80T六梁桥式铸造起重机结构设计的毕业论文

.专业.专注..专业.专注.80T六梁桥式铸造起重机结构设计的毕业论文摘要六梁铸造起重机是桥式起重机的重要组成部分，是中大型起重设备，由四根主梁和两根端梁组成。本设计采用偏轨箱型主梁，设计过程中从强度、刚度、稳定性三个方面来计算，对于A7工作级别的起重机来说还要进行疲劳强度校核，这就和A6以下工作级别的起重机的设计有了很大的区别，在设计时会出现静强度有很大的富余，在计算局部稳定性的时候还要注意局部轮压的作用，这时候需要验算加劲肋的区格验算，很有可能需要再次验算。设计中在满足刚度、强度、稳定性的前提下，探讨了该机型金属结构受力的空间传递分配规律，推导出力计算公式。本文针对空间桥架力的传递进行探讨，在一定假定条件下，得出主、副梁及主、端梁间的传递规律。关键词：铸造起重机 ,应力,疲劳强度,稳定性AbstractCastingsixbeamsoverheadcranesareanimportantcomponentpartofthemediumandlargeliftingequipment,bythefourmaingirderbeamsandtwo-component,thedesignbasedonthepartialtracksboxgirder,thedesignprocessfromthestrength,stiffness,Stabilitythreeaspects,fortheworking-levelA7cranewillrunforcalibration.Thisandthefollowingworking-levelA6cranedesignwithvastlydifferent,inthedesignwhentherearelargestaticstrengthofthesurplusinthecalculationofregionalstabilitybutalsotothepartialpressureoftheround,ThisneedstimecheckingSTIFFENERcheckingthegrid,islikelytobecheckedagain.Thestructureofthecraneiscomposedoftheprimarycentrolgirder,theassistantcentrolgirder,theprimarydead-endgirderandtheassistantdead-endgirderaccordingtothetraitofthecrane.Ontheadvanceoftheintensity,rigidityandstructuresupportingtheloadisstudiedmainly.Atthesametimewealsoincludetheformulatewhichisusedtocalculatetheinternalforce.Somekindsofconditionsareassuredinordertoholdtheinternalrelationbetweenthem.Keywords:rigidity,intensity,fatiguestrength,stability第一章总体方案设计1.1原始参数TOC\o"1-5"\h\z起重量Q（主/副） /50t跨度S 22m工作级别Ai A8起升高度H（主/副） 20/22m起升速度V（主/副） 4.5/11.4m/min.专业.专注.专业.专注.运行速度（主/副/大车）轮距（主/副/大车）轨距（主/副/大车）轮压（主/副/大车）起重机重量36/33.7/73.5m/min运行速度（主/副/大车）轮距（主/副/大车）轨距（主/副/大车）轮压（主/副/大车）起重机重量4080/1850/9800mm8700/3000/22000mm34500/19640/87600kg220t体结构及设计根据已给参数，此桥式铸造起重机吨位、跨度较大，为减少结构的超静定次数，改善图⑴受力，方便运输，选用六梁较接式结构。结构框架如图（1）图⑴料选择及许用应力根据总体结构，铸造起重机工作级别A8为重级，工作环境温度较高，设计计算时疲劳强度为其首要约束条件，选用Q235-A,考虑起重量较大，主/副梁均采用偏轨箱型梁。材料的许用应力及性能常数见表1、表2。表1.1材料许用应力板厚正应力 N/mm2剪应力N/mm2mmbInmInm>16370152.0167.9184.487.7696.94106.516370158.8175.4192.691.7101.3111.2表1.2材料性能常数表

弹性模量E剪切弹性模量G密度___ 一5 —2.0610MPa= 4 _7.9410MPa7850kg/m3部件尺寸及截面性质.主主梁尺寸1 1 , ,初选高度Hi—初选高度Hi1417考虑大车运行机构安装在主梁，且主主梁与副主梁的高度差必须满足一定得要求，故将主主梁取为大截面薄钢板的形式，以达到节省材料、重量轻的要求。因此取腹板高度h2400mmB1为了省去走台，对宽型偏轨箱型梁也/B1.0:B1为了省去走台，对宽型偏轨箱型梁也/B1.0:1.5,主主梁腹板侧间距取2200mm上=440mm50,主腹板厚度上下翼缘板厚度018mm上翼缘板长2530mm下翼缘板长2326mm,主腹板厚度114mm副腹板厚度 212mm上下翼缘板外伸部分长不相同。有轨道一侧上翼缘板外伸长度 be150270mm取be250mm其它翼缘外伸部分长度be1.5hf27mmhf 018mm侨缝厚度）取be=50mm轨道侧主腹板受局部压应力，应将板加厚，由局部压应力的分布长度，设计离上翼缘板350mm勺一段腹板板厚取为18mm主主梁跨中截面尺寸如图（2）AV\24001256232618116325301812652050142269350182269AV\24001256232618116325301812652050142269350182269.专业.专注.专业.专注.?76图(2).主主梁跨端截面尺寸?76图(2)»… 1 1图度H2-H1-24361218mm2 2 12要确定主主梁跨端截面尺寸，只需确定其高度小，取H2=1300mm跨端下翼缘板厚度18mm主主梁跨端截面尺寸如图(3)建立如图示的坐标系，计算形心位置.截面性质建立如图示的坐标系，计算形心位置(1)主主梁跨中AV\AV\232618A=1256.85.专业.专注.1257mm=1256.85.专业.