WO架构下之贸易谈判

TradeBargainingundertheWTO:AnExampleofUS-ChinaTrade(WTO架構下之貿易談判)Dr.Pei-ShanKao,AssistantProfessorNationalChiaoTungUniversityCentreforGeneralEducationUnit6

I.Introduction

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange

III.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictions

IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegime

V.Conclusion

Question1:DidtheWTOpromoteUS-ChinatradebargainingsinceChina’sentryin2001?Question2:HavetheirtradefrictionsbeenresolvedundertheWTOregime?Question3:CanthemechanismoftheWTOfacilitateeffectivelyUS-Chinatradebargaininghenceresolvestheirdisputesandpromotestheirrelations?

Question4:HowdidtheWTOchangeandaffectChina’stradebehaviorandChina’srelationswithitstradingpartners?↗Source:http://english.pravda.ru/img/2005/10/wto2.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.US-ChinaTradeRelations:Sincetheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsin1979,theysignedatradeagreementgrantingeachotherthemost-favoured-nation(MFN)status.↓Thetwo-waytradedevelopedandgrewrapidly.↓Manytradedisputesandfrictionsoccurred.↓Americanswereunsatisfiedwithmanyproblems:e.g.China’sarbitraryadministrativeinterferenceanddiscriminatoryregulatoryprocesses,tradebarriers,andunfairandnon-transparenttradepracticeswereprevalent.↓∴TheU.S.AwelcomedChina’sentryintotheWTOAmericans’andWesternCountries’ExpectationsofChina’saccessiontotheWTO*OpeningtheChinesemarkettobringhugecommercialbenefitstothem.*ReducingChinesetradebarriersingoods,servicesandagriculturalproducts.*ReducingChina’srestrictionsonimportsanddistribution.*TodecreasetheirtradedeficitwithChina.*ToensurethetransparencyofChina’stradepolicyandestablishafairandstabletradingenvironment.*ToobligeChinatobehaveaccordingtothewestern-stylerulesoflawandtoexpanditsOpenDoorpolicy.

II.US-ChinaTradeContactsandExchange*AccordingtotheUS-ChinaBusinessCouncil,thebilateraltradeincreasedfrom$85.5billionin1998to$386.7billionin2007;itgrew4.5times.Figure1AnnualGrowthRateofUS-ChinaBilateralTrade1998-2008*Chinanowisworld’sthird-largesteconomyaftertheUnitedStatesandJapan.*Chinaisalsonowworld’sthird-largesttradingnation,followingtheUSAandGermany.*China-UStwo-waytradeaccountedfor17.7%ofChina’stotaltradeamount.*TheUnitedStatesnowisChina’slargesttradingpartner.ItisalsoChina’slargestexportmarket,anditsfourth-largestimportsupplier.*ChinaisAmerica’sthird-largestexportmarketanditisalsoAmerica’sfastestgrowingexportmarket.*ChinahaspassedCanada,becomesAmerica’sbiggestimportsupplier.↗Sourceofthephotos:

/power-generation.php;.sg/baby-products/baby-toys/soft-toys-plush-toy-TOY004-0.jpg;/1220/1145199436_c9e7505313.jpg;http://www.home-office-design.co.uk/acatalog/office_furniture_BOOKCASES.jpg,“consultedinMarch2009”.

Chinahasgraduallyshifteditsexportstructurefromlabour-intensiveproductssuchastextiles;shoes;andtoystocapital-intensivegoods.

US-Chinatradereachedaparticularlyhighlevelofgrowth:theyearsafter1979,whentheyestablishedformaldiplomaticrelationsinthepost-ColdWarera.TotalUS-Chinabilateraltradeincreasedfrom$17.8billionin1989toover$409billionin2008

ChinahasbecometheUSA’slargestdeficittradingpartner,ChinahadatradesurpluswiththeUnitedStatesof$266.3billionin2008.

