研一下-专业英语科技写作

1英语写作篇科技论文写作2英语科技论文:撰写与投稿1写作前的准备2论文的结构安排与撰写3科技英语的文法与表达4投稿及与编辑的联系3写作前的准备:

写什么和如何写？科技论文：论述重要的实验性的、理论性的或观测性的新知识，或者一些已知原理在实际应用中的进展情况。[O’ConnerM,WritingScientificPaperinEnglish,1983]学术道德无独创性、重复或“香肠”文章可靠性剽窃456写作前的准备:

写什么和如何写？科技论文必须回答4个问题Whydidyoustart？Whatdidyoudo?Whatdidyoufind?Whatdoesitmean?7写作前的准备:

写什么和如何写？素材收集与论文组织拟定试用题名和摘要整理分析研究结果检索并查阅参考文献美国化学会ACS在作者道德责任中指出：”theauthorisobligatedtoperformaliteraturesearchtofind,andthencite,theoriginslpublicationsthatdescribecloselyrelatedwork”组织论文8写作前的准备:

写什么和如何写？撰写与修改准备好材料一气呵成不用过多考虑文法，“大同行”能看懂搁置几天后修改文法：人称、时态、语态、是否则然、赘词、贴切一致性：术语、拼写、量、单位、正文和图表数据一致论文结构和各部份表达：题名贴切、简洁、各部分有无重复、参考文献删除或遗漏9写作前的准备:

写什么和如何写？选择期刊选择合适期刊稿件容易被退回导致不公平的同行评议无人问津如何选择期刊范围显示度录用率，如Science是否收费阅读投稿须知10写作前的准备:

为什么要发表论文？Publishorperish(发表或者灭亡)

—科研成果：如果没有发表，就等于不曾存在；

—科研人员：没有论著发表，职业生涯将难以为继;Therearethreenecessarystepsinusefulresearch：thefirsttobeginit,thesecondtoenditandthethirdtopublishit.

——M.Faraday11写作前的准备:

为什么要发表论文？scienceisafundamentallysocialactivity,whichimpliesthatitdependsongoodcommunication.Inthepracticeofscienceweareawareofthis,andthatiswhyitisrightforourjournalstoinsistonclarityandintelligibility.Thegoalofscientificresearchispublication.Scientists,startingasgraduatestudents,aremeasuredprimarilynotbytheirdexterityinlaboratorymanipulations,notbytheirinnateknowledgeofeitherbroadornarrowscientificsubjects,andcertainlynotbytheirwitorcharm;theyaremeasured,andeknown(orremainunknown)bytheirpublications.12写作前的准备:

为什么要发表论文？Ascientificexperiment,nomatterhowspectaculartheresults,isnotcompleteduntiltheresultsarepublished.Infact,thecornerstoneofthephilosophyofscienceisbasedonthefundamentalassumptionthatoriginalresearchmustbepublished;onlythuscannewscientificknowledgebeauthenticatedandthenaddedtotheexistingdatabasethatwecallscientificknowledge.Itisnotnecessaryfortheplumbertowriteaboutpipes,norisitnecessaryforthelawyertowriteaboutcases(exceptbriefwriting),buttheresearchscientist,perhapsuniquelyamongthetradesandprofessions,mustprovideawrittendocumentshowingwhatheorshedid,whyitwasdone,howitwasdone,andwhatwaslearnedfromit.Thekeywordisreproducibility.Thatiswhatmakesscienceandscientificwritingunique.13科学论文特点和要求创新性有所发现有所创造创新有大小理论性从理论高度分析，形成科学见解通过实验或理论证明规范性遵循300年来形成的论文规范14科技英语分类：科学论文和科技应用文科学论文:Anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers(1)toassessobservations(2)torepeatexperiments,and(3)toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices15科技英语词义明确、结构严谨、文风比较朴素和单纯英文科技论文一般属性：明白、简洁、精确16科技英语明白易懂(clearness)直截了当（Firstthingsfirst）读者的广泛性（Consideringvarietyofaudiences）17科技英语简洁（clarity)18科技英语精确（Accuracy)科技论文的特质与文学作品不同Midpleasuresandpalacesthoughwemayroam,beiteversohumble,thereisnoplacelikehome.19写作前的准备:

