英语语言学练习题8

.word可编辑.LinguisticssupplementaryexercisesChapter1IntroductionI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotin专业.专注.word可编辑.isolation,butincontext.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser'skoftherulesofhislanguage.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.专业.专注.word可编辑.Humancapacityforlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasalinguistics.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguisticWhichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.MeaningfulnessModernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stableInmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingspeechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed专业.专注.word可编辑.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.AlloftheaboveAhistoricalstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparativeSaussuretooka(n)viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefromapointofview.A.sociological…psychological B.psychological…sociologicalC.appliecL.pragmatic D.semantic...linguisticAccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemem-bersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.LanguageLanguageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetweenandmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideasLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibilityD.culturaltransmissionThedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough,ratherthanbyinstinct.A.learningB.teachingC.booksD.bothAandBIV.Definethefollowingterms:Linguistics42.Phonology43.Syntax44.Pragmatics45.专业.专注.word可编辑.Psycholinguistics46.Language47.Phonetics48.Morphology49.Semantics50.Sociolinguistics51.AppliedLinguistics52.Arbitrariness53.Productivity 54.Displacement55.Duality56.DesignFeatures57.Competence58.PerformanceLangue60.ParoleV.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommu-nication.Explainitindetail.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethemwithexamples.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?专业.专注

.word可编辑.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?Chapter2PhonologyDecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西 文化传播性culturaltransmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual.语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics.现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinanddesaussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语languageandparole,语言之语言系统专业.专注

.word可编辑.的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语.语法创始人:NoamChomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformanceWhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguagewecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresentwecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore..Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?rmatived.metallingual.Thefunctionofthesentence"Aniceday,isn'tit?"is__ainformativeb.phaticc.directived.performative.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__asaussureb.hallidayc.Chomskyd.thepragueschool.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidaydanomymous第二节语音学phonetics.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成.辅音consonant:thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract..辅音的发音方式专业.专注

.word可编辑.爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglidesArticulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechtheperceptionofsoundsc.thecombinationofsoundsd.theproductionofsoundsThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__a.theplaceofarticulation b.theobstructionfairstreamc.thepositionofthetongue d.theshapeofthelipsWhatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:p,kta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.nasalWhatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasalityWhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalc.approximationd.aspirationThephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__a.voicedstopb.voicelessstopc.voicedfricatived.voicelessfricative专业.专注

.word可编辑.pisdivverentfromkin__a.themannerofarticulationb.theshapeofthelipsc.thevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceofarticualtion8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节音位学phonology.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。.音位phoneme:最小语音单位.音位变体allophones:读音差别.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首.音节syllable,分为节首0nset,节峰peak,节尾coda.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个.最小语音对minimalpairsI.IntroductionWhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.WhatisLinguistics（语言学）Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.专业.专注

.word可编辑.meBasicDistinctions（区分）inLinguisticsSpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple（原则）oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope（范畴）andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.Descriptive小述性）orPrescriptive（说明性）Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Synchronic（共时）andDiachronic（历时）StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Langue（语言）andParolef言语）ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussur嗦绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized实际的）language,orrealizationoflangue.Competencesm力）andPerformance（彳亍为）Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances发声）.4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics语音学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology（音韵学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsof专业.专注

.word可编辑.languages.Morphology（词法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax（句法）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics（语义学）isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics（应用语言学）isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics（历史语言学）isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics人文语言学）usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.1\|0口9仙9351匕5（神经语言学）studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematical加9351七5（数学语言学）studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallinguistics（计算语言学）isanapproachtolinguisticsinwhichmathematicaltechniquesandconceptsareapplied,oftenwiththeaidofacomputer.II.Phonetics（语音学）1.scopeofphoneticsSpeechsoundsmaybestudiedfromdifferentangles,thuswehaveatleastthree专业.专注

.word可编辑.branchesofphonetics:Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）wemayexaminethewayinwhichaspeechsoundisproducedtodiscoverwhichvocalorgansareinvolvedandhowtheycoordinately'调）intheprocess.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）wemaylookintotheimpressionaspeakermakesonthehearerasmediated（调节）bytheear,theauditorynerveG神经）andthebrain.Acousticphonetics声学语音学）westudythephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,astransmitted（传送）betweenmouthandear.ThevocalorgansThevocalorgansmaybeviewedasconsistingofthreeparts,theinitiatoroftheair-stream,（气流发生器官）theproducerofvoice（声音发生器官）andtheresonatingcavities.（声音共振器官）Consonants（辅音）Placesofarticulation（发音部位）:bilabial,（双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal（声门）Mannersofarticulation:plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）Vowels元音）Theclassificationofvowels:theheightoftongueraising（high,mid,low）,thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue（front,central,back）,andthedegreeofliprounding（rounded,unrounded）专业.专注

