职称英语考试《卫生类》模拟试题及答案0511-3

职称英语考试《卫生类》模拟试题及答案0511-31、15MillionAmericansSufferfromSocialAnxietyDisorderSocialanxietydisorderpreventssome15millionAmericansfromleadingnormalsocialandromanticlives,anewsurveyfinds.Thedisorderleavesmanyisolated,ashamedandoftenmisdiagnosed.Thirty-sixpercentofthosewithsocialanxietydisorderhavesymptomsfor10yearsormorebeforeseekinghelp,theAnxietyDisordersAssociationofAmericareports."Socialanxietydisorderiswhensomebodyhasanintense,persistentandirrationalfearofsocialorperformancesituations,"JerilynRoss,theassociation'spresidentandCEO,saidduringateleconferenceWednesday."Theconditioncausespeopletoavoidcommon,everydaysituationsandevenotherpeopleforfearofbeingjudgedorcriticizedorhumiliatedorembarrassingthemselves,"Rosssaid.Socialanxietydisordercaninterferewithdailyroutinesandjobperformance,Rossnoted."Italsomakesitverydifficultforpeopletodevelopfriendsandromanticpartnerships,"shesaid.Peoplewiththisdisorderrecognizetheirfearisexcessiveandirrational,Rossnoted."Buttheyfeelpowerlesstodoanythingaboutit,"shesaid.Socialanxietydisordercanstartintheearlyteens,Dr.MarkH.Pollack,directoroftheCenterforAnxietyandTraumaticStressDisordersandaprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,saidduringtheteleconference."Thisisadisorderthatstartsaffectingpeopleearlyon,"Pollacksaid."Thetypicalageofonsetisearlyadolescence,age12or13,andmanyindividualsreportahistoryofanxietydatingbacktoearlierchildhood."Thedisorderalsohasphysicalsymptoms,includingheartpalpitations,feelingsthattheirthroatwillcloseup,sweating,blushing,faintness,tremblingandstammering,Rosssaid.Amongpeoplewiththedisorder,75percentsaidtheconditionaffectedtheirabilitytodonormalactivities.Inaddition,69percentsaidtheydidn'twantpeopletothinktheywerecrazy,and58percentsaidtheywereembarrassedbytheircondition,Rosssaid.However,whentheconditionisdiagnosedandtreated,manyreportedimprovementintheirlives.Infact,59percentwhowerereceivingtreatmentsaidtreatmenthadapositiveeffectontheirabilitytohavearomanticrelationship.Inaddition,39percentwhohadreceivedtreatmentsaidknowingthattreatmentcanbesuccessfulaidedtheirdecisiontogethelp,Rossnoted.WhichisNOTtrueofpeoplewithsocialanxietydisorder?【单选题】A.They'reoftenisolatedandashamed.B.Theyfinditdifficulttomakefriends.C.Theyoftenfailtogettimelytreatment.D.Theytendtojudgeorcriticizeotherpeople.正确答案:D答案解析:前三项在短文的第二段和第五段都有提及，只有第四项是错误的，他们不是常常评判或批评别人，而是害怕遭到别人的评判或批评。2、TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991,twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly.Highuponamountainpass,theyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice.Atthatheight(10,499feet,or3,200meters),theiceisusuallypermanent,but1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear.Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface.Itwaslyingfacedownward.Theskeleton(骨架)wasinperfectcondition,exceptforawoundinthehead,Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes.Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothhoots.Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark(树皮)andaholderforarrows.Whowasthisman?Howandwhenhadhedied?Everybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions.Somepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscentury,perhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarI,sinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea.ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfather,whohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound.Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholder,maybeevenathousandyearsold.Withmoderndatingtechniques,thescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5,300yearsold.Borninabout3300B.C.,helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope.Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains.Morerecentevidence,however,tellsadifferentstory,AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder.Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskin,butitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding.Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswound,andnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead.Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsomekindofabattle.Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwar,orhemayhavebeenfightingbandits.Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself.Bystudyinghisclothesandtools,scientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin.Wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhedied,buthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes.AllthefollowingareassumptionsoncemadeabouttheIcemanEXCEPT______.【单选题】A.hewasasoldierinWorldWarIB.hewasaSwisswoman'slong-lostfatherC.hewasbornaboutathousandyearsagoD.hecamefromItaly正确答案:D答案解析:本题有一定难度，首先要读懂题干，好多考生因为没有读懂而做错。第三段谈到了对冰人的各种猜测：有人认为他是一战的士兵；一位瑞士女人坚信冰人是她二十年前死在山里的父亲，科学家们认为他大概有一千年的历史了，惟独没有提到冰人是意大利人的猜测，所以答案是D。3、DrivingafterdrinkingThelegallimitfordrivingafterdrinkingalcoholis80milligramsofalcoholin100millilitresofblood,whentested.Butthereisnosurewayoftellinghowmuchyoucandrinkbeforeyoureachthislimit.Itvarieswitheachpersondependingonyourweight,yoursex,whatyou'vejusteatenandwhatsortofdrinksyou'vehad.Somepeoplemightreachtheirlimitafteronlyaboutthreestandarddrinks.Infact,yourdrivingabilitycanbeaffectedbyjustoneortwodrinks.Evenifyou'rebelowthelegallimit,youcouldstillbetakentocourtifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol.Ittakesaboutanhourforthebodytogetridofthealcoholinonestandarddrink.So,ifyouhaveaheavydrinkingintheeveningyoumightfindthatyourdrivingabilityisstillaffectedthenextmorning,oryoucouldevenfindthatyou'restilloverthelegallimit.Inaddition,ifyou'vehadafewdrinksatlunchtime,anotheroneortwodrinksintheearlyeveningmaywellputyouoverthelegallimit.Inatestwithprofessionaldrivers,themorealcoholicdrinkstheyhadhad,themorecertaintheywerethattheycoulddriveatestcoursethroughasetofmovableposts…andthelessabletheyweretodoit!Sotheonlywaytobesureyou'resafeisnottodrinkatall.Alcoholisamajorcauseofroadtrafficaccidents.Oneinthreeofthedriverskilledinroadaccidentshavelevelsofalcoholwhichareoverthelegallimit,androadaccidentsafterdrinkingarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongyoungmen.Morethanhalfofthepeoplestoppedbythepolicetotakeabreathtesthaveabloodalcoholconcentrationofmorethantwicethelegallimit.Itisimportanttorememberthatdrivingafteryou'vebeendrinkingdoesn'tjustaffectyou.Ifyou'reinvolvedinanaccidentitaffectsalotofotherpeopleaswell,notleastthepersonyoumightkillorinjure.Youmightbeaccusedofdrunkdrivingwhen____.【单选题】A.youdriveuponhavingsomedrinksB.youbecomeahelplessalcoholaddictC.yourdrivingisfoundabnormalfordrinkingD.youralcoholpercentagefailsthetest正确答案:C答案解析:细节考查题。题干“你可能会被指控醉酒驾驶”是对第二段第二句youcouldstillbetakentocourt的同义改写，因此应参考该句的后半部分“ifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol”（如果警官认为酒精已对你的驾驶产生影响），故正确答案为C。4、EarlychildhoodeducationInatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansareturningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.However,theanswersprovidedbyJapanesepreschoolsarenottheonesAmericansexpectedtofindinmostJapanesepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction.Inoneinvestigation,300Japaneseand210Americanpreschoolteachers,childdevelopmentspecialists,andparentswereaskedaboutvariousaspectsofearlychildhoodeducation.Only2percentoftheJapaneserespondentslisted"togivechildrenagoodstartacademically"asoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Incontrast,overhalftheAmericanrespondentschosethisasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.Topreparechildrenforsuccessfulcareersinfirstgradeandbeyond,Japaneseschoolsdonotteachreading,writing,andmathematics,butratherskillssuchaspersistence,concentration,andtheabilitytofunctionasamemberofagroup.ThevastmajorityofyoungJapanesechildrenaretaughttoreadathomebytheirparents.IntherecentcomparisonofJapaneseandAmericanpreschooleducation,91percentofJapaneserespondentschoseprovidingchildrenwithagroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreereasonsforasocietytohavepreschools.Sixty-twopercentofthemoreindividuallyoriented(强调个性发展的)Americanslistedgroupexperienceasoneoftheirtopthreechoices.AnemphasisontheimportanceofthegroupseeninJapaneseearlychildhoodeducationcontinuesintoelementaryschooleducation.LikeinAmerica,thereisdiversityinJapaneseearlychildhoodeducation.SomeJapanesekindergartenshavespecificaims,suchasearlymusicaltrainingorpotentialdevelopment.Inlargecities,somekindergartensareattachedtouniversitiesthathaveelementaryandsecondaryschools.SomeJapaneseparentsbelievethatiftheiryoungchildrenattendauniversity-basedprogram,itwillincreasethechildren'schancesofeventuallybeingadmittedtotop-ratedschoolsanduniversities.SeveralmoreprogressiveprogramshaveintroducedfreeplayasawayoutfortheheavyintellectualizinginsomeJapanesekindergartens.WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericansbelieve____.【单选题】A.JapaneseparentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparentsB.Japan'seconomicsuccessisaresultofitsscientificachievementsC.JapanesepreschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstructionD.Japan'shighereducationissuperiortotheirs正确答案:C答案解析:从第一段的前三句话中我们可以很容易地看出“美国儿童学业成绩较低的情况，许多美国人试着把孩子送到日本读书，那里经济发达而且儿童学业成绩不错。然而，日本学前教育的情况并不像美国家长所期待的那样。在大多数的日本学前班里，知识的教授仅占很小的比重。”故C正确。5、DrivingafterdrinkingThelegallimitfordrivingafterdrinkingalcoholis80milligramsofalcoholin100millilitresofblood,whentested.Butthereisnosurewayoftellinghowmuchyoucandrinkbeforeyoureachthislimit.Itvarieswitheachpersondependingonyourweight,yoursex,whatyou'vejusteatenandwhatsortofdrinksyou'vehad.Somepeoplemightreachtheirlimitafteronlyaboutthreestandarddrinks.Infact,yourdrivingabilitycanbeaffectedbyjustoneortwodrinks.Evenifyou'rebelowthelegallimit,youcouldstillbetakentocourtifapoliceofficerthinksyourdrivinghasbeenaffectedbyalcohol.Ittakesaboutanhourforthebodytogetridofthealcoholinonestandarddrink.So,ifyouhaveaheavydrinkingintheeveningyoumightfindthatyourdrivingabilityisstillaffectedthenextmorning,oryoucouldevenfindthatyou'restilloverthelegallimit.Inaddition,ifyou'vehadafewdrinksatlunchtime,anotheroneortwodrinksintheearlyeveningmaywellputyouoverthelegallimit.Inatestwithprofessionaldrivers,themorealcoholicdrinkstheyhadhad,themorecertaintheywerethattheycoulddriveatestcoursethroughasetofmovableposts…andthelessabletheyweretodoit!Sotheonlywaytobesureyou'resafeisnottodrinkatall.Alcoholisamajorcauseofroadtrafficaccidents.Oneinthreeofthedriverskilledinroadaccidentshavelevelsofalcoholwhichareoverthelegallimit,androadaccidentsafterdrinkingarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongyoungmen.Morethanhalfofthepeoplestoppedbythepolicetotakeabreathtesthaveabloodalcoholconcentrationofmorethantwicethelegallimit.Itisimportanttorememberthatdrivingafteryou'vebeendrinkingdoesn'tjustaffectyou.Ifyou'reinvolvedinanaccidentitaffectsalotofotherpeopleaswell,notleastthepersonyoumightkillorinjure.Alcoholisthemajorcauseoftrafficaccidentsbecause____.