TradeDisputesandConflictsAppeared

QuarrelsbeforeChinajoinedtheWTO:China’sMFNstatus,Chineseexchangerate,IPRIII.BilateralTradeDisputesandFrictionsAfterChinajoinedtheWTO:DisputessenttotheDSBAdisputeariseswhenonememberbelievesanotherisviolatinganagreementoracommitment▼AppealtotheDSBtoresolvethedispute▼TheDSBwillestablish“DisputePanels”toconsiderthecase(Thepanelswillmakerecommendation)▼The““AppellateBody”canamendthepanels’recommendationDisputessettled““outofcourt”,orremaininaprolongedconsultationphaseTable3.US-ChinaTradeDisputesBroughttoWTOComplaintRespondentChinaChinaChinaUSAUSAUSAsteelsafeguards(DS252)anti-dumpingdutyoncoatedfreesheetpaper(DS368)anti-dumpingduties

(DS379)ChinapreferentialVATforIC(DS309)autoparts(DS340)ComplaintRespondentUSAUSAUSAUSAUSAChinaTaxrefunds(DS358)IPR(DS362)Publicationandaudiovisualservices(DS363)financialservices(DS373)grants,loans(DS387)IV.AnalysisonUS-ChinaTradeBargainingundertheWTORegimeSavetheconsultationandbargainingtime:e.g.OnthecasesofChina’spreferentialVATratefordomesticallyproducedICs(DS309);themeasuresChinaimposedonforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicessuppliers(DS373)wereresolved“out-of-court”within4monthsevenwithoutestablishingapanelasChinaagreedtoamendthemeasures.2.Disputesresolvedwithoutexchangingconditionsasbefore:e.g.(before)MFNlinkedwithhumanrightsissues(after)Tradeissuesdonotneedtobe““politicised”3.Toensuretherealisationofstates’’commitment:∵WTOisalong-termanditerativegame,“theshadowofthefuture””canbelengthened;therewillbenocommitmentproblems.e.g.onthecaseofUSsteelsafeguardmeasures(DS252),althoughAmericawasunsatisfiedwiththepanelreport,andappealedtotheAppellateBody,iteventuallyacceptedthedecisionoftheDSBandpromisedtoterminatealloftherelativesafeguardmeasures.∵thegameisrepeated,ifChinaandtheUnitedStateswanttoplayit,theywilleventuallychoosetocooperate.4.TradePolicyReviewsMechanism(TPRM):WTOhelpstomonitorandsupervisestates’’behaviourandtradepractices:e.g.PressreleasedbytheWTO(June2008):TheUnitedStateshastakenfurtherstepstoliberaliseitstraderegimesinceitspreviousreviewin2006.5.Toprovideinformationaboutothers’preferencesandintentions;decreasestates’’uncertaintyandfearsforcooperatingwithothers:e.g.Onthecaseofrestrictingforeignfinancialinformationservicesandservicesuppliers(DS373),ChinareleasedinformationbytheWTOexpressingitswilltorevisethemeasuresandreachedanagreementwiththeUnitedStates.Conclusion-SinceChinajoinedtheWTO,althoughtheWTOcouldnothelptheUnitedStatestodecreaseitsdeficitswithChina,itdidpromoteUS-Chinatraderelationsbyresolvingtheirtradefrictions.-ManydisputessuchasUSsteelsafeguardmeasures,China’sVATrefundsonICsoritschargesonimportedautomobilepartshavebeenresolvedsuccessfully.-Althoughsomecomplicateddisputesmaytaketimetoberesolved,orChinamayneedtimetoreviseitstradepractices,ahealthiertradeenvironmentinChinacanbeexpectedsinceChina’sentryintoWTO.