.word可编辑.III.Phonology（音韵学）phonemes（音素）:a+$节11/20（有区别的）soundinalanguage.Allophones（音位变体）:Thenondistinctivesoundsaremembersofthesamephoneme.Minimalpairs（最小对立体）:wordformswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Freevariation（自由变异）:Iftwosoundsoccurringinthesameenvironment环境）,theydoesnotproduceadifferentwordform,butmerelyadifferentpronunciationofthesameword.Complementarydistribution（补充分类）:Notallthespeechsoundsoccurinthesameenvironment.Whentwosoundsneveroccurinthesameenvironment.6.Suprasegmentalphonology（超音段音位）:thestudyofphonologicalproperties（f生质）ofunitslagerthanthesegment-phoneme.Theyaresyllable#节）,stress,（重音）wordstress,sentencestress.pitch（音调）andintonation（语调）.Morphology（词法）inflection（构形法）:thegrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes.（屈折词缀）Word-formation（构词）:theprocesses（过程）ofwordvariationssignalinglexicalrelationships.（表明词法关系）Theyarecompound（^^）andderivation（派生）.Morpheme（词素）:thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent.Allomorph（同质异象变体）:somemorphemeshaveconsiderablevariation,for专业.专注

.word可编辑.instance,alternateshapesorphoneticforms.Typesofmorphemes:Theyareroots,词根）affix（词缀）andstem（词干）.Lexicon（语言词汇）:initsmostgeneralsense,issynonymouswithvocabulary.Closed-classwords（封闭性）andopen-classwords（开放性）:theformerwhosemembershipisfixedorlimitedandthelatterwhosemembershipisinprincip圃际上）indefiniteorunlimited.Wordclass（词'性）:Itdisplaysawiderrangeofmorepreciselydefinedclasses.Lexeme（词位）:thesmallestunitinthemeaningsystemofalanguagethatcanbedistinguishedfromothersmallerunits.Idiom（习语,成语）:Mostphrasallexemesareidioms.Itisespeciallytrueforasequenceof0。9$词序）whichissemantically（语义上）andoftensyntactically^^上）restricted.（限制）Collocation（搭配）：thehabitual（习惯的）co-occurrences（同时出现）ofindividuallexicalitems.Syntax向法）Positionalrelationorwordorder（词序）:thesequential（M^）arrangementofwordsinalanguage.Constructionorconstituent（句子结构）：theoverallprocessofinternal（内部）organizationofagrammaticalunit.Syntacticfunction句法功能）:therelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisused.Thenamesoffunctionsareexpressedintermsofsubjects,objects,predicates,modifiers!!饰语）complements（补语）,etc.专业.专注

.word可编辑.Category（^W）:Itreferstoclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,e.g.noun,verb,subject,predicate,nounphrase,verbphrase,etc.Thecategoriesofthenounincludenumber,gender,caseandcountability.Phrase:asingleelementofstructurecontainingmorethanoneword,andlackingthesubject-predicatestructuretypicalofclause.Clause:agroupofwordswithitsownsubjectandpredicate,ifitisincludedinalargersentence.Sentence:Itistheminimumpartoflanguagethatexpressesacompletethought.SemanticsConceptualismormentalism概念主义）:FollowingF.DeSaussure索学尔）'s"sign"theory,thelinguisticsignissaidtoconsistofasignifier（所指）andsignified（被指），i.e.,asoundimageandaconcept,likedbyapsychological（心理的）"associative"bond.（相关联系）Mechanism（机械主义）:Somelinguists,Bloomfield,（布鲁费尔德）forexample,turnedtosciencetocounter（反）-acttheprecioustheoriesandthisleadstowhatcallthemechanisticapproach（方法）.Thenatureofthistheoryhasnothingtodowiththescientificstudyofmentalphenomena.（智力现象）Contextualism（语境主义）:Itisbasedonthepresumption（^^）thatonecanderivemeaningfromorreduceittoobservablecontext.Behaviorism（行为主义）:Behavioristsattempttodefine（定义）themeaningofalanguageformas"thesituation（WM）inwhichthespeakerutters（说话）itandtheresponse（反应）itcallsforthinthehearer."专业.专注

.word可编辑.functionalism功能主义）:functionalistsasrepresented代表）bythePragueschool（布拉格学派）linguistsandneo-Firthian（新弗斯）linguists,approachtheproblemfromanentirelyneworientation（方法）.Theyargue（争辩）thatmeaningcouldonlybeinterpreted（解释）fromitsuseorfunctioninsociallife.Senserelationships:Whilereferencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements,words,sentences,etc.,andthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,senserelatestothecomplexsystemofrelationshipsthatholdbetweenthelinguisticelementsthemselves.TheyincludesynonymyC同义词），antonymC反义词），hyponymy（下层次）PolysemyL词多义）andHomonymy（同音异义词）Semanticanalysis:Itincludes1）componential（成分）analysiswhichdefinesthemeaningofalexicale