专注.1257mm24001223261825301820501435018=1238.881239mm计算弯心位置12 1021.381021mm1214弯心近似地在截面对称形心轴x上，具至主腹板中线的距离为1021mm净截面面积A253023261824001220501435018151208mm2毛截面面积A_ 2241822135351034mm计算惯性矩对形心轴24001223261825301820501435018=1238.881239mm计算弯心位置12 1021.381021mm1214弯心近似地在截面对称形心轴x上，具至主腹板中线的距离为1021mm净截面面积A253023261824001220501435018151208mm2毛截面面积A_ 2241822135351034mm计算惯性矩对形心轴x的惯性矩Ix2530183122232618325301811702 232618122122400312579 122183503 2122400392 3501898621420503121.5901010mm412205014214212对形心轴y的惯性矩1823263 “*1825303 23261876 121222400123253018262 24003 _2205014 ___ _123956 205014108757121232*35018 3501810322121.2091011mm41891414121672mm21891414121672mm2净截面面积A2326253018126412350毛截面面积A221312822837066mm2建立图示的坐标系，计算形心位置Ayi2326189253018129112641265091414475.专业.专注.专业.专注.Ayi25301812652326181163126412569141422691216723501822711236.861237mm3501822711236.861237mm计算惯性矩，对形心轴x的惯性矩, 2530183 22326183 21212643IX 2530186162 2326186662 TOC\o"1-5"\h\z12 12 122149143 2183503 2121264252 914142002124.0521010mm4对形心轴y的惯性矩1823263122182326742182530312218232631221823267421825303122182530282212118129141431291414…73501831032 350181212641231221034212648.4971010mm4、副主梁尺寸1.初选梁高H1—:—S=1294~1571mm取腹板高度h1.初选梁高H1141716mm,腹板厚度：主腹板110mm,副腹板厚度28mm,副主梁总高H1h0201532mm副主梁宽度b0 0.6~0.8h0900~1200mm,L H取腹板侧向距b01100mm-440mm且1100—510mm，主腹板一侧上翼缘板外50 3伸长度足15,取外伸长be121mm，其余悬伸长大于1.5倍的焊缝厚度，取be31mm0其尺寸如下图4图(4)2.副主梁跨端截面尺寸的确定1确止其图度H2-H1—1532766mm,取腹板图度为800mm2

副主梁跨端截面尺寸如图(5)图⑸.截面性质(1)跨中建立图示的直角坐标系，求形心位置净截面面积A1180127016108150066200mm2毛截面面积A0110915161681244mm2— Aiyi118016812701615241081500766y 782.49782mmA 66200-Ayi11801659012701663515008351500101144x A 66200628.74629mm计算弯心位置Ae1 计算弯心位置Ae1 2 10811005492.8493mm弯心距主腹板板厚中线的距离为 e493mm计算惯性矩对形心轴x的惯性矩：1270163Ix12_2150010161270163Ix12_21500101621180163 2127016742 1180167741210150031238150012150081610 42.75710mm对形心轴y的惯性矩:150010312150010515215008312150085942150010312150010515215008312150085942161180312118016392161270312161270621.3161010mm42副主梁跨端截面性质建立图示的坐标系，求截面形心位置净截面面积 A127011801610880053600mm2毛截面面积 A01109816904944mm2Aiyi1180168127016824800841680010416 426.96427mmA 53600

623.48624mmAyi118016590127016635800835800101144623.48624mm53600对形心轴x的惯性矩:Ix1270163 1270121639721180163 118012162Ix1270163 1270121639721180163 118012162108003

419 8001210288003112 1228800112 _9 47.288109mm4对形心轴y的惯性矩:1611803 2 16118034121612701611803 2 16118034121612703 16127012280010311 80010129.33109mm49.33109mm4125202 8008589212三、端梁截面尺寸考虑大车车轮的安装及台车的形状尺寸，端梁宽取为600mm。初设截面尺寸如下图6图(6)形心即对称中心 X图(6)形心即对称中心 X330mmy400mm对形心轴x的惯性矩:66012对形心轴x的惯性矩:660123126601239423c107763 9 42 23.23810mm127761031277610305227761031277610305221266031.731109mm412净截面面积 A66012277610231360mm2一…、一一一一 2毛截面面积 A610788480680mm四、各截面尺寸及性质汇总表8S3图⑺8S3图⑺尺寸汇总表1.3单位：mm1234abch主主梁跨中181814122530232622002400跨端181814122530232622001264副主梁跨中16161081270118011001500跨端1616108127011801100800端梁12121010660660600776截面性质汇总表1.4xyIxIy净面积毛面积主主梁跨中12391257- 111.59010__ 111.209101512085351034跨端12376754.05210108.49710101216722837066副主梁跨中6297822.75710101.3161010662001681244跨端62442797.288109一一一 一99.3310953600904944端梁3304003.2381091.73110931360480680第二章桥架分析荷组合的确定一、动力效应系数的计算.起升冲击系数i0.9 11.1对桥式铸造起重机11.145.