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DisasterHealthManagement:
RoleofNGOsinDisastersDrPeterA.LeggatMD,PhD,DrPH,FAFPHM,FACTM,FACRRMAssociateProfessorandDeputyDirectorAntonBreinlCentreforPublicHealthandTropicalMedicineJamesCookUniversityTownsville,Australia1DisasterHealthManagement:
RoAbouttheauthorDrPeterLeggatisco-ordinatorofthepostgraduatecourseindisasterandrefugeehealthatJamesCookUniversityinAustralia.HehasalsoservedontheWorldSafetyOrganization(WSO)BoardofDirectorsfrom1989-2019andfrom2019-Present.HewasDirectorGeneraloftheWSOfrom2019-2019.Heiscurrentlyassistingwiththeirterrorismandcounter-disasterinitiative.DrLeggatundertookhisstudiesindisasterhealthaspartofhispostgraduatestudiesinaeromedicalevacuationattheUniversityofOtago,NewZealandAbouttheauthorDrPeterLeggaInthissession,wewillRevisitthepotpourriofNGOsdefinitionsandacronymsExaminesomeofthecorevaluesofNGOsandhowNGOsoperateGainsomeinsightintonewdirectionsinaccountabilityofNGOsExaminethecivil-militaryrelationshipAppreciatehowNGOsmayfitintothedisasterhealthmanagementequationInthissession,wewillRevisiWhatarenon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)?Inthecurrentcontext:Acivicorpublicadvocacyorganisation,whichgenerates,transfers,oradministershumanitarianandotheraid(development/relief)Generally,NGO'sareorganisedasnonprofitcorporations(charities)Canbelocalorinternational(INGOs)MayworkwithorindependentofgovernmentGenerally,donotincludeprofessionalassociations,businesses,andfoundationsWhatarenon-governmentalorgaExamplesofNGOsinvolvedindisaster&humanitariancrisisresponseCareMSFOxfamRedCross(notICRC)SavetheChildrenStJohnAmbulanceWorldVisionExamplesofNGOsinvolvedindWhoaretheotherplayersindisasterhealthmanagement?GovernmentNationalState/ProvincialLocalUnitedNationsDonorsHybridorganisationswithowndefinedstatusInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)WhoaretheotherplayersindRelatedAcronymsCBO:Community-BasedOrganizationCSO:CivilSocietyOrganisationDONGO:Donor-OrganisedNon-GovernmentalOrganisationGONGO:Government-OrganizedNon-GovernmentalOrganisationIO:InternationalOrganisationNGDO:Non-GovernmentalDevelopmentOrganisationPDO:PrivateDevelopmentOrganisationPSO:PublicServiceOrganisationPVO:PrivateVoluntaryOrganisationQUANGO:QUasi-AutonomousNon-GovernmentalOrganisationVO:VoluntaryOrganisation
RelatedAcronymsCBO:CommunityEveryNGOisdifferentandisgovernedlargelybytheirownindividualcharterEveryNGOisdifferentandisHowdotheyoperate?NGOsvarygreatlyOrganizationalstructureissimilartobusinessesUsuallynon-rigidhierarchy;significantflexibilityandauthorityatthefieldlevelInternationalNGOsoftenteamupwithlocalNGOsorhaveregionalorlocalbranchesHowdotheyoperate?NGOsvaryCorevaluesNeutralityAidwillnotbeusedtofurtheraparticularpoliticalorreligiousstandpointImpartialityAidisgivenregardlessofrace,creed,ornationalityAidisbasedonneedaloneIndependenceAidagenciesshallnotactasinstrumentsofgovernmentforeignpolicyCorevaluesNeutralityCorevaluesCorevaluesmayimpactonNGO’swillingnesstoworkwithotheragenciesEvenperceptionofvalueviolationwillbeavoidedCorevaluesCorevaluesmayimpWhatdotheydo?OperationalversesAdvocacyGrassroots,long-termprojects,developmentworkWillingtoworkinhighriskareas;notconstrainedbysovereigntyIntheory,emphasisonsustainabilityFullintegrationwithlocalpopulationGoodpositioningfordisasterresponseWhatdotheydo?OperationalveWhatdotheydowell?UsuallyhaveexcellentadvocacyorlobbyingcapacityCanfillgaps-specialisedskills/capacityUsuallymobilisequicklyOftenwellconnectedatlocallevelWhatdotheydowell?UsuallyhWhatdon’ttheydowell?CanduplicateservicesTurfwarscaneruptMaystepoutsidetheirareasofspecialtyOftenovercommit/overextendcapacitiesMaynotbesogoodatsustainabilityWhatdon’ttheydowell?CanduTheextenttowhichanNGOcancontributetoanydisasterreliefoperationisoftendictatedbycontextTheextenttowhichanNGOcanWhatisthecontext?Whatisthesituation?Whoisthere?Whatistheircapacity?Aretheirtensionsbetweenplayers?Howwellaretheyrecognisedthere?Whatframeworksareinplaceontheground?Howrobustorresilientisthecommunity?Arethereplansinplace?Aretherolesclarified?WhatvoicedoestheNGOhave?AretheyrecognisedbyotherNGOs?Howaretheyfunded?Whatisthecontext?WhatisthWhopaysthem?FundingsourcesPrivateDonations(citizens,businessesandfoundations)InternationalOrganizations(UN)NationalGovernmentsPerceptionsareimportantImportanceofpublicrelationsandtheMediaWhopaysthem?FundingsourcesWhereinternationalassistancerequiredindisastersDonorsalsorelyonNGOs,becauseoftheiraccesstothepopulationsinneedAndagain,theiraccessisdependentontheirneutralityNGOs,asimplementingpartnersofdonororganisations,arethelegsonwhichdisasterresponsestandsWhereinternationalassistanceAccountabilityHowdoweknowthatNGOsaredoingtherightthing?WhomonitorsNGOs?AccountabilityHowdoweknowtWhomonitorsNGOs?
LittleExternalMonitoringSelf-Regulation:NGOStandardsRedCrossCodeofConductInterActionPVOStandardsSphereMinimumStandardsinDisasterResponseWhomonitorsNGOs?LittleExteSpherePLaunchedin2019HumanitarianNGOsandrelatedorganizations,includingRedCrossandRedCrescentmovementsThreeelementsHandbookCollaborationExpressionofcommitmenttoqualityandaccountabilitySphereProjectsphereproject.orSpherePIncludesHumanitarianCharterMinimumstandardsindisasterresponseOneexampleofastandardtoaspireto/bemeasuredagainstSphereProjectsphereproject.orNGOCultureIndependent:needtocooperateDecentralisedauthorityOn-the-jobtraining(changinghowever)Oftendeveloparangeoffieldguidelines,e.g.MSF,RedCrossHopefullydeveloplong-termperspectiveNGOCultureIndependent:needtHowdoNGOscoordinate? AustralianEmbassyteamOtherGovernmentAgenciesUNCoordinationEntities[UNHCR,WFP,UNDP,UNICEF,OCHA,SpecialHumanitarianCoordinator]NGO-OnlyCoordinationBodies/Field-levelcoordinationmeetingsHostGovernmentMinistries/AuthoritiesCivil-MilitaryCooperationorOperationCentresHowdoNGOscoordinate? AustrMilitaryUN/IOsReligionBusinessHostCountriesGovernmentNGOsZoneofCollaboration/CoordinationMilitaryUN/IOsReligionBusinessCivil-militarycooperationMostdisastersandhumanitarianemergenciesdoNOTinvolvethemilitaryTheneedforcivil-militarycooperationmaybetheexceptionratherthantheruleHoweverthelogisticsupportprovidedbylargerNGOsorthemilitaryinsupportofsmallerNGOscanbeinvaluableCivil-militarycooperationMostCivil-MilitaryCo-operation