-Thisthereforehelpstostabliseinternationaltradeenvironment,thatis,theworldneedsChina,andviseversa,particularlyundercurrentglobalfinancialcrisis.-TheregimeofWTOwillnotonlycontinuetoplayacriticalroleinUS-Chinatradebuthelptoresolvetheirtradedisputesandfrictionshencepromotethedevelopmentoftheirrelations.-Inaddition,sinceChinajoinedtheWTO,itstradepracticeshavebeenregulatedandperformedbetterthanbefore.9、静静夜夜四四无无邻邻，，荒荒居居旧旧业业贫贫。。。。12月月-2212月月-22Tuesday,December20,202210、雨雨中中黄黄叶叶树树，，灯灯下下白白头头人人。。。。21:15:1621:15:1621:1512/20/20229:15:16PM11、以以我我独独沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相见见频频。。。。12月月-2221:15:1621:15Dec-2220-Dec-2212、故人江海海别，几度度隔山川。。。21:15:1621:15:1621:15Tuesday,December20,202213、乍见翻疑疑梦，相悲悲各问年。。。12月-2212月-2221:15:1621:15:16December20,202214、他乡生白发发，旧国见青青山。。20十二月月20229:15:17下午21:15:1712月-2215、比不不了得得就不不比，，得不不到的的就不不要。。。。。十二二月月229:15下下午午12月月-2221:15December20,202216、行动出出成果，，工作出出财富。。。2022/12/2021:15:1721:15:1720December202217、做前，，能够环环视四周周；做时时，你只只能或者者最好沿沿着以脚脚为起点点的射线线向前。。。9:15:17下午午9:15下午午21:15:1712月-229、没有失失败，只只有暂时时停止成成功！。。12月-2212月-22Tuesday,December20,202210、很多事事情努力力了未必必有结果果，但是是不努力力却什么么改变也也没有。。。21:15:1721:15:1721:1512/20/20229:15:17PM11、成功就就是日复复一日那那一点点点小小努努力的积积累。。。12月-2221:15:1721:15Dec-2220-Dec-2212、世间成成事，不不求其绝绝对圆满满，留一一份不足足，可得得无限完完美。。。21:15:1721:15:1721:15Tuesday,December20,202213、不知知香积积寺，，数里里入云云峰。。。12月月-2212月月-2221:15:1721:15:17December20,202214、意志坚强的的人能把世界界放在手中像像泥块一样任任意揉捏。20十二月月20229:15:17下午21:15:1712月-2215、楚塞三湘接接，荆门九派派通。。。十二月229:15下下午12月-2221:15December20,202216、少年十五二二十时，步行行夺得胡马骑骑。。2022/12/2021:15:1721:15:1720December202217、空山山新雨雨后，，天气气晚来来秋。。。9:15:17下下午9:15下下午午21:15:1712月月-229、杨杨柳柳散散和和风风，，青青山山澹澹吾吾虑虑。。。。12月月-2212月月-22Tuesday,December20,202210、阅阅读读一一切切好好书书如如同同和和过过去去最最杰杰出出的的人人谈谈话话。。21:15:1721:15:1721:1512/20/20229:15:17PM11、越越是是没没有有本本领领的的就就越越加加自自命命不不凡凡。。12月月-2221:15:1721:15Dec-2220-Dec-2212、越是是无能能的人人，越越喜欢欢挑剔剔别人人的错错儿。。21:15:1721:15:1721:15Tuesday,December20,202213、知知人人者者智智，，自自知知者者明明。。胜胜人人者者有有力力，，自自胜胜者者强强。。12月月-2212月月-2221:15:1721:15:17December20,202214、意意志志坚坚强强的的人人能能把把世世界界放放在在手手中中像像泥泥块块一一样样任任意意揉揉捏捏。。20十十二二月月20229:15:17下下午午21:15:1712月月-2215、最具挑战性性的挑战莫过过于提升自我我。。十二月229:15下下午12月-2221:15December20,202216、业余生活要要有意义，不不要越轨。2022/12/2021:15:1721:15:1720December202217、一个人即即使已登上上顶峰，也也仍要自强强不息。9:15:17下下午9:15下下午21:15:1712月-22MOMODAPOWERPOINTLoremipsumdolorsit,eleifendnullaac,fringillapurus.Nullaiaculistemporfelisamet,consecteturadipiscingelit.Fusceidurnablanditutcursus.感谢您的下下载观看专家告诉9、静夜四无邻邻，荒居旧业业贫。。12月-2212月-22Tuesday,December20,202210、雨中黄叶树树，灯下白头头人。。21:15:1721:15:1721:1512/20/20229:15:17PM11、以以我我独独沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相见见频频。。。。12月月-2221:15:1721:15Dec-2220-Dec-2212、故人江海别别，几度隔山山川。。21:15:1721:15:1721:15Tuesday,December20,202213、乍见见翻疑疑梦，，相悲悲各问问年。。。12月月-2212月月-2221:15:1721:15:17December20,202214、他乡乡生白白发，，旧国国见青青山。。。20十十二二月20229:15:17下下午21:15:1712月月-2215、比不了得就就不比，得不不到的就不要要。。。十二月229:15下下午12月-2221:15December20,202216、行动出成成果，工作作出财富。。。202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