【单选题】A.morethan30％roadcasualtiesaredrinkdriversB.drinkingaffectspeople'smindandemotionC.aboutone-thirddriversareusedtodrinkingD.youngdriversarefamiliaramongtrafficvictims正确答案:B答案解析:细节考查题。题干考查的是为什么酒精是交通事故的主要原因。文中多处提到喝酒会影响“drivingability”，故正确答案为B，其他三个选项并非题干的原因。6、FludoesScratchythroats,stuffynosesandbodyachesallspellmisery,butbeingabletotellifthecauseisacoldorflumaymakeadifferenceinhowlongthemiserylasts.TheAmericanLungAssociation(ALA)hasissuednewguidelinesoncombatingcoldsandtheflu,andoneofthekeysisbeingabletoquicklytellthetwoapart.That'sbecausetheprescriptiondrugsavailableforthefluneedtobetakensoonaftertheillnesssetsin.Asforcolds,thesoonerapersonstartstakingover-the-counterremedy,thesoonerreliefwillcome.Thecommoncoldandthefluarebothcausedbyviruses.Morethan200virusescancausecoldsymptoms,whilethefluiscausedbythreeviruses-fluA,BandC.Thereisnocureforeitherillness,buttheflucanbepreventedbythefluvaccine(疫苗),whichis,formostpeople,thebestwaytofighttheflu,accordingtotheALA.Butifthefludoesstrike,quickactioncanhelp.Althoughthefluandcommoncoldhavemanysimilarities,therearesomeobvioussignstolookfor.Coldsymptomssuchasstuffynose,runnynoseandscratchythroattypicallydevelopgradually,andadultsandteensoftendonotgetafever.Ontheotherhand,feverisoneofthecharacteristicfeaturesofthefluforallages.Andingeneral,flusymptomsincludingfeverandchills,sorethroatandbodyachescomeonsuddenlyandaremoreseverethancoldsymptoms.TheALAnotesthatitmaybeparticularlydifficulttotellwheninfantsandpreschoolagechildrenhavetheflu.Itadvisesparentstocallthedoctoriftheirsmallchildrenhaveflu-likesymptoms.Bothcoldandflusymptomscanbeeasedwithover-the-countermedicationsaswell.However,childrenandteenswithacoldorflushouldnottakeaspirinforpainreliefbecauseoftheriskofReyesyndrome(综合症),ararebutseriousconditionoftheliverandcentralnervoussystem.Thereis,ofcourse,novaccineforthecommoncoldbutfrequenthandwashingandavoidingclosecontactwithpeoplewhohavecoldscanreducethelikelihoodofcatchingone.Accordingtotheauthor,knowingthecauseofthemiserywillhelp____.【单选题】A.shortenthedurationoftheillnessB.thepatientbuysmedicineoverthecounterC.thepatientobtaincheaperprescriptiondrugsD.preventpeoplefromcatchingcoldsandtheflu正确答案:A答案解析:依据文章第一段可知“喉咙发痒、鼻子堵塞、全身酸痛都会让人感觉糟糕，但是从这些症状并不能判断是由伤风感冒引起的还是由流感引起的，能判断这种糟糕的感觉会持续多久”由此可直接选出正确答案是A。7、Parkinson'sDisease1Parkinson'sdiseaseaffectsthewayyoumove.Ithappenswhenthereisaproblemwithcertainnervecellsinthebrain.Normally,thesenervecellsmakeanimportantchemicalcalleddopamine.Dopaminesendssignalstothepartofyourbrainthatcontrolsmovement.Itletsyourmusclesmovesmoothlyanddowhatyouwantthemtodo.WhenyouhaveParkinson's,thesenervecellsbreakdown.Thenyounolongerhaveenoughdopamine,andyouhavetroublemovingthewayyouwantto.2Nooneknowsforsurewhatmakesthesenervecellsbreakdown.Butscientistsaredoingalotofresearchtolookfortheanswer.Theyarestudyingmanypossiblecauses,includingagingandpoisonsintheenvironment.AbnormalgenesseemtoleadtoParkinson'sdiseaseinsomepeople.Butsofar,thereisnotenoughprooftoshowthatitisalwaysinherited.3Tremormaybethefirstsymptomyounotice.Itisoneofthemostcommonsignsofthedisease,althoughnoteveryonehasit.Moreimportantly,noteveryonewithatremorhasParkinson'sdisease.Tremoroftenstartsinjustonearmorlegoronlyononesideofthebody.Itmaybeworsewhenyouareawakebutnotmovingtheaffectedarmorleg.Itmaygetbetterwhenyoumovethelimboryouareasleep.Intime,Parkinson'saffectsmusclesallthroughyourbody,soitcanleadtoproblemsliketroubleswallowingorconstipation.Inthelaterstagesofthedisease,apersonwithParkinson'smayhaveafixedorblankexpression,troublespeaking,andotherproblems.Somepeoplealsohaveadecreaseinmentalskills(dementia).4Atthistime,thereisnocureforParkinson'sdisease.Butthereareseveraltypesofmedicinesthatcancontrolthesymptomsandmakethediseaseeasiertolivewith.You'maynotevenneedtreatmentifyoursymptomsaremild.Yourdoctormaywaittoprescribemedicinesuntilyoursymptomsstarttogetinthewayofyourdailylife.Yourdoctorwilladjustyourmedicinesasyoursymptomsgetworse.Youmayneedtotakeseveralmedicinestogetthebestresults.Alotofresearchisbeingdonetofindout____.【单选题】A.ifthereisn'tenoughdopamineyourbodyB.whataffectsmusclesallthroughyourbodyC.whichcannotbecuredyetD.ifyouhaveafixedorblankexpressionE.whichmaybethefirstsymptomyounoticeF.whatcausesParkinson'sdisease正确答案:F答案解析:人们正在进行大量的研究来发现导致帕金森综合征的原因。根据第二段前三句话及后面提到的agingandthepoisonsinenvironment等可推断应选F。8、Cancer1.Cancerisagroupofmanyrelateddiseasesthatbeginincells,thebody'sbasicbuildingblocks.Thebodyismadeupofmanytypesofcells.Normally,cellsgrowanddividetoproducemorecellsastheyareneededtokeepthebodyhealthy.Sometimes,thisorderlyprocessgoeswrong.Newcellsformwhenthebodydoesnotneedthem,andoldcellsdonotdiewhentheyshould.Theextracellsformamassoftissuecalledagrowthortumor(肿瘤).Benign(良性的)tumorsarenotcancer.Theycanoftenberemovedand,inmostcases,theydonotcomeback.Malignant(恶性的)tumorsarecancer.Cellsinmalignanttumorsareabnormalanddividewithoutcontrolororder.2.Scientistshavelearnedthatcanceriscausedbychangesingenesthatnormallycontrolthegrowthanddeathofcells.Certainlifestyleandenvironmentalfactorscanchangesomenormalgenesintogenesthatallowthegrowthofcancer.Manygenechangesthatleadtocanceraretheresultoftobaccouse,diet,exposuretoultraviolet(紫外线的)radiationfromthesun,orexposuretocarcinogens(致症物)intheworkplaceorintheenvironment.Somegenealterationsareinherited.3.Cancertreatmentcanincludesurgery,radiationtherapy,chemotherapy(化疗),hormonetherapy,andbiologicaltherapy.Thedoctormayuseonemethodoracombinationofmethods,dependingonthetypeandlocationofthecancer,whetherthediseasehasspread,thepatient'sageandgeneralhealthandotherfactors.Becausetreatmentforcancercanalsodamagehealthycellsandtissues,itoftencausessideeffects.Patientsanddoctorsgenerallydiscussthetreatmentoptions,weightingthelikelybenefitsofkillingcancercellsandtherisksofpossiblesideeffects.4.Havingcancerdoesnotalwaysmeanhavingpain.Whetherapatienthaspainmaydependonthetypeofcancer,theextentofthediseaseandthepatient'stoleranceforpain.Mostpainoccurswhenthecancergrowsandpressesagainstbones,organs,ornerves.Painmayalsobeasideeffectoftreatment.However,paincangenerallyberelievedorreducedwithprescriptionmedicinesorover-the-counterdrugsrecommendedbythedoctor.Cancerpatientsmaydifferintheir______.【单选题】A.sideeffectsB.prescriptionmedicinesC.controlororderD.toleranceforpainE.variousfactorsF.differentgenes正确答案:D答案解析:本题有一定难度，需要认真寻找答案依据。答案依据在文章第第四段第二句话：Whetherapatienthaspainmaydependon…andthepatients'toleranceforpain，谈到病人是否感觉疼痛取决于癌症的类型，患病严重程度以及病人对疼痛的忍耐力，回来看选项，D项符合原文句意，是答案。9、TheIdealHusbandSciencenowmightbeabletoexplainwomen'sfascinationwithBradPitt'sfaceandGeorgeClooney'seyes.Womenseemtojudgepotentialmatebyhowmasculinetheirfeaturesare,newresearchshows.Menwithsquarejawsandwell-definedbrowridgesareseenasgoodshort-termpartners,whilethosewithmorefemininetraitssuchasarounderfaceandfullerlipsareperceivedasbetterlong-termmates.Inthestudyby