应该发表什么样的科技论文？一点之见即成文;避免无意或有意的剽窃行为(即:引述他人思想、数据或论述而不注明出处)；避免一稿多投或一稿多发；抄一篇为剽窃，抄多篇为创新20写作前的准备:

科技英文写作与讲演

寻找创建模板的论文

—发表于国际知名期刊；

—

最近3－5年内发表;

—至少有一位英语母语的作者

创建模板

—句子的结构、长度、句式变化；

—动词、转接词、介词的使用；

—动词时态；

—怎样开始和结束；

—如何及何时承认他人的贡献适度模仿建立语料库21写作前的准备:

阅读“作者须知”或“投稿指南”刊物的宗旨和范围；各栏目论文的长度、章节的顺序安排,等；采取何种体例格式?如:页边距、纸张大小、参考文献的体例、图表的准备、等；履行何种形式的同行评议?多长时间后能决定可否录用22英语科技论文:撰写与投稿1写作前的准备2论文的结构安排与撰写3科技英语的文法与表达4投稿及与编辑的联系23论文的结构安排与撰写论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)致谢参考文献

24论文的结构安排与撰写Ascientificpaperisorganizedtomeettheneedsofvalidpublication.Itis,orshouldbe,highlystylized,withdistinctiveandclearlyevidentcomponentparts.

25论文的结构安排与撰写26论文的结构安排与撰写科学论文的动词时态科学论文讲究时态不同场合不同专业要求不同27论文的结构安排与撰写28论文的结构安排与撰写论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词引言(Introduction)材料与方法(Materialsandmethods)结果(Results)讨论与结论(Discussion&Conclusion)致谢参考文献

WheredoIstart?29科技论文的结构:篇前部分论文题名+眉题

(RunningTitle)作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词30Title题名

以最少数量的单词来充分表述论文的内容题名的作用

吸引读者.题名相当于论文的“标签”(label),题名如果表达不当,就会失去其应有的作用,使真正需要它的读者错过阅读论文的机会；

帮助文献追踪或检索.文献检索系统多以题名中的主题词作为线索,因而这些词必须要准确地反映论文的核心内容,否则就有可能产生漏检31Title32TitleFirstimpressionsarestrongimpressions;atitleoughtthereforetobewellstudied,andtogive,sofarasitslimitspermit,adefiniteandconciseindicationofwhatistocome.

—T.CliffordAllbuttWhatisagoodtitle?Idefineitasthefewestpossiblewordsthatadequatelydescribethecontentsofthepaper.33Title:基本要求准确(Accuracy)：准确地反映论文的内容；避免非定量的，含义不明的词简洁(Brevity)：中文最好不超过20个汉字，英文最好不超过10–12个单词；去掉a,the,Thoughtson...,Regarding…,Study…,等

清楚(Clarity)：清晰地反映文章的具体内容和特色,力求简洁有效、重点突出

尽可能将表达核心内容的主题词放在题名开头；

慎重使用缩略语；DNA,AIDS

避免使用化学式、上下角标、特殊符号(数字符号、希腊字母等)、公式等;34Title(Accuracy)35论文题名举例Bad:ActionofantibioticsonbacteriaBad:PreliminaryobservationsontheeffectofcertainantibioticsonvariousspeciesofbacteriaGood:

ActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumtuberculosis

Better:InhibitionofgrowthofMycobacteriumtuberculosisbyStreptomycin

36Title(Brevity)37题名类型名词词组:Inositoltrisphosphateandcalciumsignaling(三磷酸肌醇和钙信号表达

)主副题名:

WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression(WAF1:p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子)系列题名:

Density-functionalthermochemistry.III.Theroleofexactexchange(密度函数的热化学:3.正解交换的作用)陈述性题名:

Thep21Cdk-interactingproteinCip1isapotentinhibitorofG1cyclin-dependentkinases(p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂)疑问句题名:

Whenisabirdnotabird?38TitleTitle中常见问题忌讳出现语法错误有些词多余Researchon…,Studyon…,Investigationon…,Thepreparationof…,TheSynthesisof…介词的选用有些冠词可省ANewMethod…（A），TheProblemof…(The)标题太大公式化标题”基于ABC的EFG关键技术”-…Based…KeyTechnique“面向ABC的EFG系统”-…Oriented…System39Title词的先后顺序非常重要。CarblamedforpollutionbyscientistFactorsinfluencingprimarylivercancerresectionsurvivalrate40介词问题Bad:LinearprogrammingmethodofoptimizationofsystemsofpartialdifferentialequationGood:

