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CELLSStructureandFunctionCell=smallestunitoflifeCELLSStructureandFunction1FeaturesoftheHumanCell
ActinfilamentsNuclearEnvelopeCytoplasmIntermediatefilamentsMicrotubulesVesicleChromatinCentriolesCentrosomeLysosomeGolgiapparatusPolyribosomeMitochondrionRibosomesSmoothERRoughERNucleolusNucleusCytoskeletonEndoplasmic
ReticulumFeaturesoftheHumanCellAct2OrganizationoftheCellPlasmaMembrane
boundarysurroundingthecellGeneticmaterial:DNAlocatedinamembrane-boundnucleus
foreukaryoticcellsCytoplasmSemi-fluidmatrixcontainingenzymes
andorganelles
(enzyme=biologicalcatalyst)Cytoskeletonnetworkoffilamentsandtubulesincytoplasmthatmaintainscellshape,allowsmovementOrganizationoftheCellPlasm3FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)PlasmaMembrane1.Regulatespassageofmaterialsintoandoutofcell2.Cell-CellRecognitionFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt4FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)NucleusCarrierofgeneticmaterialDNA+protein=chromatin2.Governscellactivities3.DirectscellreproductionSurroundedbyMembrane=nuclearenvelopeContainsnucleolus—producesribosomesFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt5FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)RibosomesSiteofproteinsynthesisCanbefreeincytoplasmorattachedtomembranesFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt6FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)RoughEndoplasmicReticulum(RER)ProducesproteinsPreparesproteinsforexportSmoothEndoplasmicReticulum(SER)LipidSynthesisDrugdetoxificationTransportofproteinsfromRERRERSERFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt7FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunction(s)GolgiApparatusCollects,modifies,packagesanddistributesproteinsandlipidsfromERFunctionsofCellFeaturesStr8FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)LysosomeContainsdigestiveenzymestodigestfoodinprotistsordestroyagingorganellesFunctionsofCellFeaturesStr9EndomembraneSystemRough
Endoplasmic
ReticulumSmooth
Endoplasmic
ReticulumVesicleGolgi
ApparatusVesicleLysosomeVesiclePlasmaMembraneEndomembraneSystemRough
Endo10FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunctionPeroxisomeRemovesharmfuloxidantsfromcellsFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt11FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunctionMitochondrionCapturesenergyfromorganicmolecules,producingATPFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt12Functionsof
CellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)CytoskeletonMaintainscellshapeAnchorsorganellesandproteinsAllowsfororganellemovement
andcellularmovementinsomecelltypesFunctionsof
CellFeaturesS13FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunctionCentrioleGivesrisetobasalbodiesthatproduceciliaorflagellaFunctionsofCellFeaturesStru14FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunctionCentrosomeOrganizesmicrotubulesthatattachtochromosomesinnucleardivisionFunctionsofCellFeaturesStru15FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)CiliaandFlagellaMovesubstancesacrosscellsurfaceinlungs,fallopiantubes
CellmovementinspermFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt16ConnectionsBetweenCells
TightJunction:joiningofproteins
createsimpermeablebarrierGapJunction:adjacentchannels
allowcommunicationAdhesionJunction:filamentsofcytoskeletonconnectcells,allowstretchConnectionsBetweenCellsTigh17FunctionsofPlasmaMembraneComponentsOutsideInsideplasmamembraneproteinsfilamentsofcytoskeletoncholesterolcarbohydratechainhydrophobictailsphopspholipidbilayerhydrophilicheadsRegulatesfluidityTransport,signalreception,recognitionCell-cellrecognitionControls
accessFunctionsofPlasmaMembraneC18Diffusion:MovementfromfromhighlowconcentrationtoreachequaldistributionmacromoleculeH2Oaquaporinproteinchargedmoleculesandionsunchargedmoleculesphospholipidmolecule+--+Freelydiffusethrough
phospholipidbilayerDiffusesthroughpores
inmembraneproteinsDiffusion:Movementfromfrom19Osmosis:DiffusionofWaterAcrossaSelectivelyPermeableMembraneIsotonicsolution
maintainscell
shapeCellsgainwaterina
Hypotonic(lowersalt)
solutionCellslosewaterina
Hypertonic(highersalt)solutionMembraneispermeabletowateronly,netmovementofwatertoinsideEqualmovementintoandoutofcellwhenequilibriumisreachedOsmosis:DiffusionofWaterAc20FacilitatedTransport:
UseofCarrierstoAssistwithDiffusionOutsideK+Na+Na+Insideglucosecarrier
proteinFacilitatedTransport:
Useof21ActiveTransportwithProteinCarrier:RequiresenergytotransportfromlowhighconcentrationInsideOutsideK+K+K+K+K+PNa+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+ATPADPActiveTransportwithProtein22TransportingLargeSubstancesEndocytosisExocytosisvesiclevesicleFormationofavesiclefromtheplasmamembranetotakeinlargesubstancesFusionofavesiclewiththeplasmamembranetoreleaselargesubstancesTransportingLargeSubstancesE23SummaryofTransportMechanismsPassive:DonotrequireenergyinputDiffusionOsmosisFacilitatedTransportActive:RequireenergyinputActiveTransportEndocytosisExocytosisSummaryofTransportMechanism24CellularRespiration:
ProducingATPfromGlucoseGlycolysisglucoseglucosemitochondrionoxygenpyruvate2322ATPInsidecellOutsidecellelectronstransferredbyNADHelectronstransferredbyNADHCitricacidcycleElectronTransportchainATPATPRequiresOxygenEnergyYieldfromGlucoseCellularRespiration:
