福建省部分名校2020-2021学年上学期高二英语期中试题精选汇编：阅读理解专题（部分含解析）

福建省部分名校2020-2021学年上学期高二英语期中试题精选汇编阅读理解专题福建省师范大学附属中学2020_2021学年高二英语上学期期中试题第一节(共12小题;每小题2分,共24分)阅读下面短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AHaveyoueverwonderedhowmanycigarettesyou'repassivelysmokingwhilewalkingthroughthestreetsofapolluted,smog-infused((烟雾笼罩的)city?No?Well,apairofdigitaldevelopersjustinventedanappthatwilldefinitelyandaccuratelyanswerthatquestion.Shit,ISmoke!wascreatedbyBrazilian-borndesignerMarceloCoelhoandParis-bornappdeveloperAmauryMartinyinjustaweek,aftertheyreadastudythatanalyzedairpollutionanditsequivalent(等量)tocigarettesmoking.Thearticle,co-writtenbyRichardMueller,aMacArthurfellowandphysicsprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,explainsamathematicalmodelthatcomparessmokingandtobacco-relateddeathstolevelsofPM2.5,amicroscopicparticle(微粒)thatisadangerous,cancerouspollutantafterburning.TheappshowsthatParisianscaneffectivelyinhale(吸入)betweenthreeandsixcigarettesperday,whileapersoninDelhicouldbesmokingupto20cigarettes-withouteventouchingone--onabadday.Othercitieshaveworryingnumbers,too(6.5cigarettesdailyinMexicoCity).“IwassurprisedtoseethatBuenosAiresandSaoPaulohavethebestairqualityinallLatinAmerica,despitethefactthattheseareheavilypopulatedcities,”saidCoelho,who'soriginallyfromthelatter,Brazil'slargestcity.ForbothCoelhoandMartiny,theappisn'tonlyausefultooltoinformusersabouttheircity'sairquality;italsomakesthisinformationmoreaccessibleandeasiertounderstand.“Theseair-qualitymonitoringstationsarejustnumbers,numbersthatareveryspecifictoprofessionalswhoworkinenvironmentalissues,”Martinysaid.“Sowhenyoumakethisconversion(转换)tocigarettes,itmakesiteasiertounderstandwhatpeoplearedealingwithandtheconsequencesairqualityhasinthedailylives.”Thedevelopers'plannowistokeepworkingonandenrichingtheapp'sfeatures.Thiswillmostlikelyincludemonthlyaveragecigaretterates,andenablinguserstogetdatafromcitiesotherthantheonethey'rein.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“thatquestion”mean?A.Howseverelyacity'sairispolluted.B.Howharmfulitistosmokeinurbanareas.C.Howmanycigarettesoneusuallysmokesdaily.D.Howmuchharmfulairyou'retakingininurbanareas.2.AccordingtoShit,ISmoke!,whichcityhastheworstairquality?A.Paris B.Delhi.C.MexicoCity. D.SaoPaulo.3.BeforeCoelhousedtheapp,heprobablythoughtthat__________.A.BrazilmighthavegoodairB.hishometownwasabadlypollutedcityC.airpollutionwasn'taprobleminLatinAmerica.D.BuenosAireshadthebestairqualityinLatinAmerica4.IntheopinionofCoelhoandMartiny,whatistheusageoftheapp?A.Encouragingpeopletoabandonthehabitofsmoking.B.Recommendingsomebestplacesforpeopletolivein.C.Helpingpeoplebetterknowtheireverydayairquality.D.Remindingpeopletodosomethinggoodfortheenvironment.【答案】1.D2.B3.B4.C【解析】本文是说明文，文章介绍了一种APP，能够将空气污染程度转换成等于吸了多少支烟，从而让人们更容易了解空气质量。【1题详解】词句猜测题。根据上下文可知，thatquestion指代上文“howmanycigarettesyou'repassivelysmokingwhilewalkingthroughthestreetsofapolluted,smog-infusedcity?”，因此可知thatquestion指的是在污染严重的城市里，你被动地吸入了相当于多少支烟的有害气体。故选D项。【2题详解】细节理解题。第三段中提到“thatParisianscaneffectivelyinhale(吸入)betweenthreeandsixcigarettesperday…apersoninDelhicouldbesmokingupto20cigarettes…Othercities…6.5cigarettesdailyinMexicoCity”。