Linearprogrammingmethod

foroptimizationofpartialdifferentialequationsystems(偏微分方程系统最优化的线性程序设计方法)Bad:Formulation

of

equationsofverticalmotionof

finiteelementformforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemGood:Finiteelementbasedformulationsforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemconsideringverticalmotion车桥相互作用系统有限元形式的竖向运动方程41缩略语的使用问题TheeffectsofairpollutantsontakingofSARSGEE

用广义估计方程研究大气污染对SARS发病的影响

GEE—generalizedestimatingequationThequarantinemeasuresandpreventativecountermeasuresofpreventingthepropagationofRIFAthroughinternationalshippings

防止红火蚊随国际航行船舶传播的检疫措施与防控对策

RIFA—redimportedfireant42Title中常见问题新颖化标题新颖标题没有反映新颖内容“喧宾夺主”，VisualizationandInteractionMethodforChoosingInversePerturbationParameters->VisualizedInteractionProcudureforDetermingInversePerturbationParameters43Title关于字母的大小写习惯，各种期刊很不统一只有第一个字母大写每个词第一个字母大写，除冠词、介词、连词，但第一个词首字母大写所有字母大写44Title1.Gas-assistedpowderinjectionmoulding(GAPIM)2.Enery-efficientdatagatheringinlargewirelesssensornetworks3.Highlyefficientwaveguidegratingcouplersusingsilicon-on-insulator4.Silicon-on-insulatorforhigh-outputwaveguidegratingcouplers5.Webservice——anenablingtechnologyfortradingpartnerscommunityvirtualintegration6.Webservice:integratingvirtualcommunitiesoftradingpartners7.IntegratingvirtualcommunitiesoftradingpartnersthroughWebservice45Title8.Vaporpressureassistedvoidgrowthandtrackingofpolymericfilmsandinterfaces9.Anewapproachtoblindmultiuserdetectionbasedoninter-symbolcorrelation10.Inter-symbolcorrelationforblindmultiuserdetection11.Animprovedinter-symbolcorrelationmethodforblindmultiuserdetection46RunningTitle(眉题)用于论文的页眉是论文题名的缩写，一般不超过40个字符应包含论文中最核心的内容期刊的习惯47Title改进的技巧把贡献至于题目前部增加动词形式：Datalearning:understandingbiologicaldataNonlinearfiniteelementsimulationtosavethesystemenergy用形容词和数词表述贡献的亮点Highlyefficient、robust，但new、novel不好清楚且特指的关键词：不要将关键词埋没在一长串起修饰作用的名词中Transientmodelforkineticanalysisofelectricstimulus-responsivehydrogelsTransientmodelforkineticanalysisofhydrogelsresponsivetoelectricstimulus48Title改进的技巧精心选择涵盖合适范围的关键词关键词分为3类：普通关键词::simulation,model,chemical,image,recognition,wirelessnetwork过渡性关键词:clustering、microarrange,fingerprintrecognition特质性关键词：hypersurface,hopcount,localisation确保包含多个层次的关键词49Title改进的技巧容易记忆的缩写和题名VISOR：learningVisualSchemasinneuralnetworksforObjectRecognitionandsceneanalysisThediner-waiterindistributedcontrolSoftwareaccelerationusingprogrammablelogic:isitworththeeffect?50RunningTitle：举例题目：WAF1:p53肿瘤抑制作用的一个可能介导因子

WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression

眉题：WAF1asamediatorofp53function题目：淋巴细胞再循环和白细胞迁移中的路径信号:……Trafficsignalsforlymphocyterecirculationandleukocyteemigration:themultistep…

眉题：Trafficsignalsforleukocytecirculation51科技论文的结构:篇前部分论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词52Whoaretheauthors?国际医学期刊编辑委员会(ICMJE)有关作者资格的界定:

(1)课题的构思与设计，资料的分析和解释；(2)文稿的写作或对其中重要学术内容作重大修改；(3)参与最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版

—以上3项条件应全部具备方可成为作者;作者的排列顺序应由所有作者共同决定;每位作者都应该能够就论文的全部内容向公众负责53Whoisthefirstauthor?论文的执笔人或主要撰写者应该是第一作者；贡献相同作者的表达：