起升动载系数2王王梁22min2vq1.150.51——1.188q 60114副王梁22min 2vq「仿。⑸二1376073.5.运行冲击系数41.10.058vyJh1.10.058——11.17160vy为大车运行速度vy=73.5m/min,h为轨道街头处两轨面得高度差 h1mm,根据工作级别，动载荷用载荷组合 进行计算，应用运行冲击系数 4。架假定为了简化六梁银结桥架的计算，特作如下假定：.根据起重机的实际工作情况，以主、副小车一起工作为最不利载荷工况。.主主梁、副主梁的端部与端梁在同一水平面。.由于端梁用钱接分成5段，故副主梁的垂直载荷对相互间受力分析互不影响。.将端梁结构看作多跨静定梁，主主梁受力作为基本结构对副主梁无影响；副主梁受力作为附属部分对主主梁有影响。.计算副主梁水平载荷时，将较接点看成刚性连接。荷计算.主主梁自重FqkAg1.278500.1512089.8113973N/m由设计给出的主小车轮压34500kg,选用车轮材料ZG35CrMn0车轮直径600mm，轨道型号QU120许用值38700kg由轨道型号QU120查得轨道理论重量mg118.10kg/m,主小车轨道重量Famag118.109.811158.56N/mgg1栏杆等重量Flmlg1009.81981n/m主梁的均布载荷 FqFqFgFl139731158.5698116112.56N/mqqg.主小车布置，两侧起升机构对称布置，重心位于对称中心。吊具质量m00.05mQ0.051809t起升载荷PQ mQmbg18099.811031854090N小车重量PGxmxg0.351801039.81618030N因主小车吨位较大，采用台车形式八个车轮，可求实际主小车满载时的静轮压P1P2 PQPGx/8309015N一根主主梁上 P4P1236060N空载小车轮压P'P' 91039.81618030/888290N.惯性载荷一根主主梁上小车惯性力主小车上主动轮占一半，按主动车轮打滑条件确定主小车的惯性力n0 2Pxg P—0.141236060—86524Nn 4大车起、制动产生的惯性力n0PH PQPGx—0.1424721200.134610NnFH Fq®0.1416112.560.1225.6N/mq

n.偏斜运行侧向力一根主主梁的重量为PGFqS1397322307406Nq主主梁跨端焊接上两块耳板，与副主梁端梁连接，在计算时，按假想端梁截面进行计

It于计#图(8)与主主梁连接的端梁部分(将超出轨距的一部分所假想而成的端梁截面尺寸)I--LI--L其截面尺寸如下形心x其截面尺寸如下形心x330y632对形心轴x的惯性矩:66012312一66012312一―2660126261012403129 429.38510mm对形心轴对形心轴y的惯性矩:1240103122 1240103122 126603 9 41240103052 2 22.882109mm412端梁净截面积A端梁净截面积A660122124010240640mm2端梁毛截面积A06101252763720mm2一根端梁单位长度重量Fq1kAg1.178500.040649.813442.6N/m一组大车运行机构重量 PGjmjg13009.8112753N司机室及其电气设备的重量 一组大车运行机构重量 PGjmjg13009.8112753N司机室及其电气设备的重量 PGs msg40009.8139240N主主梁侧假想端梁重PG3dFq1s03442.62.271.1911911.4N龈常就覆 3(11)(1)满载小车在主主梁跨中左侧端梁总静轮压由下图(12)计算- 1 - - 1 —PR1 -' PQ P3x _ 2pG2 2PGsLd2LPGd1空221空221275311911.41582145N一2472120—2307406392402 2.I22由一—2.245查图3-8行，侧向力为B9.8- 1- 1 Ps1 -PR1 — 15821450.0755375N2 22满载小车在主主梁左端极限位置左侧端梁总静轮压为止匕处省略NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

NN起升质量m2mQm050000250052500kg起升载荷PQ mQmbg525009.81515025N起升钢丝绳滑轮组的最大下放长度为 lrHqHr2222.5222.5mq取Hr2.5m,Hr为吊具最小下放距离桥架跨中静位移为PQ c3b2cc. 515025y0 S3sb 5 10248EIx2 2482.06102.757103220001850 9.954mm2查4选用彳率m4,nr2m8,Er1105MPa由钢丝纯静拉力SPQ51502564378.125Nrv 8dc.S0.134、.64378.12534mm选用6w1977型钢丝绳A501.52mm2起开钢丝绳滑轮组的静伸长PQlr 51502522.510rrEPQlr 51502522.510rrErAr 8110501.5228.882mm结构质量影响系数m_

m234580.8525009.9549.95428.8820.043桥式起重机的垂直自振频率f1 g 1 9.81103v2\.y0 01 23.14\9.95428.88210.0432.478Hz fv 2Hz4.水平动刚度起重机水平动刚度以物品高位悬挂，满载小车位于桥架跨中的水平自振频率来表征半桥架中点的换算质量为

me0.5mGmxmQm0 0.517080.81750050000250043540.4kg半刚架跨中在单位水平力作用下产生的水平位移为341.1660.000029194mm/N341.1660.000029194mm/N桥式起e48EI1 4rl 482.061051.3161010重机的水平自振频率为fH11mee212fH11mee21243540.410004.466Hz fH0.0000291941.5:2Hz架拱度桥架跨度中央的标准拱度值rL22000f0 22mm1000 1000考虑制造因素，实取y。1.4%1.42230.8mm跨度中央两边按抛物曲线14c设置拱度，如下图(34)距跨中为a1■L的点,8y考虑制造因素，实取y。1.4%1.42230.8mm跨度中央两边按抛物曲线14c设置拱度，如下图(34)距跨中为a1■L的点,8y130.84^1—64 28.875mmL2距跨中为a24的点，y2 30.84L21—216 23.1mmL2距跨中为a33L距跨中为a33L、上一的点,849L2y30.8 1-24^-13.475mm第五章端梁校核主梁端部耳板设计计算主主梁跨端结构受力，工况：满载小车位于主梁跨端，大小车同时运行起制动及桥架偏斜。.