根据APP显示的数据，巴黎人一天等同于吸3.6支烟，新德里的人最糟糕的时候一天可能会等同于吸多达20支烟，墨西哥人一天等同于吸6.5支烟；再根据下文“…SaoPaulohavethebestairqualityinallLatinAmerica”可知，圣保罗的空气质量非常好。比较四个城市的数据，可以看出新德里的空气污染情况最严重。故选B项。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段来自巴西最大的城市圣保罗的Coelho所说的话“IwassurprisedtoseethatBuenosAiresandSaoPaulohavethebestairqualityinallLatinAmerica,despitethefactthattheseareheavilypopulatedcities（我惊讶地看到，布宜诺斯艾利斯和圣保罗的空气质量在整个拉丁美洲都是最好的，尽管这些都是人口稠密的城市）”可知，在使用APP之后，他发现圣保罗空气质量是最好的，也就是说在使用APP之前，他觉得他的家乡圣保罗的空气质量很差，污染严重。故选B项。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第五段“whenyoumakethisconversiontocigarettes,itmakesiteasiertounderstandwhatpeoplearedealingwithandtheconsequencesairqualityhasinthedailylives（当转换为你吸多少支香烟时，就更容易让人们懂得他们在应对的是什么以及空气质量在日常生活中的影响）”可知，APP将空气污染程度转换成抽多少支烟这样具体的数字，更容易让人们了解空气质量如何。故选C项。BOnceItoldsomeoneIwantedtogetamaster’sdegreeoffineartsincreativewritingandtheytoldmeitwasthesecond-to-worstpost-graduationplanthey’deverheardfromastudent.Artsdegrees—especiallyfineartsdegrees,whichusuallycomeintheformofmusic,studioart,creativewritingandtheater—havebeen,overtheyears,labeled(称为)useless.It’struethatforthemostpart,STEMdegreesgiverisetohigherpayingjobsthanliberalandfineartsdegrees,andit’sunderstandablewhyyoungpeoplecareaboutahigherstartingsalaryandfinancialsecurity.Studentloandebtisplayingaroleinthephysicalandmentalstressofyoungpeople.AndwhileSTEMmajorsusuallyhavestartingsalariesthatare$20,000higherthanthoseofliberalartsmajors,bythetimepeoplereachtheageof40,thesalariesbetweenthosewhomajoredintheliberalartsandthosewhomajoredinSTEMarevirtuallythesame.Forexample,womenwhomajorinSTEMearnednearly50%morethansocialscienceandhistorymajorsatages23-25,butonly10%morebyages38-40,aNewYorkTimesanalysisreported.Soevenintermsofsalary,whichdoesn’tsolelydeterminewhetherornotadegreeisuseful,liberalartsdegreesaren’tallthatfarbehindSTEM.Itseemstoothatsincepeoplenowadaysaregoingtohavetoworklonger,it’smoreimportantthaneverthatweactuallylikeandcareaboutwhatwe’redoing.Pursuing(追求)somethingenjoyable,orelseapassion,iscontinuouslyfoundtobeakeyfactorinmaintaininghealthyrelationships,mentalhealth,physicalhealthandenergy.Inotherwords,notuseless.Andjustbecausesomeone’sprimaryjobisn’tintheirfieldofstudy—awriterwhoteacheshighschoolforexample—doesn’tmakethedegreeuseless.Itjustmeansthattheirwayoffindingastableincomeisdifferent.Thesamegoesforartistswhohavetoworkmultiplejobstosupportthemselves.Theymighthavetofindothermeansofsupportingthemselvesandtheirartistry.Itmightbecopyeditingoritmightbetutoring.SoIamgoingtograduateschool,andIamgoingtograduateschoolforwriting.Imightbepayingrentbywayofovernightrestaurantshifts—there’ssomuchI’mnotsureof.ButonethingIamsureofisthis—Iwouldratherbeawriterworkingtwojobstopaymybillsthanbenowriteratall.5.ANewYorkTimesanalysisreportismentionedinParagraph3to______.A.analysethevalueofdifferentmajors B.provetheargumentagainstartswrongC.raisetheopiniononmajorsbyexample D.presentthelinkbetweenmajorsandincomes6.Whydoestheauthorthinklearningartsisuseful?A.Followingartdreamskeepsoneingoodcondition.B.Doingwhatonelovesbuildsupone’sconfidence.C.Artsimprovesone’sunderstandingofdifferentjobs.D.Aloveforartshelpsonemaintainpassionforwork.7.Theauthorthinksthatdoingmultiplejobsis_______.A.unavoidable B.common C.acceptable D.traditional8.Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A.Artsstudentsconcernmoreaboutthevalueoflife.B.Themannotlovinghisworkwon’tstickwithajob.C.Incomeoftencomesfirstwhenpeoplechoosemajors.D.Graduatesinartscanfindpossibledevelopment.【答案】5.B6.A7.C8.C【解析】这是一篇议论文。艺术学位多年来一直被贴上无用的标签，作者通过收入和身心健康等方面，驳斥了这个观点。【5题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Forexample,womenwhomajorinSTEMearnednearly50%morethansocialscienceandhistorymajorsatages23-25,butonly10%morebyages38-40,aNewYorkTimesanalysisreported.Soevenintermsofsalary,whichdoesn’tsolelydeterminewhetherornotadegreeisuseful,liberalartsdegreesaren’tallthatfarbehindSTEM.(例如，《纽约时报》的一篇分析报告称，主修STEM的女性在23-25岁的时候比社会科学和历史专业的学生多挣近50%，但在38-40岁的时候只多挣10%。所以，即使是在薪水方面，也不完全决定学位是否有用，文科学位也并不落后于STEM。)”可知，根据《纽约时报》的分析报告，主修文科的女性与主修STEM的女性的收入水平随着年龄的增长，趋于接近，文科学位并不落后于STEM。结合上文，作者意在用数据驳斥一些人认为学艺术专业无用的观点。因此，第3段中提到《纽约时报》的分析报告是为了B项：“provetheargumentagainstartswrongbetweenmajorsandincomes(从专业和收入的角度证明反对艺术专业是错误的)”符合题意。故选B项。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段“Pursuingsomethingenjoyable,orelseapassion,iscontinuouslyfoundtobeakeyfactorinmaintaininghealthyrelationships,mentalhealth,physicalhealthandenergy.Inotherwords,notuseless.(追求愉快的东西，或者激情，一直被发现是保持健康关系、心理健康、身体健康和精力的关键因素。换句话说，不是没用的)”可知，作者认为，学习艺术，追求自己喜欢的东西，是人的身心健康的关键因素。因此，作者认为学习艺术是有用的是因为A项“Followingartdreamskeepsoneingoodcondition.(追随艺术梦想可以让人保持良好的状态)”符合题意。故选A项。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Thesamegoesforartistswhohavetoworkmultiplejobstosupportthemselves.Theymighthavetofindothermeansofsupportingthemselvesandtheirartistry.Itmightbecopyeditingoritmightbetutoring.(同样的情况也适用于那些需要多份工作来支持自己的艺术家。他们可能需要找到其他的方式来支持自己的艺术，可能是拷贝编辑，也可能是家庭教师)”可知，艺术家们不一定非要一直做着艺术方面的工作，而是他们完全可知做其他的职业来支持自己的艺术，这二者是不冲突的。因此，作者认为做多种工作是C项“acceptable(可接受的)”符合题意。故选C项。【8题详解】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“It’struethatforthemostpart,STEMdegreesgiverisetohigherpayingjobsthanliberalandfineartsdegrees,andit’sunderstandablewhyyoungpeoplecareaboutahigherstartingsalaryandfinancialsecurity.(诚然，在大多数情况下，STEM学位比文科和美术学位带来的工作报酬更高，年轻人为什么关心更高的起薪和经济保障也是可以理解的)”可知，年轻人找工作的时候，更关心的是高的薪水和经济保障。因此，我们能从这篇文章中推断出C项“Incomeoftencomesfirstwhenpeoplechoosemajors.(当人们选择专业时，收入往往是第一位的)”符合题意。故选C项。CAlthoughithasbeenshowninrecentyearsthatplantscansee,hearandsmell,theyarestillusuallythoughtofassilent.Butnow,forthefirsttime,theyhavebeenrecordedmakingultrasonic(超声的)crieswhenstressed,whichresearcherssaycouldopenupanewfieldofprecisionagriculturewherefarmerslistenforwater-starvedcrops.ItzhakKhaitandhiscolleaguesatTelAvivUniversityinIsraelfoundthattomatoandtobaccoplantsmadecriesatfrequencieshumanscannothearwhenstressedbynothavingenoughwaterorwhentheirstemiscut.Microphonesplaced10centimetresfromtheplantspickedupsoundsintheultrasonicrangeof20to100kilohertz,whichtheteamsaysinsectsandsomemammalswouldbeabletohearandrespondtofromasfaras5metresaway.Amothmaydecideagainstlayingeggsonaplantthatsoundswater-stressed,theresearcherssuggest.Plantscouldevenhearthatotherplantsareshortofwaterandreactaccordingly,theyspeculate(推断).Onaverage,drought-stressedtomatoplantsmade35soundsanhour,whiletobaccoplantsmade11.Whenplantstemswerecut,tomatoplantsmadeanaverageof25soundsinthefollowinghour,andtobaccoplants15.Unstressedplantsproducedfewerthanonesoundperhour,onaverage.Enablingfarmerstolistenforwater-stressedplantscould“openanewdirectioninthefieldofprecisionagriculture”,theresearcherssuggest.Theyaddthatsuchanabilitywillbeincreasinglyimportantasclimatechangeexposesmoreareastodrought.