—共同第一作者, —通讯作者(Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed/Correspondenceauthor), —这些作者对研究工作的贡献是相同的避免“搭车”署名、不能遗漏应该署名的作者、不可擅自将知名人士署为作者之一以提高论文声誉和影响54作者姓名的拼音表达方式ProperandConsistentForm：Astonamesofauthors,thepreferreddesignationnormallyisfirstname,middleinitial,lastname.Ifanauthorusesonlyinitials,whichhasbeenaregrettabletendencyinscience,thescientificliteraturemayeconfused.IftherearetwopeoplenamedJonathanB.Jones,theliteratureservicescanprobablykeepthemstraight(byaddresses).ButifdozensofpeoplepublishunderthenameJ.B.Jones(especiallyif,onoccasion,someofthemuseJonathanB.Jones),theretrievalserviceshaveahopelesstaskinkeepingthingsneatandtidy.Manyscientistsresistthetemptationtochangetheirnames(aftermarriage,forreligiousreasons,orbycourtorder),knowingthattheirpublishedworkwillbeseparated.55作者姓名的拼音表达方式Inaddition,manycomputerizedlibrarycatalogsandliteratureretrievalsystemsarebasedontheprincipleoftruncation.Thus,onedoesnotneedtokeyinalongtitleorevenawholename;timeissavedbyshortening(truncating)theentry.But,ifonetypesin"Day,RA,"forexample,ascreenwillappearshowingalloftheRachelDays,RalphDays,RaymondDays,etc.,butnotRobertA.Day.Therefore,theuseofinitialsratherthanfirstnamescancausetrouble

56作者姓名的拼音表达方式Ingeneral,scientificjournalsdonotprinteither

degreesortitlesafterauthors'names.(Youknowwhat"B.S."means."M.S."isMoreoftheSame."Ph.D."isPiledHigherandDeeper."M.D.''isMuchDeeper.)However,mostmedicaljournalsdogivedegreesafterthenames.Titlesarealsooftenlistedinmedicaljournals,eitherafterthenamesanddegreesorinfootnotesonthetitlepage.Eveninmedicaljournals,however,degreesandtitles(Dr.,forexample)arenotgivenintheLiteratureCited.Contributorsshouldconsultthejournal'sInstructionstoAuthorsorarecentissueregardingpreferredusage.Ifajournalallowsbothdegreesandtitles,perhapsabitofadvertisingmightbeallowedalso,assuggestedbytheredoubtableLeoRosten(1968):Dr.JosephKipnis—PsychiatristDr.EliLowitz—ProctologistSpecialistsinOddsandEnds.Dr.M.J.KornblumandDr.AlbertSteinkoff,Obstetricians24HourService...WeDeliver57作者姓名的拼音表达方式国家标准(GB/T16159-1996):

汉语人名按姓和名分写,姓和名的开头字母大写,如:WangJianguo(王建国),DongfangShuo(东方朔),ZhugeKongming(诸葛孔明),等；“中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范”：姓前名后,姓氏的全部字母均大写,复姓应连写.名字的首字母大写,双名中间加连字符;名字不缩写.如:ZHANGYing(张颖),WANGXi-lian(王锡联),ZHUGEHua(诸葛华)58作者姓名的拼音表达方式国外期刊一般会尊重作者对自己姓名的表达方式(但大多倾向于大写字母只限于姓和名的首字母)；发表于“Nature”(2002,415:732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表达分别为

ShengliRen,Guang’anZu,Hong-feiWang (任胜利,祖广安,王鸿飞)

缩写:RenS,ZuG,WangHF应尽量采用相对固定的英文姓名的表达形式,以减少在文献检索和论文引用中被他人误解的可能性59作者地址的标署尽可能地给出详细的通讯地址；如果论文出版时作者调到一个新的地址,新地址应以“Presentaddress”(现地址)的形式在脚注中给出；如果第一作者不是通讯作者,作者应按期刊的相关规定表达,并提前告诉编辑.期刊多以星号(*)、脚注或致谢的形式标注通讯作者或联系人60作者地址的标署Rememberthatanaddressservestwopurposes.Itservestoidentifytheauthor;italsosupplies(orshouldsupply)theauthor'smailingaddress.Themailingaddressisnecessaryformanyreasons,themostcommononebeingtodenotethesourceofreprints.Althoughitisnotnecessaryasaruletogivestreetaddressesformostinstitutions,itshouldbemandatorythesedaystoprovidepostalcodes.