ServicestypicallyrequestedbyNGOsSecurityServicesLandmineLocationsSecurityBriefingsConvoySupportGuidanceonLocalSecurityTechnicalAssistanceAccesstoRemoteAreas,Ports,andAirfieldsCivil-MilitaryCo-operation
SeHoweffectiveareNGOs?Whathavetheychosentodo?WhatistheirmandateDotheyaddvalue?Whatwilltheotherplayersallowthemtodo?Howdoyoumeasurethese?Aretheyaccountable?HoweffectiveareNGOs?WhathaThecapacityofanNGOtocontributetodisasterresponsedependsontheirownabilitytoDefinetheirrolewithinthebroadcontextofdisasterhealthmanagement,Effectivelycommunicatethatrole(areotherplayersaware?),andEnsurethattheyaddvalueThecapacityofanNGOtocontDisasterHealthManagement:
RoleofNGOsinDisastersDrPeterA.LeggatMD,PhD,DrPH,FAFPHM,FACTM,FACRRMAssociateProfessorandDeputyDirectorAntonBreinlCentreforPublicHealthandTropicalMedicineJamesCookUniversityTownsville,Australia30DisasterHealthManagement:
RoAbouttheauthorDrPeterLeggatisco-ordinatorofthepostgraduatecourseindisasterandrefugeehealthatJamesCookUniversityinAustralia.HehasalsoservedontheWorldSafetyOrganization(WSO)BoardofDirectorsfrom1989-2019andfrom2019-Present.HewasDirectorGeneraloftheWSOfrom2019-2019.Heiscurrentlyassistingwiththeirterrorismandcounter-disasterinitiative.DrLeggatundertookhisstudiesindisasterhealthaspartofhispostgraduatestudiesinaeromedicalevacuationattheUniversityofOtago,NewZealandAbouttheauthorDrPeterLeggaInthissession,wewillRevisitthepotpourriofNGOsdefinitionsandacronymsExaminesomeofthecorevaluesofNGOsandhowNGOsoperateGainsomeinsightintonewdirectionsinaccountabilityofNGOsExaminethecivil-militaryrelationshipAppreciatehowNGOsmayfitintothedisasterhealthmanagementequationInthissession,wewillRevisiWhatarenon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)?Inthecurrentcontext:Acivicorpublicadvocacyorganisation,whichgenerates,transfers,oradministershumanitarianandotheraid(development/relief)Generally,NGO'sareorganisedasnonprofitcorporations(charities)Canbelocalorinternational(INGOs)MayworkwithorindependentofgovernmentGenerally,donotincludeprofessionalassociations,businesses,andfoundationsWhatarenon-governmentalorgaExamplesofNGOsinvolvedindisaster&humanitariancrisisresponseCareMSFOxfamRedCross(notICRC)SavetheChildrenStJohnAmbulanceWorldVisionExamplesofNGOsinvolvedindWhoaretheotherplayersindisasterhealthmanagement?GovernmentNationalState/ProvincialLocalUnitedNationsDonorsHybridorganisationswithowndefinedstatusInternationalCommitteeoftheRedCross(ICRC)WhoaretheotherplayersindRelatedAcronymsCBO:Community-BasedOrganizationCSO:CivilSocietyOrganisationDONGO:Donor-OrganisedNon-GovernmentalOrganisationGONGO:Government-OrganizedNon-GovernmentalOrganisationIO:InternationalOrganisationNGDO:Non-GovernmentalDevelopmentOrganisationPDO:PrivateDevelopmentOrganisationPSO:PublicServiceOrganisationPVO:PrivateVoluntaryOrganisationQUANGO:QUasi-AutonomousNon-GovernmentalOrganisationVO:VoluntaryOrganisation