“Thesuggestionthatthesoundsthatdrought-stressedplantsmakecouldbeusedinprecisionagricultureseemsfeasible(可行的)ifitisnottoocostlytosetuptherecordinginafieldsituation,”saysAnneVisscherattheroyalBotanicGardens,Kew,intheUK.Shewarnsthattheresultscan’tyetbebroadenedouttootherstresses,suchassaltortemperature,becausethesemaynotcausesounds.Besides,therehavebeennoexperimentstoshowwhethermothsoranyotheranimalcanhearandrespondtothesoundstheplantsmake,sothatideaisstillbasedonguessesfornow,shesays.9.TheexperimentbyresearchersatTelAvivUniversityshowsthat________.A.humanscanhearwater-hungryplantscryingclearlyB.plantsoundscanbeheardbyplantsquitefarawayC.tomatoplantscrymoreoftenthantobaccowhenhurtD.mothslikelayingeggsonstressedplants10.WhatisAnneVisscher’sattitudetowardsthefindingoftheexperiment?A.Cautious. B.Disappointed. C.Appreciative. D.Optimistic.11.Takingadvantageofthenewresearchfinding,farmerscan________.A.harvestcropsintime B.reducegreenhouseeffectsC.detectandremoveinsectseasily D.identifyplantconditionfaster12.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.PlantsGetStressedJustLikeUs B.SoundsofPlantsDetectedFarAwayC.PlantsScreaminthePresenceofStress D.CriesofPlantsBreakFarmers’Hearts【答案】9.C10.A11.D12.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。尽管近年来已经证明植物可以看到、听到和闻到气味，但它们通常仍然被认为是无声的。文章介绍了最新的研究发现，西红柿和烟草植物在缺水或茎被割时发出人类听不到的频率的叫声。植物甚至可以听到其他植物缺水的声音，并做出相应的反应。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段的“Whenplantstemswerecut,tomatoplantsmadeanaverageof25soundsinthefollowinghour,andtobaccoplants15.（当植物的茎被切断后，番茄植株在接下来的一小时里平均发出25种声音，烟草植株平均发出15种声音。）”可知，番茄受到伤害时比烟发出更多的声音。故选C。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Besides,therehavebeennoexperimentstoshowwhethermothsoranyotheranimalcanhearandrespondtothesoundstheplantsmake,sothatideaisstillbasedonguessesfornow,shesays.（此外，还没有实验证明飞蛾或其他动物是否能听到植物发出的声音并作出反应，所以目前这个想法仍是基于猜测，她说。）”可知，她（AnneVisscher）认为目前的研究只是基于猜测，没有完全被证实。由此推知，她对此实验的研究结果是谨慎的。故选A。【11题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段的“Enablingfarmerstolistenforwater-stressedplantscould“openanewdirectioninthefieldofprecisionagriculture”,theresearcherssuggest.（这组科学家认为，让农民能够听到缺水植物的声音可能‘在精准农业领域开辟一个新的方向’。”可知，利用这项新的研究发现，农民可以更快的确定植物状况。故选D。【12题详解】主旨大意题。文章介绍植物可以看到，听到，闻到气味，紧接着详细介绍了新的研究发现，植物可以听到声音，文章以番茄和烟草为例，介绍了植物在缺水或茎被切断的情况下发出的叫声频率，植物在受到压力时会发出声音。结合文章主要内容和选项可知，C项“植物在压力面前会尖叫”可为本文的最佳标题。故选C。福建省福州第一中学2020-2021学年高二英语上学期期中试题Ⅱ.阅读理解(2X15=30)ATransportGuideTheBrisbaneCityCouncil（BCC）isresponsibleforbusandferryserviceswithinthecitylimitsandsuburbs．Mostbuseswilleitherarriveatthecityoraninterchangewhereconnectingbusescanbecaught．BCCbusesoperatefrom5：30amto11：00pmMondaytoThursdayand5：30amt012：00amonFridays.OnweekendsandpublicholidaysbusesoperatelessfrequentlyPre—paidbusticketscanbepurchasedfromtheQUT（QueenslandUniversityofTechnology）bookshop，thecampusnewsagency．