垂直载荷主梁最大支承力FR1529738N因Fr作用点的变动引起的附加力矩为MRMrFrX115297381.031575630.14Nm按假想端梁计算自重Fq13442.6N/m计算简图（35）端梁支座反力如图Fvd1Fvd1ab4Fq1aFvd2截面FRaFRb1-1截面2-212 4Fq1Mr FRb图FRa2Mr2Mrab1F2a4Fq12a221428035N24Fq12abMr115651N弯矩剪力弯矩剪力2.水平载荷端梁的水平载荷有Mxi0Fv11428035NMx2Fvd1b24Fq1b21696507.2NmFv24Fq1b14280351.1713442.61.191423238NFh，Ps2,Pxg,亦按简支梁计算，见图（36）因Pg作用点外移引起的附加水平弯矩为Mxa Pxax1865241.0389119.7Nmxg xg弯矩MylPxgbMxg865241.1989119.713843.86Nm截面1-1FRHb FhL2aabr12HeLq2L21.19225.62221.1351.1351.191.738 12346102.8222.822213309NFd127687.5N剪切力FH1Frh Fd11330927687.540996.5N截面2-2在Ph,Fh,Ps2,Pxg水平力作用下，My2Fh1b40996.51.1948785.8Nm2-2处水平反力Fh22 Frh Ps2 Pg133099076386524190596N3.主梁端部耳板设计截面性质：建立如图示坐标系340mmIxAx12402064426802412124020268024487.5mm2012403 12402012644487.526802431268024487.5121.12610 4IxAx12402064426802412124020268024487.5mm2012403 12402012644487.526802431268024487.5121.12610 410mm6803 1240203124020320225.71094mm1212校核截面2-2处Mx2NIxMy2XMx2NIxMy2X1696507.210312521.1261010487.548785.8103340105.7109118MPa腹板中轴处切应力Fv2S腹板中轴处切应力Fv2Sy142323877601601021.12610102420.43MPa合格1.截面1-1处销轴所受剪应力在验算端梁完计算，见后面。§5.2副主梁一侧端梁的校核1.端梁校核载荷计算：副主梁与端梁看作是多跨静定梁的附属部分；主主梁对附属部分无影响工况：取满载小车位于主梁跨端，大小车同时起、制动及桥架偏斜(1)垂直载荷主梁最大支承力 FR496771N图因Fr作用点的变动引起的附加力矩为MRMRFrx1 4967710.515255837Nm端梁自重Fq12656.5NmTOC\o"1-5"\h\z端梁在垂直载荷作用下按简支梁计算1 1埔梁支反力Fvd Fr 4Fq〔B496771 1.1712656.56.32506601N2 2截面1-1Mx10Fv1 Fvd 506601N截面2-21 2 1 2Mx2Fvda 4Fq1aMr5066011.109 1.1712656.51.109255837815745Nm2 2Fv2Fvd 4Fq1a5066011.1712656.51.109503151N(2)水平载荷端梁的水平载荷有Ph , Fh , Ps2 , Pxg ,按简支梁计算。因Pg作用点外移引起的附加水平弯矩为MxaPxax1254760.51513120Nmxg xg先求支反力：FRHb FhFRHb FhL2Ph0LGaabr1 122L22.051 106.62221.1091.1092.0511.166 129613.81.46221.462225447N端梁的水平反力FHdFrhPs2Pg5447294382547660361N水平剪切力Fh2FHd60361N弯矩My2FHdaMxg603611.1091312080060Nm截面1-1剪切力FhiFh260361N轴向力NdFch14420.5N2.强度校核只需校核2-2截面截面角点①处应力Mx2Y1IxMy2X2IMx2Y1IxMy2X2Iy2Nd

Ad8157451033.238104009800601031.731103309214420.531360117MPa腹板边缘的应力Mx2y112IxMy2XMx2y112IxMy2X2Iy202NdAd381574510 40012 "_93.23810938006010 330T91.73110920214420.531360113MPa翼缘板对中轴的静矩为Sy660124006 3120480mm3FSy660124006 3120480mm3Fv2Sy2Ix5031513120480_ _9 _23.2381091220.2MPa折算应力为一'FvdPQ 1一_mxg

4Fq151502521 6.32—0.355010009.812656.5 ——4 2308825NFminFd Fqia3088252656.51.109305879NMmin Fvd 0.551 ///c/21.110.515 Fq10.551.110.5152q3088251.1452656.51.1452351863N卜翼缘板焊缝应力maxMmax丫212匚- 3 __ _81574510 4001293.2381097.75MPaminmaxmin根据MminY212351863103 40012IxFmaxSy40.7hfIxFminSy40.7hfIx3.23810942.16MPa5031513120480-940.7103.238109305879312048040.7103.23810917.32MPa10.53MPaA8及Q235,下翼缘板采用双面贴角焊缝，应力集中等级 %,查得1370MPa皿42160.43130max97.75焊缝拉伸疲劳许用应力1.67 11.6763.0rt1 1—r0.45b630.453700.4313maxrt合格minmax10.53 0.60817.32143.75MPa按K2查得1 63.0MPa取拉伸疲劳许用应力63.0MPart1.67 11 1 1—r0.45八1.6763.0631 1 0.6080.45370169MPart.397.6MPamax合格.稳定性整体稳定性h8001.293 (稳定)b620局部稳定性翼缘板b06005060 （稳定）h0 1280不需设置横隔板。80不需设置横隔板。.校核销轴所受的力如图(40),耳板与端梁连接处销轴1、4,所受垂直方向的剪力较大，而2、3受水平方向拉力，其在垂直方向几乎不受力。只需校核受力较大的 1、4销轴。设计销轴直径为d120mm

F Fvd1 Fvd2c21428035506601 967318NF Fvd1 Fvd2c21428035506601 967318N对销轴Fc

