWarII样题要点结构(mindmap)Onthecontrary,Yet,Thus,Howev5(1)Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.(2)Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.

(3)Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor.(4)Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1).Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)(1)Thereisnothingfixedabou61.Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1)表述变化（句式，词汇）范围变化要点呈现1.Thereisnothingfixedabout7Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)时间变化（概括）范围变化（概括）举例变化（筛选）表述变化（近义）要点呈现2.Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.thekingofFranceandEnglandIntheearly16thcenturyThusbeganalongtime…HenryIV,kingofFranceThus,Foralongtimeinhistory,pe8However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)时间变化（同义）表述变化（近义）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现3.Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor.Eversincethe18thcenturyCleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.SinceWorldWarIIItseemedthestandardofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondscience.Yet,However,peoplebegantochang9However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)时间变化（略去）表述变化（词性）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现4.Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.NowadaysFirst-timeparentswarnchildrenofftouchingdirt.Scientistsencouragechildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupimmunesystem.Onthecontrary,However,somescientistsbelie10Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1).Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)词汇衔接逻辑衔接有效衔接Peoplehavemixedopinionstow11HowtoWriteaGoodSummary?connectthekeypointswithproperwords;1.Read3.Paraphrase4.Connect

readtwoorthreetimesfortopicsentences&supportingdetailsdrawamindmap

rewritethekeyinformationinyourownwords.2.MindmapHowtoWriteaGoodSummary?co12Manythingsmaymakeyouangry.Youmaygetangrywhensomethingdoesn’tgoyourway.Maybeyougetmadatyourselfwhenyoudon’tunderstandyouhomeworkorwhenyourteamlosesanimportantgame.Maybeyourteachergaveyoutoomuchhomework.Ormaybeafriendwillborrowedyourfavoritevideogameandthenbrokeit.Thatmadeyouangry.Example11.ReadfortopicsentenceManythingsmaymakeyou13Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.Example21.ReadfortopicsentenceOftennoonelooksmore14WhatisStandardEnglish?IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand?Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasStandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisStandardEnglish.Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.Example31.ReadfortopicsentenceWhatisStandardEnglish?15SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime?Actuallyalllanguagechangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150,EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.

Sobythe1660’s,Shakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620,someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Laterinthe18thcentury,someBritishpeopleweretakentoAustralia,too.Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries.Example4有时,主旨大意需要自己归纳和概括1.ReadfortopicsentenceEnglishchangesasitsculturemeetsandcommunicateswiththatofanother.SowhyhasEnglishchangedove16Weshouldn’tjudgeapersonbytheirappearancebutwedo.Infact,theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttimewemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds.Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn'tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Example5有时，段首只起导入话题的作用1.ReadfortopicsentenceWearingproperclothesisimportantforfirstimpressions.Weshouldn’tjudgeapers17topicauthor’spointaboutthetopic+1.段落大意不一定是首句或尾句；2.段落中的转折but,yet,however,nevertheless,nonetheless,让步though,as,although，结果asaresult,so,therefore及其他如infact,asamatteroffact等是要点提示词；3.如有设问，与答案合并成为要点；4.如有例证，简要归类概括成为要点；5.没有可以直接提取的，思考该段落的作用；6.抓住贯穿全文（全段）的中心意思。Tip1：主题句必须能概括全文或整段topicauthor’spointaboutthe18ThefamiliaryellowschoolbusisthelargestsystemofmasstransportationintheUSandeveryschooldaytransportsroughly25millionyoungpeopletoschoolandhomeagainaftertheschooldayends.Meanwhile,theyarethesafestmethodforgettingkidtoandfromschool,accordingtotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA).Childrenare70timesmorelikelytoarriveatschoolsafelyontheschoolbusthaniftheyhadtraveledtoschooldrivingthemselvesorridingwithfriends.√PracticeThefamiliaryellowschoolbus19说明文：解释&说明：事物or现象议论文：说服&争辩：一个有争议的观点两种常见文体说明文：解释&说明：事物or现象两种常见文体20ThefamiliaryellowschoolisthelargestsystemofmasstransportationintheUSandeveryschooldaytransportsroughly25millionyoungpeopletoschoolandhomeagainaftertheschooldayends.Meanwhile,theyarethesafestmethodforgettingkidtoandfromschool,accordingtotheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration(NHTSA).Childrenare70timesmorelikelytoarriveatschoolsafelyontheschoolbusthaniftheyhadtraveledtoschooldrivingthemselvesorridingwithfriends.Theseschoolbusesmeetmoreofthenation’smotorvehiclesafetystandardsthananyothervehiclesontheroad.Also,severalnewtechnologiesavailabletodayaremakingschoolbusesevensafer,suchasvideocamerasontheinsideandoutside,stoparmcameras,GPStrackingandcollisionlesseningsystems.Anothersafetytoolonschoolbusesishighseatbacks,closely-spacedseatsandenergy-absorbingseating.Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig,yellowbus.Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem.AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver’sLicense(CDL).Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs,usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked,andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents.Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver,mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse,alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel.Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment,notonlybecauseeachbusreplaces36passengercarsthatwould,butforthebuses,beontheroadtakingandpickingupschoolchildren.Additionally,schoolbusesusealternativegreenfuellikenaturalgases,andelectricpower.ToddMonteferrario,PresidentoftheNationalSchoolTransportationAssociation,saidparentsshouldrememberthatthesafestandsmartestchoiceistoputtheirchildrenonthebigyellowbuswhentheycan.12345TopicsentencesSupporting