mostothernewsagenciesandgeneralstores，andanyBCCCustomerServiceCentre．Short-termstudentsatQUTcannotusetheirIDcardstogainadiscountfareonBCCpublictransport．Youwillneedtobuyanadulttickettotravel．Busfaresaredependentonthenumberofzonesyouhavetotravel．Thereareseveraltypesoftickets：Single：onewaytickettoreachyourdestination，includingtransferswithin2hours．Daily:unlimitedtravelwithinthezones．Off-peak’Daily：discountedunlimitedtravelbetween9：00amand3：30pmandafter7：00pmMondaytoFriday,andalldayonweekendsandpublicholidays．Weekly：unlimitedtravelwithinthezonesforoneweekfromthedateofissue．Monthly：unlimitedtravelwithinthezonesforonecalendarmonthfromthedateofissue．Ten-tripSaver:10tripsatanytimewithinthezonesonbusesandferriesonly．Transportroutes．timetablesandfareinformationareavailablefrom:PublicTransportInformationCentre69AnnStreet（cornerofGeorgeSt）BrisbaneCityPhonel31230（TransportInformationService）1.Thetransportguideaboveismostlikelyprovidedby．A.PublicTransportInformationCentreB.theBrisbaneCityCouncilC.QueenslandUniversityofTechnology．D.BCCCustomerServiceCentres2.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat．A.busesarescheduledasusualonweekendsandpublicholidaysB.regularstudentsatQUTneedtobuyadultticketsC.Pre—paidticketscanbeboughtfromthePublicTransportInformationCentreD.Ten­-tripSaverscanbeusedatoff-peaktime3.AnexchangestudentstayingatQUTforfivedayshastotravelbetweenzoneseveryday．Whattypeofticketwouldheprobablybuy?A.Single． B.Weekly． C.Off-peakDaily． D.Ten—tripSaver．【答案】1.C2.D3.B【解析】这是一篇应用文。短文介绍了昆士兰科技大学提供的交通指南。【1题详解】推理判断题。根据“Short-termstudentsatQUTcannotusetheirIDcardstogainadiscountfareonBCCpublictransport．OnweekendsandpublicholidaysbusesoperatelessfrequentlyPre—paidbusticketscanbepurchasedfromtheQUT（QueenslandUniversityofTechnology）bookshop”昆士兰科技大学的短期学生不能用他们的身份证在BCC公共交通上获得折扣。在周末和公共假日，公共汽车运营频率较低，可以在昆士兰科技大学书店购买预付费的公共汽车车票。由此判断出，以上交通指南很可能是由昆士兰科技大学提供的。故选C项。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据“Ten-tripSaver:10tripsatanytimewithinthezonesonbusesandferriesonly．”可知，Ten­-tripSavers这种票可以在乘坐公交车和轮渡的任何时间使用。故选D项。【3题详解】推理判断题。根据“Weekly：unlimitedtravelwithinthezonesforoneweekfromthedateofissue．”每周：自签发之日起一周内不限次数在园区内旅行。所以一名交换生在QUT学习5天并且每天都坐车，只有Weekly最划算。故选B项。BLanguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages.Oftenspokenbymanypeoplewhilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200Languages:theAmericasabout1,000,Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6，000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150).LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.4.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast. B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatters. D.Theywerecloselyconnected5.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains"dominant"underlinedinparagraph2？A.Complex. B.Advanced.C.Powerful. D.Modern.6.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800. B.About3,400C.About2,400 D.About1,200.7.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.Peopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.