d2967318 85.6MPa13.14—12021064对支撑板的挤压应力bs,设支撑板厚20mm支撑板的挤压力FppFvd1Fvd21428035506601483659N483659bs 201.5MPabs20120bs1.7n1.7167.9285.43MPabs1.7n1.7167.9285.43MPabsbs合格.副主梁与端梁的连接副主梁与端梁采用连接板贴角焊缝连接，主梁两侧各用一块连接板与端梁的腹板焊接，连接板厚10mm,高度h10.95hd0.95776737mm,取％730mm接板厚主梁腹板与端梁腹板之间留有20:50mm的间隙，在组装桥架时用来调整跨度。主梁翼缘板伸出梁端套装在端梁翼缘板外侧。用贴角焊缝 hf10mm,周边焊住，必要时在主梁端部侧，主、端梁的上下翼缘板处焊上三角板，以增强连接的水平刚度，承受水平剪力。副主梁最大支承力 FR496771N连接处需要的焊缝长度为:lf 1.2FR 10 -496771 10436mm%lf（合格）20.7hfh20.710100至此桥架设计全部合格，桥架结构施工图见附图。.专业.专注..专业.专注.致谢经过近三个月的设计，我对桥式铸造起重机的设计步骤、容和方法有了更深入的了解，同时巩固了已学的金属结构的相关知识，为以后的工作学习打下了坚实的基础。这次设计桥式铸造起重机的突出特点是工作级别高、起重量大。在设计计算时高工作级别的结构所允许的疲劳强度许用值很低，疲劳强度成为设计计算的首要约束条件，因此要重点校核疲劳强度。另一个收获就是要学会根据结构受力的特点应用材料，将材料用到该用的地方。而受力小的地方就尽可能少用材料。比如主腹板上侧受局部压应力较大，则局部加厚主腹板上侧部分，使其能够承担更大的应力。这种有针对性的设计能最大限度地节省材料，更加合理。在设计过程中，得到了学院有关领导的关心和支持，尤其是指导老师给了我们很大的帮助，在此对他们认真负责的精神和付出的辛苦表示衷心的感谢。由于时间较紧，而且我也是第一次完成这样完整的设计，由于实践经验的欠缺，在设计中一定有许多考虑不周的地方。需要在今后的学习和工作中总结提高。希望各位老师和同学批评指正。参考文献徐克晋主编《金属结构》：机械工业 1982.徐格宁主编《起重运输机金属结构设计》：机械工业1995.起重机器厂编《起重机设计手册》：人民1979.徐格宁主编《机械装备金属结构设计》普通高等教育‘十一五’国家级规划教材 2008.9起重机设计手册编写组《起重机设计手册》：机械工业 1977.倪庆兴、王殿臣主编《起重输送机械图册》:机械工业1992.质文、王金诺主编《起重机设计手册》：中国铁道1997.道楠、盛主编《起重机课程设计》冶金工业1982.徐格宁、智浩编《重型机械学院学报》 1993年第4期第14卷《铸造起重机桥架空间结构分析与疲劳计算》 1993.鸿文主编《材料力学》高等教育2003.附录APortalpowerChina’srapideconomicgrowthinthepastdecadehasresultedinabigincreaseinfreighttrafficthroughthecountry’sseaports.OldportsarebeingexpandedandnewportsbuilttohandlethelargegrowthincontainerandbulkcargotrafficallalongtheChinesecoastline.China’sportexpansionprogrammehasprovidedastrongboosttothedomesticportequipmentindustry,whichhasenjoyedastrongincreaseindemandforportcranesofvarioustypes,includingcontainercranesandportalcranesalongwithbulkcargohandlingequipment.State-runChinaHarbourEngineering(group)CorporationLtd,establishedundertherulingStateCouncil,isChina’slargestsupplierofportcranesandbulkcargohandlingequipment.TheorganizationcontrolsbothShanghaiZhenhuaPortMachineryCoLtd(ZPMC),theworld’slargestmanufacturerofquaysidecontainercranes,andShanghaiPortMachineryPlant(SPMP),whichspecializesinthemanufacturerofportalcranesandothercranesusedinportsalongwithdrybulkcargohandlingequipment.SPM’PsmainmarketisChina,althoughthecompanyislookingtoexpanditsoverseassales.AlthoughlesswellknownthanitsassociateZPMC,SPMPalsooperateslargemanufacturingfacilities,andisduetomovepartofitsproductionshortlytoChangxingIslandnearShanghaiwhereZPMCalreadyoperatesalargecontainercranefabricationplant.PortalandotherharbourcranesareSPMP’smajorproductionitem.Duringthepasttwoyears,thecorporationhaswoncontractsfor145portalcranesfromportauthoritiesthroughoutChina,bothfromnewportsunderconstructionandportsundergoingexpansion.Inrecentyears,SPMPhasalsosuppliedportalcranestotheUnitedStates,Iraq,andMyanmar.TheportRangoonofMyanmarinhaspurchaseda47m,40tportalcranewhileBIWoftheUnitedStateshaspurchasedthreecranes-15t,150t,and300tportalcranes.Elsewhere,SPMPhassupplied12portalcranestoseveralportsinIraqsincetheendoftheSaddamregime.InChina,SPM’