detailsConclusion文章结构Thefamiliaryellowscho21ArgumentWaysofarguingwithhypothesis(假设)withexamplesandanalysiswithcauseandeffectbycomparingandcontrasting议论文写作手法withhypothesis(假设)议论文写作手法22ExpositionWaysofexplainingwithfactswithexampleswithcauseandeffectbydefiningbycomparingandcontrastingbydividingandclassifying说明文写作手法withfacts说明文写作手法232Theseschoolbusesmeetmoreofthenation’smotorvehiclesafetystandardsthananyothervehiclesontheroad.Also,severalnewtechnologiesavailabletodayaremakingschoolbusesevensafer,suchasvideocamerasontheinsideandoutside,stoparmcameras,GPStrackingandcollisionlesseningsystems.Anothersafetytoolonschoolbusesishighseatbacks,closely-spacedseatsandenergy-absorbingseating.1.ReadforSupportingdetails2Theseschoolbusesmeetmor24Para.2SchoolbusesarethesafestMeetmoreofthesafetystandardNewtechnologiesStoparmcamerasGPStrackingcollisionlesseningsystemsseating

video

cameras

TopicsentenceSupportingdetailsMajorfactsMinorfactsPara.2Schoolbusesarethesa25TopicsentenceMajorfacts+1.有时段落的topicsentence因为过于浓缩而变得抽象使读者不能充分理解，此时必须加上majorfacts，有时甚至minorfacts;2.有时段落支撑信息只有minorfacts,可以通过概括提炼majorfacts.3.利用段落中的逻辑词确定topicsentence和majorfacts之间的关系。Tip2：段落要点须包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息TopicsentenceMajorfacts+1.有263Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig,yellowbus.Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem.AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver’sLicense(CDL).Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs,usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked,andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents.Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver,mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse,alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel.Practice3Buteventhesafenessof273Buteventhesafenessofschoolbuseswouldnotcompletelysumupwhychildrenaresaferwhenridingthebig,yellowbus.Thebusisonlyassafeastheprofessionalmenandwomenwhodrivethem.AlldriversmustobtainaClassBorCCommercialDriver’sLicense(CDL).Theyarerandomlytestedforalcoholanddrugs,usuallyhavetheirdrivingrecordchecked,andaregiventhesamereviewforcriminalhistoryasteachersandotheremployeeswhohavecontactwithstudents.Inordertoserveasaschoolbusdriver,mostapplicantsarerequiredtosuccessfullycompleteatrainingcourse,alongwithinstructionintheclassroomandbehindthewheel.Practice3Buteventhesafenessof28Schoolbusdrivers*obtainCDL*testedforalcoholanddrug*reviewforcriminalhistorycomplete