【答案】4.B5.C6.B7.C【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother...whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人组成的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式……当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，语言种类达到了12,000种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。【5题详解】猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在快速替代其他语言。由此推知dominantlanguages意为“强有力的语言”。故选C。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.和Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld’slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.可知，目前世界上大约有6800种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000人的占一半即3400。故选B。【7题详解】主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但最近语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。点睛：长难句解读Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.分析：dominant前的and连接两个并列句，all和前面的名词短语trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunications是同位语。句意：在最近的几个世纪，贸易、工业化、民族国家的发展和全球义务教育的普及，尤其是过去几十年来，全球化和更好的交流，这些都导致许多语言消失。而且像英语、西班牙语和汉语等主流语言正日益占据主导地位。CDogswag(摇摆)theirtailsindifferentdirectionsdependingonwhethertheyareexcitedandwantingtomoveforwardorthreatenedandthinkingofmovingback,astudyhasfound.ResearchersinItalyexaminedthetailwaggingbehaviorof30dogs,catchingtheirresponsestoarangeofstimuli(刺激物)withvideocameras.Toconductthestudytheychose15maledogsand15femaleonesagedbetweenoneandsixyears.ThedogswereallfamilypetswhoseownershadallowedthemtotakepartintheexperimentatBariUniversity.Thedogswereplacedinalargewoodenboxwithanopeningatthefronttoallowforthemtoviewvariousstimuli.Theyweretestedoneatatime.TheresearchersledbyProfessorGiorgioVallortigaraoftheUniversityofTriestefoundthatwhenthedogswereshowntheirowners—apositiveexperience—theirtailswaggedenergeticallytotherightside.Whentheywereshownanunfamiliarhumantheywaggedtotheright,butwithsomewhatlessenthusiasm.Theappearanceofacatagaincausedaright-handsidewag,althoughwithlessintensityagain.Theappearanceofalargeunfamiliardog,similartoaGermanshepherd,changedthedirectionoftailwaggingtotheleft.Researcherssupposedthedogwasthinkingofmovingback.Whenthedogswerenotshownanystimulitheytendedtowagtheirtailstotheleft,suggestingtheypreferredcompany.Whilethechangesinthetailwaggingwerenoteasilynoticedwithouttheaidofvideo,itwasthoughtthatthefindingscouldhelppeoplejudgethemood(心情)ofdogs.Computerandvideosystems,forexample,couldbeusedbyprofessionaldogtrainerstodeterminethemoodofdogsthattheywererequiredtoapproach.8Thevideocameraswereusedtocatchthedogs’responsesbecause.A.itwaseasiertocatchthedogs’responsechangesinthetailwaggingB.thedogswereputinthewoodenboxesandtestedoneatatime.C.theyenabledthedogs’ownerstoknowabouttheirdogs’habitD.thedogswaggedtheirtailsindifferentdirectionswhentheywereindifferentmoods9.Theunderlinedword“intensity”inthepassagemeans.A.surprise B.worry C.excitement D.interest10.Theunderlinedword“they”refersto.A.thedogs B.thetrainers C.thesystems D.theresearchers11.Thepurposeofdoingtheexperimentis.A.totraindogsfortheirownersB.tohelppeoplejudgethemoodofdogsC.tohelpdogsfindcompanyD.tohelppeoplechoosetheirpetdogs【答案】8.A9.C10.B11.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章一项研究表明，狗的摆动尾巴方向的变化取决于它们的情绪，这一发现有助于人们通过摇尾变化来判断狗的心情。