Psrecentmajorordersforportalcranesincludeeight40t,45mradiuscranesforTianjinOverseasMineralTerminal,whileYanTaiPortBureauinGuangdonginsouthernChinahaspurchasedsix40t,45mradiuscranes.Otherlargeordersincludeseven10t,25mradiuscranesforZhenjiangPortGroupandanorderof1025t,33mradiuscranesfromFangchengPortBureau,whiletheYingkouPortGrouphasordered1325t,35mradiuscranesalongwithtwo40t,44mradiusportcranes.MANYCRANESBUILTTOORDERSPMPalsosuppliesothercranesusedinportsandharbours,manyofwhicharebuilttoorderforclients.QuaysidecontainercraneshavebeensuppliedtoanumberofforeignclientsincludingBangkokPortinThailand,KaohsiungPortinTaiwan,andPortofVancouverinCanada.InChina,SPMPhassuppliedquaysidecontainercranestoShanghaiPort,TianjinPort,YinKouPort,YanTaiPortandothers.Thecompanyalsosuppliesrubber-tyredcontainergantrycranestodomesticandoverseasclients.CustomersforothercranesusedinportsincludeGuangzhouPortinGuangdong,whichpurchaseda25tfloatingcranewhileZhonggangPorthasboughttwodoubletrolley125/63tgantrycranes,alongwitha700toverheadcrane,In2003ZhonggangPortawardedacontracttoSPMPfora2,600tfloatingcrane,whichiisthelargestcranethecompanyhasmadeinrecentyears.OthercustomersincludeZhongyuanNanytongShipyardofJiangsuProvincehaspurchasedtwo300tgoliathcranesforuseinitsshipyard,whileShanghaiWaigaoqiaoShipyardusestwoofSPMP’s600tgoliathcranesforitsshipbuildingoperations.SPMPhastwofactories.TheShanghaiplantemploys2,000workerswhileafactoryinJiangsuProvinceemploys1,500workers.Thecombinedtotalof3,500workersincludes800technicalandmanagementstaffinvolvedindesigning,developing,andbuildingportalandothercranesalongwithdrybulkcargoloadingandunloadingequipment.Currently,SPMPispreparingtovacateitsShanghaifactorysiteasthecompany’sexistingplotoflandispartofariversideareaearmarkedbytheShanghaiExpoin2010.SPMP’sShanghaifactorywillcloseattheendof2006,andmovetoanewsiteonnearbyChangxingIsland.“Thenewfactorywillbemuchbiggerthanthepresentplant,”Lisaid.“Phase1willbereadyforuswhenwemoveattheendof2006. ”InadditiontomovingtheShanghaifactorytoanewsite,SPMPexpectsfuturebusinessoperationwithZPMC.OfficialsatChinaHarbourEngineering(Group)CorporationareunderstoodtohavetoldSPMPofplantsforSPMPandZPMCtoco-operatemoreinbiddingforprojectsinfuture.Bothcompaniesareexpectedtoretaintheirindividualmanufacturingcapability,however,withprecisedetailsoffutureco-operationstillsomewayfrombeingfinalised.Meanwhile,SPMPassociatecompanyZPMCisstrengtheningitspositionastheworld’slargestmanufacturerofship-to-shorecontainercranes,supplyingslightlymorethanhalftheannualinternationalcontainercranemarket.Inadditiontooperatingfourcraneproductioncomplexesforitscranemanufacturingandotherbusinesses.ZPMC’sfullrangeofproductsincludesquaysidecontainercranes,rubber-tyredgantrycranes,bulkmaterialshiploadersandunloaders,bucket-wheelstackersandreclaimers,portalcranes,floatingcranes,andengineeringvessels.Thecompanyhasalsodiversifiedintomanufacturingotherlargesteelstructuresincludinglargesteelbridges