Withoneauthor,oneaddressisgiven(thenameandaddressofthelaboratoryinwhichtheworkwasdone).If,beforepublication,theauthorhasmovedtoadifferentaddress,thenewaddressshouldbeindicatedina"PresentAddress"footnote.Whentwoormoreauthorsarelisted,eachinadifferentinstitution,theaddressesshouldbelistedinthesameorderastheauthors

61作者地址的标署Whentwoormoreauthorsarelisted,eachinadifferentinstitution,theaddressesshouldbelistedinthesameorderastheauthors

。Theprimaryproblemariseswhenapaperispublishedby,letussay,threeauthorsfromtwoinstitutions.Insuchinstances,eachauthor'snameandaddressshouldincludeanappropriatedesignationsuchasasuperiora,b,orcaftertheauthor'snameandbefore(orafter)theappropriateaddress.62科技论文的结构:篇前部分论文题名+眉题作者姓名+通讯地址摘要+关键词63Abstract摘要：以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文；AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper.Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.64AbstractAwell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract.65Abstract摘要的类型

(1)信息型摘要:全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. (2)叙述型摘要：只简要描述范围和概况。66Abstract(1)aninformativeabstract,anditisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpaper;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa"heading"inmostjournalstoday.67Abstract(2）Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract).Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicatethesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstituteforthefullpaper.Thus,indicativeabstractsshouldnotbeusedas“heading”abstractsinresearchpapers,buttheymaybeusedinothertypesofpublications(reviewpapers,conferencereports,thegovernmentreportliterature,etc.);suchindicativeabstractsareoftenofgreatvaluetoreferencelibrarians。68Abstract咖啡对心脏病患者的影响叙述型摘要：69Abstract咖啡对心脏病患者的影响信息型摘要：70Abstract71Abstract72摘要内容绝大多数杂志对摘要的要求主要限于内容，而不强调格式。基本全文不分段。内容：研究背景、目的、方法、结果、结论强调：由于科学论文的核心是创新，因此一定要表明本文的特殊贡献。摘要内容根据精细程度不同，分为3种：期刊论文摘要（250）、学术会议要求摘要（500）、论文摘要（500以上）73摘要内容TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.TheAbstractshould:(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation,(2)describethemethodsemployed,(3)summarizetheresults,and(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.Theimportanceoftheconclusionsisindicatedbythefactthattheyareoftengiventhreetimes:onceintheAbstract,againintheIntroduction,andagain(inmoredetailprobably)intheDiscussion.MostoralloftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.74摘要内容内容是否会与正文重复？有必要重复只能概括，不能展开不能copy正文和结论中的语句，变换一个遣词造句的方式和角度举例：75摘要内容76摘要：撰写技巧Today,mostscientificjournalsprintaheadingAbstractwitheachpaper.Itgenerallyisprinted(andshouldbetyped)asasingleparagraph.BecausetheAbstractprecedesthepaperitself,andbecausetheeditorsandreviewerslikeabitoforientation,theAbstractisalmostuniversallythefirstpartofthemanuscriptreadduringthereviewprocess.Therefore,itisoffundamentalimportancethattheAbstractbewrittenclearlyandsimply.IfyoucannotattracttheinterestofthereviewerinyourAbstract,yourcausemaybelost.Veryoften,thereviewermaybeperilouslyclosetoafinaljudgmentofyourmanuscriptafterreadingtheAbstractalone.Thiscouldbebecausethereviewerhasashortattentionspan(oftenthecase).However,ifbydefinitiontheAbstractissimplyaveryshortversionofthewholepaper,itisonlylogicalthatthereviewerwilloftenreachapreliminaryconclusion,andthatconclusionislikelytobethecorrectone.Usually,agoodAbstractisfollowedbyagoodpaper;apoorAbstractisaharbingerofwoestocome.BecauseaheadingAbstractisrequiredbymostjournalsandbecauseameetingAbstractisarequirementforparticipationinagreatmanynationalandinternationalmeetings,scientistsshouldmasterthefundamentalsofAbstractpreparation.77摘要：撰写技巧WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.Economicallyandscientifically,itdoesn'tmakesensetowastewords.Thetotalcommunication