Produci25WithoutOxygen,FermentationOccurswhenoxygenis
availablecytoplasmNeededtocontinueglucosebreakdownforenergyTrainingreduces
FermentationElectroncarrierproducedinglycolysislactatefermentationNAD+fermentationWithoutOxygen,FermentationO26Enzymes:BiologicalCatalystsThatSpeeduptheRatesofMetabolicReactionsSubstrateSubstrateEnzymeActive
Site1 Substratesenteractivesite2 ShapechangepromotesreactionProductreleased;
enzymereadyagainEnzymes:BiologicalCatalysts27CELLSStructureandFunctionCell=smallestunitoflifeCELLSStructureandFunction28FeaturesoftheHumanCell
ActinfilamentsNuclearEnvelopeCytoplasmIntermediatefilamentsMicrotubulesVesicleChromatinCentriolesCentrosomeLysosomeGolgiapparatusPolyribosomeMitochondrionRibosomesSmoothERRoughERNucleolusNucleusCytoskeletonEndoplasmic
ReticulumFeaturesoftheHumanCellAct29OrganizationoftheCellPlasmaMembrane
boundarysurroundingthecellGeneticmaterial:DNAlocatedinamembrane-boundnucleus
foreukaryoticcellsCytoplasmSemi-fluidmatrixcontainingenzymes
andorganelles
(enzyme=biologicalcatalyst)Cytoskeletonnetworkoffilamentsandtubulesincytoplasmthatmaintainscellshape,allowsmovementOrganizationoftheCellPlasm30FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)PlasmaMembrane1.Regulatespassageofmaterialsintoandoutofcell2.Cell-CellRecognitionFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt31FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)NucleusCarrierofgeneticmaterialDNA+protein=chromatin2.Governscellactivities3.DirectscellreproductionSurroundedbyMembrane=nuclearenvelopeContainsnucleolus—producesribosomesFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt32FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)RibosomesSiteofproteinsynthesisCanbefreeincytoplasmorattachedtomembranesFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt33FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)RoughEndoplasmicReticulum(RER)ProducesproteinsPreparesproteinsforexportSmoothEndoplasmicReticulum(SER)LipidSynthesisDrugdetoxificationTransportofproteinsfromRERRERSERFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt34FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunction(s)GolgiApparatusCollects,modifies,packagesanddistributesproteinsandlipidsfromERFunctionsofCellFeaturesStr35FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)LysosomeContainsdigestiveenzymestodigestfoodinprotistsordestroyagingorganellesFunctionsofCellFeaturesStr36EndomembraneSystemRough
Endoplasmic
ReticulumSmooth
Endoplasmic
ReticulumVesicleGolgi
ApparatusVesicleLysosomeVesiclePlasmaMembraneEndomembraneSystemRough
Endo37FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunctionPeroxisomeRemovesharmfuloxidantsfromcellsFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt38FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunctionMitochondrionCapturesenergyfromorganicmolecules,producingATPFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt39Functionsof
CellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)CytoskeletonMaintainscellshapeAnchorsorganellesandproteinsAllowsfororganellemovement
andcellularmovementinsomecelltypesFunctionsof
CellFeaturesS40FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunctionCentrioleGivesrisetobasalbodiesthatproduceciliaorflagellaFunctionsofCellFeaturesStru41FunctionsofCellFeaturesStructureFunctionCentrosomeOrganizesmicrotubulesthatattachtochromosomesinnucleardivisionFunctionsofCellFeaturesStru42FunctionsofCellFeatures
StructureFunction(s)CiliaandFlagellaMovesubstancesacrosscellsurfaceinlungs,fallopiantubes
CellmovementinspermFunctionsofCellFeaturesSt43ConnectionsBetweenCells
TightJunction:joiningofproteins
createsimpermeablebarrierGapJunction:adjacentchannels
allowcommunicationAdhesionJunction:filamentsofcytoskeletonconnectcells,allowstretchConnectionsBetweenCellsTigh44FunctionsofPlasmaMembraneComponentsOutsideInsideplasmamembraneproteinsfilamentsofcytoskeletoncholesterolcarbohydratechainhydrophobictailsphopspholipidbilayerhydrophilicheadsRegulatesfluidityTransport,signalreception,recognitionCell-cellrecognitionControls
accessFunctionsofPlasmaMembraneC45Diffusion:MovementfromfromhighlowconcentrationtoreachequaldistributionmacromoleculeH2Oaquaporinproteinchargedmoleculesandionsunchargedmoleculesphospholipidmolecule+--+Freelydiffusethrough
phospholipidbilayerDiffusesthroughpores
inmembraneproteinsDiffusion:Movementfromfrom46Osmosis:DiffusionofWaterAcrossaSelectivelyPermeableMembraneIsotonicsolution
maintainscell
shapeCellsgainwaterina
Hypotonic(lowersalt)
solutionCellslosewaterina
Hypertonic(highersalt)solutionMembraneispermeabletowateronly,netmovementofwatertoinsideEqualmovementintoandoutofcellwhenequilibriumisreachedOsmosis:DiffusionofWaterAc47FacilitatedTransport:
UseofCarrierstoAssistwithDiffusionOutsideK+Na+Na+Insideglucosecarrier
proteinFacilitatedTransport:
Useof48ActiveTransportwithProteinCarrier:RequiresenergytotransportfromlowhighconcentrationInsideOutsideK+K+K+K+K+PNa+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+Na+ATPADPActiveTransportwithProtein49TransportingLargeSubstancesEndocytosisExocytosisvesiclev
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