RelatedAcronymsCBO:CommunityEveryNGOisdifferentandisgovernedlargelybytheirownindividualcharterEveryNGOisdifferentandisHowdotheyoperate?NGOsvarygreatlyOrganizationalstructureissimilartobusinessesUsuallynon-rigidhierarchy;significantflexibilityandauthorityatthefieldlevelInternationalNGOsoftenteamupwithlocalNGOsorhaveregionalorlocalbranchesHowdotheyoperate?NGOsvaryCorevaluesNeutralityAidwillnotbeusedtofurtheraparticularpoliticalorreligiousstandpointImpartialityAidisgivenregardlessofrace,creed,ornationalityAidisbasedonneedaloneIndependenceAidagenciesshallnotactasinstrumentsofgovernmentforeignpolicyCorevaluesNeutralityCorevaluesCorevaluesmayimpactonNGO’swillingnesstoworkwithotheragenciesEvenperceptionofvalueviolationwillbeavoidedCorevaluesCorevaluesmayimpWhatdotheydo?OperationalversesAdvocacyGrassroots,long-termprojects,developmentworkWillingtoworkinhighriskareas;notconstrainedbysovereigntyIntheory,emphasisonsustainabilityFullintegrationwithlocalpopulationGoodpositioningfordisasterresponseWhatdotheydo?OperationalveWhatdotheydowell?UsuallyhaveexcellentadvocacyorlobbyingcapacityCanfillgaps-specialisedskills/capacityUsuallymobilisequicklyOftenwellconnectedatlocallevelWhatdotheydowell?UsuallyhWhatdon’ttheydowell?CanduplicateservicesTurfwarscaneruptMaystepoutsidetheirareasofspecialtyOftenovercommit/overextendcapacitiesMaynotbesogoodatsustainabilityWhatdon’ttheydowell?CanduTheextenttowhichanNGOcancontributetoanydisasterreliefoperationisoftendictatedbycontextTheextenttowhichanNGOcanWhatisthecontext?Whatisthesituation?Whoisthere?Whatistheircapacity?Aretheirtensionsbetweenplayers?Howwellaretheyrecognisedthere?Whatframeworksareinplaceontheground?Howrobustorresilientisthecommunity?Arethereplansinplace?Aretherolesclarified?WhatvoicedoestheNGOhave?AretheyrecognisedbyotherNGOs?Howaretheyfunded?Whatisthecontext?WhatisthWhopaysthem?FundingsourcesPrivateDonations(citizens,businessesandfoundations)InternationalOrganizations(UN)NationalGovernmentsPerceptionsareimportantImportanceofpublicrelationsandtheMediaWhopaysthem?FundingsourcesWhereinternationalassistancerequiredindisastersDonorsalsorelyonNGOs,becauseoftheiraccesstothepopulationsinneedAndagain,theiraccessisdependentontheirneutralityNGOs,asimplementingpartnersofdonororganisations,arethelegsonwhichdisasterresponsestandsWhereinternationalassistanceAccountabilityHowdoweknowthatNGOsaredoingtherightthing?WhomonitorsNGOs?AccountabilityHowdoweknowtWhomonitorsNGOs?
LittleExternalMonitoringSelf-Regulation:NGOStandardsRedCrossCodeofConductInterActionPVOStandardsSphereMinimumStandardsinDisasterResponseWhomonitorsNGOs?LittleExteSpherePLaunchedin2019HumanitarianNGOsandrelatedorganizations,includingRedCrossandRedCrescentmovementsThreeelementsHandbookCollaborationExpressionofcommitmenttoqualityandaccountabilitySphereProjectsphereproject.orSpherePIncludesHumanitarianCharterMinimumstandardsindisasterresponseOneexampleofastandardtoaspireto/bemeasuredagainstSphereProjectsphereproject.orNGOCultureIndependent:needtocooperateDecentralisedauthorityOn-the-jobtraining(changinghowever)Oftendeveloparangeoffieldguidelines,e.g.MSF,RedCrossHopefullydeveloplong-termperspectiveNGOCultureIndependent:needtHow
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