.ZPMCEXPANDINGPRODUCTIONZPMC’scranesandotherproductsareinuseatover150shippingterminalsin37countriesandregionsworldwide.BytheendofDecember2005,ZPMChadsupplied705quaysidecontainercranes,andhadordersinhandtodeliveranother128quaysidecontainercranesin2006.Inaddition,attheendof2005ZPMChaddelivered1,148rubber-tyredgantrycranestocustomersworldwideandhadordersinhandtodeliver308rubber-tyredgantrycranestocustomersin2006.ZPMCisexpandingproductionfacilitiesinexpectationthatthevolumeoforders.专业.专注.willgrowinfuture.ThecompanyownsfourcraneproductioncomplexesinShanghaiandthesurroundingareaatJiangyin,Changzhou,ZhangjiangandChangxingIsland.TheChangxingproductionsite,whichwascompletedin2001,coversonemillionsqm,andhasa3.5kmcoastline.Thefacilityiscapableofmanufacturing160quaysideship-to-shorecontainercraneseachyearalongwith300rubber-tyredgantrycranesand200,000metrictonsoflargesteelbridgestructures.Planscallforafuther3millionsqmoflandtobereclaimedatChangxing,whichZPMCwilldeveloptobecomeitslargestproductioncentre.KorealooksinwardInafragmentedglobalportcraneindustry,KoreanmanufacturersarebeingforcedtolookformorebusinessintheirdomesticmarketsSouthKorea’scontainercraneandportcraneequipmentmanufacturingindustryhasbecomemorefocusedonthedomesticmarketinrecentyearsasmanufacturershavefacedtoughpricecompetitionfromZPMCofChinainmajorforeignmarkets.Theproblemisthesameasthatfacedbyotherportcranemanufacturersaroundtheworld,noneofwhichaccountformorethanaboutan8%shareoftheworldcontainercranemarket.AswellasZPMC,competitionfromEuropeanandJapaneseequipmentsuppliersisalsostrong,bothforquaysidecontainercranesandforrubber-tyredgantrycranecontracts.WhileSouthKoreanfirms-includingHyundaiHeavyIndustries,SamsungHeavyIndustries,DoosanHeavyIndustries,andHanjinHeavyIndustries-continuetobidforinternationalcontracts,winninglargeordershasbecomeincreasinglyrare.DoosanHeavyIndustries&ConstructionCoLtdisbelievedtobetheonlySouthKoreanportcranemakertohavewonalargecontainercranecontractduringthepastfewyears,withmostordersbookerbyKoreanmanufacturersbeingforlessthan10craneunits..专业.专注..专业.专注..专业.专注.Doosanrecentlycompleteddeliveryofa42-unitrubber-tyredgantrycrane(RTGC)ordertothePortofSingaporeAuthorityPSNthatwasawardedin2004.Includingarecentcontract.DoosanhasreceivedorderstosupplythePortofSingaporewithatotalof120RTGCssince1997.TherecentbatchofRTGCsisdesignedforincreasedsafety.EschoftheRTGCsisfittedwith16wheelsinsteadoftheusualeight.“Wehavesuppliedcontainercraneslocallyandoverseas.Mostprojectsareoneortwounits,butSingaporehasbeen120units,”commentedasourceinDoosanHeavyIndustries’materialhandlingequipmentdivision. “Containercranescanliftoneortwocontainersdependingontheclient,butthetwinspreaderdesignisnormalnow.OurbiggestcontractbeforewaswithPusanPortforover10container "cranes.”BUILDINGPOWERPLANTSDoosanHeavyIndustries’majoractivitiesincludethedesign