atrainingcoursearereliablepassstrictqualificationtestsPara.3Tip3：当段落只有supportingdetails,需要提炼概括要点Schoolbusdrivers*obtainCDL294Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment,notonlybecauseeachbusreplaces36passengercarsthatwould,butforthebuses,beontheroadtakingandpickingupschoolchildren.Additionally,schoolbusesusealternativegreenfuellikenaturalgases,andelectricpower.4Schoolbusesaresafefort305ToddMonteferrario,PresidentoftheNationalSchoolTransportationAssociation,saidparentsshouldrememberthatthesafestandsmartestchoiceistoputtheirchildrenonthebigyellowbuswhentheycan.5ToddMonteferrario,Preside31SchoolbusisthesafestwayoftransportingkidsSchoolbusaresafestSchoolbusdriversaremostreliableSchoolbusaresafefortheenvironmentmeethighersafetystandardnewtechnologiespassvariousstricttestscompleteatrainingcoursereplacepassengercarsusegreenfuelsSafestandwisestchoice:PutkidsonschoolbusesAuthor’spointreasonsconclusionStoparmcamerasGPStrackingcollisionlesseningsystemsseatingvideocameras*obtainCDL*testedforalcoholanddrug*reviewforcriminalhistory2.DrawmindmapTip4:绘制思维导图，确保要点完整，层次清晰Schoolbusisthesafestwayo323.ParaphraseAlthoughalotofpeoplewerestronglyagainstit,threemorenuclearpowerstationswerebuilt.Besides,onehastoconsiderwhoheisspendingtheholidaywith.Anotherthreenuclearpowerstationswerebuiltdespitethestrongopposition.Anotherconsiderationisthecompanion变换方式：句子短语单词变换方式：句子名词1.同义词、短语替换2.句式转换3.词性转换4.主被动语态转换……3.ParaphraseAlthoughalotof33AprivateAmericanorganizationcallPAIhasjustconductedastudyandsaysmorethan335millionpeople,whomostlyliveinpoorareas,donothaveenoughwaterfordailylifeandwork.Astudyshowsthatmorethan335millionpeople,livingmainlyinpoorregions,aresufferingfromwatershortage.变换方式：句子非谓语结构Tip5:改写原则长变短:复合句/并列句--简单句句子----短语/单词多变少：详细具体的表达----概括笼统的表达AprivateAmericanorganizatio34EachparagraphThewholepassage列举first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),next,then,finally(eventually);foronething,foranother…让步anyway,anyhow,although,thoughdespite,inspiteof,增补also,what’smore,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,aboveall…对比instead,onthecontrary,bycontrast,ontheotherhand结果so,hence,thus,therefore,consequently,asaresult,inconsequence…原因because,for,forthisreason,that’swhy,thereasonisthat…解释namely,inotherwords,thatistosay,orrather,总结Thus,therefore,tosumup,toconclude,inconclusion…举例forexample,forinstance替代alternativelyTip6：概写中有两个层次的逻辑4.ConnectEachparagraphThewholepassag35因果SchoolbusisthesafestwayoftransportingkidsSchoolbusaresafestSchoolbusdriversarereliableSchoolbusaresafefortheenvironmentmeethighersafetystandardnewtechnologiespassvariousstricttestscompleteatrainingcoursereplacepassengercarsusegreenfuelsSafestandwisestchoice:PutkidsonschoolbusesAuthor’spointreasonsconclusionStoparmcamerasGPStrackingcollisionlesseningsystemsseatingvideocameras*obtainCDL*testedforalcoholanddrug*reviewforcriminalhistoryWriteyoursummary并列并列并列因果总结列举因果Schoolbusisthesafestway36Checklistofsummarywriting1.Doesyoursummarycoverallthekeyinformationofthepassageasawhole?2.Doesyousummaryhaveaccurategrammarandvocabulary?3.Isthereanylinkingword

tomakeyoursummarycoherent(连贯的)?4.Isyoursummarypresentedinyourownwords?Checklistofsummarywriting1.37PossibleVersionTheschoolbusisthesafestchoicetoschoolintheUS.(要点1)Theynotonlymeethighestvehiclesafetystandardsbutalsoaretechnologicallyequipped.(要点2)Besides,thebusdriversarereliable,whohavetopassstrictqualificationtestssuchas

criminalhistoryreviewandfinishsafetydrivingtrainings.(要点3)Moreover,schoolbuses,poweredbygreenfuels,areenvironmentallysafebyreducingthenumberofprivatecarshittingtheroads.(要点4)Therefore,childrenareencouragedtogotoschoolbyschoolbus.(要点5)PossibleVersion38Tips2：各段落要点要包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息1：主题句必须概括全文或整段3：当段落只有supportingdetails,需要提炼概括要点4:绘制思维导图，确保要点完整，层次清晰5:改写：长变短，多变少6：概写中有两个层次的逻辑:要点间、要点与支撑信息间ReadParaphraseConnectMindmap步步为营，步步为“赢”Tips2：各段落要点要包括所有主要信息和部分次要信息1：主39Hewholaughslastlaughsbest!8th,MayHewholaughslastlaughsbest40【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略41【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略42【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略43【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略【核心素养】