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Whilethechangesinthetailwaggingwerenoteasilynoticedwithouttheaidofvideo,itwasthoughtthatthefindingscouldhelppeoplejudgethemood(心情)ofdogs.”（然而要是没有视频的帮助，摇尾的变化就不容易被注意到，人们认为这一发现可以帮助人们判断狗的心情）可知，没有摄像机的帮助，人们很难发现狗的摇尾变化，所以在狗摇动尾巴时，摄像机更容易捕捉到狗的反应变化。故选A项。【9题详解】词句猜测题。根据第三段中“whenthedogswereshowntheirowners—apositiveexperience—theirtailswaggedenergeticallytotherightside.Whentheywereshownanunfamiliarhumantheywaggedtotheright,butwithsomewhatlessenthusiasm.Theappearanceofacatagaincausedaright-handsidewag,althoughwithlessintensityagain.”（当狗狗们看到它们的主人时ーー这是一个积极的体验---它们的尾巴积极地向右摇摆。当他们看到一个不熟悉的人类时，他们向右摇摆，但是没有那么热情。一只猫的出现再次引起了右手边的摇摆，尽管___再次变小了。）可知，这三个例子，同样都在说狗尾巴向右摇摆，但是热情积极的情绪逐渐下降。因此，划线词“intensity”和前面的“energetically”、“enthusiasm”应是同义词。A.surprise惊喜；B.worry担心；C.excitement兴奋；D.interest兴趣。故选C项。【10题详解】词句猜测题。根据最后一段“Computerandvideosystems,forexample,couldbeusedbyprofessionaldogtrainerstodeterminethemoodofdogsthattheywererequiredtoapproach.”（例如，计算机和视频系统可以被专业的训狗师用来确定他们被要求接近狗时，狗的情绪。）可知，句中应当是训狗师被要求接近狗，而不是狗被要求接近训狗师，因此they指的是训狗师。故选B项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Whilethechangesinthetailwaggingwerenoteasilynoticedwithouttheaidofvideo,itwasthoughtthatthefindingscouldhelppeoplejudgethemood(心情)ofdogs.”（然而要是没有视频的帮助，摇尾的变化就不容易被注意到，人们认为这一发现可以帮助人们判断狗的心情）可知，做这个实验的目的是帮助人们判断狗的情绪。故选B项。DHolidaysarereallyimportant.Manyofuswillhavechildhoodmemoriesofsummerholidayswhereweweretakenawayfromhometoexperiencenewenvironmentsandlearnindifferentways.Butholidaysareexpensiveand,forthoseonlowwagesorlivingonbenefits,theyareoftenunobtainable.Eventhecheapestholidaysrequiretravelandotheradditionalcoststhataredifficultformanyfamiliestomeet.Forworkingparents，thelongsummerbreakcanbeaverydifficultproblemforchildcare.Whenanannualleaveallowanceamountstoonlyfiveweeks，thereisaneedtospreadthisacrosstheyear.Couplescanfindthemselvestakingleaveinturninordertocareforchildrenwhoareonholiday.Forsome，thismakesevenanaffordablefamilyholidaydifficult.TheschoolsthatIvisitinNottinghamarefullofexperiencedstaffcommittedtogivingourchildrenacaringandinspiringlearningenvironment.ThenumberofchildrenreceivingfreeschoolmealsisquitelargeinNottinghamandmanyschoolshavebreakfastclubstomakesurethatchildrengetahealthystarttotheday.Mostschoolsundertakeprogramsofgrouporindividualeducationalsupport.Schoolsalsohaveanimportantroleinsafeguardingchildren’swelfarethroughtheongoingtouchandsupportwiththeirpupils.Duringthelongsummerholidays，muchofthisismissed.WhileteachersareholidayingintheUK,manyoftheirpupilsspendthewholesixweeksonthestreetwheretheylive.Thelackoffreeschoolmealsforsixweekscanresultinpressureonafamilybudgetandaninabilitytoaffordtheinspiringexperiencesthathelpchildrentocontinuetheirlearning.Insettingoutitsplansforafive-termyear,NottinghamCityCouncil(委员会）isseekingtoreducethesummerholidaydowntofourandahalfweeks,withamorebalancedfivetermsofroughlyeightweeks,eachfollowedbyatwo-weekbreak.Webelievethiswillgivereal“downtime"forschoolstaffandpupilsalikebutwillbeshortenoughnottocausearealbreakinlearning.Weacknowledgethatthischangemaybedifficultforsomeschoolstaff,particularlywhoseownchildrenareeducatedinotherauthorities.However,thismustbeweigh