andconstructionofpowerplants.Apartfromsupplyingprotectionequipment,Doosanalsomanufacturesturbinesandgeneratorsets.Doosanhasalargecastingsandforgingdivision.OthermajoractivitiesincludetheconstructionofdesalinationplantsintheMiddleEast.ContainerporthandlingequipmentisproducedbyDoosan’smaterialhandlingequipmentdivision,whichsuppliescoalhandlingequipmentandbulkcargohandlingfacilitiesforotherindustries.PortofSingaporeAuthorityisthelargestcustomerforRTGCs.OtherrecentclientsincludeSouthernGatewayTerminalsinColombo,SriLanka,andKoreaExpressinthePortofPusan.Doosanalsosuppliesshiptoshorecontainercranes.RecentquaysidegantrycraneclientsincludeJakartaContainerTerminalinIndonesia,JawaharlalNehruPortnearMumbaiinIndia,andFrazerTerminalinVancouver.“Prospectsforourportcranesalesarenotbright.ZPMCisdominatingtheworldmarketduetoprice,”thesourcecommented.“WearelookingforprojectsnotinvovingZPMCastheyarenotconcernedwithallprojects.WegotcontractsinSingaporein2004and2005.Wehadnosuccessanywhereelse,butwearestillbiddingonvarioustenders.”DoosanisexpectedtobeoneofthebiddersforcontainercranestobeinstalledinSouthKorea’splannedKwangyangBayPortexpansion.Thecompany’sR&Ddivisionisinvolveddevelopingnewautomatedcontrolsthatwillberequiredforquaysidecontainercranesinstalledintheportexpansion.“Containercranesarewelldevelopedintechnicalterms.Thereisnothingelsetodevelopexceptforautomation,”thesourcesaid.“Wearedevelopingmoreautomatedcontrols,butthenewfeaturesarenotcommercializedyet.OurgovernmenthasaplanforKwangyangBay3-2terminalproject,whichtheyannouncedwillbedevelopedasanautomatedterminal.Wehavetoadapttothis.Thetenderhasbeenpostponedforaboutsixyears.Weexpecttheprojectwillbetenderedagainin2007or2008. ”SouthKorea’sothercontainercranemanufacturersalsoareexpectedtobidfortheKwangyangBayproject,whichislikelytobeawardedtoalocalsupplier.HyundalSamhoHeavyIndustrieswillbeamongthebiddershavingrecentlycommissionedfiveautomatedrailmountedgantrycranes(RMGCs)alsoknownasautomatedtransfercranesatPusanEastContainerTerminal(PECT).TheterminalhasbecomethefirstterminalinKoreatoinstallautomatedcranes,whichareinatnewberthsfourandfive.Thecranesstacknine-widebetweena28.5mrailgauge,andhavedualcantileverscoveringtworoadlanes.Stackheightis1over6by9ft6inhighandoperationalspeedsare150m/minforthegantry,120m/minforthetrolleyand75-80m/minfortheemptyhoist.AmongotherrecentordersthatHyundaihaswonisacontractforfourquaysidecontainercranesfromHutchisonPortHoldingsandoneforUamPort.CompetitionfromZPMCremainsthemainchallengeinwinningoverseascontractsaccordingtoHyundaiHeavyIndustriessalesmanagerLeeYongTae:“Wearetryingtogetmoreprojects,butZPMChasaverylowprice.Wewilltrytocutourpricebutwethinkitwillleadtoabadsituationinfuture. ”“ifcustomersthinkthatqualityisimportantthenweareok,butiftheyjustthinkaboutpricewecannotwintheproject.Wehaveexperienceofbuildingcranestoliftoneortwocontainers.WebuythemaincranecontrolssystemfromABBandthenuseaKoreanfabricator. ”附录B港口起重机中国经济在过去的高速增长已经大幅增加了本国港口货流量，以至于不断扩大老港口以及不断修建新的港口以应对快速增长的集装箱业务以及大宗货物的流通。中国的港口扩展进程对本国港口装备行业的发展产生了强烈的刺激，这一进程强烈需要大量的各种各样的港口起重机的迅猛增加，包括集