2019-2020年新高考备考策略44THANKS!概写之路,步步为营THANKS!概写之路,步步为营45概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；3.上下文的连贯性；4.对各要点表达的独立性情况。

40-80概写题型&评分参考概要写作（满分25分）1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；461Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedabout

attitudestodirt.

2

Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedical

opinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardanger

wasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.So

didthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirt

inafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakena

bath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.

3Thoughthebeliefinthemerit(好处)ofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighbor

eversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshave

movedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea;clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?

4Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,an

Americanimmunologist(免疫学家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmune

system.Andthelatter（后者）positionisgainingsomeground.考纲样题1Gettingridofdirt,in47Onthecontrary,Yet,Thus,However,1.Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.2.Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.3.Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor4.Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.thekingofFranceandEnglandHenryIV,kingofFranceCleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Itseemedthestandardofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondscience.First-timeparentswarnchildrenofftouchingdirt.Scientistsencouragechildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupimmunesystem.Author’spointNowadaysEversincethe18thcenturyIntheearly16thcenturySupportingdetailsThusbeganalongtime…SinceWorldWarII样题要点结构(mindmap)Onthecontrary,Yet,Thus,Howev48(1)Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.(2)Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.

(3)Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor.(4)Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1).Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)(1)Thereisnothingfixedabou491.Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1)表述变化（句式，词汇）范围变化要点呈现1.Thereisnothingfixedabout50Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)时间变化（概括）范围变化（概括）举例变化（筛选）表述变化（近义）要点呈现2.Peoplebelieveddirtwasameanstoblockoutdisease.thekingofFranceandEnglandIntheearly16thcenturyThusbeganalongtime…HenryIV,kingofFranceThus,Foralongtimeinhistory,pe51However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)时间变化（同义）表述变化（近义）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现3.Dirtwasnolongerregardedasaniceneighbor.Eversincethe18thcenturyCleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.SinceWorldWarIIItseemedthestandardofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondscience.Yet,However,peoplebegantochang52However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)时间变化（略去）表述变化（词性）要点变化（忽略？）要点呈现4.Attitudestodirtdifferhugely.NowadaysFirst-timeparentswarnchildrenofftouchingdirt.Scientistsencouragechildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupimmunesystem.Onthecontrary,However,somescientistsbelie53Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.(要点1).Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleofsomeEuropeancountries,suchasFrance,believedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.(要点2)However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestodirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.(要点3)However,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.(要点4)词汇衔接逻辑衔接有效衔接Peoplehavemixedopinionstow54HowtoWriteaGoodSummary?connectthekeypointswithproperwords;1.Read3.Paraphrase4.Connect

readtwoorthreetimesfortopicsentences&supportingdetailsdrawamindmap

rewritethekeyinformationinyourownwords.2.MindmapHowtoWriteaGoodSummary?co55Manythingsmaymakeyouangry.Youmaygetangrywhensomethingdoesn’tgoyourway.Maybeyougetmadatyourselfwhenyoudon’tunderstandyouhomeworkorwhenyourteamlosesanimportantgame.Maybeyourteachergaveyoutoomuchhomework.Ormaybeafriendwillborrowedyourfavoritevideogameandthenbrokeit.Thatmadeyouangry.Example11.ReadfortopicsentenceManythingsmaymakeyou56Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.Example21.ReadfortopicsentenceOftennoonelooksmore57WhatisStandardEnglish?IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand?Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasStandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisStandardEnglish.Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.Example31.ReadfortopicsentenceWhatisStandardEnglish?58SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime?Actuallyalllanguagechangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150,EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokefirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.

Sobythe1660’s,Shakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620,someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Laterinthe18thcentury,someBritishpeopleweretakentoAustralia,too.