消除跨境支付障碍的五大路径

消除跨境支付障碍的五大路径导读随着商品和资本市场的国际化程度不断加深，跨境支付在世界经济活动中拥有了前所未有的重要地位。然而，由于支付壁垒的存在，跨境支付仍存在成本、速度、透明度和包容性方面的问题。为此，金融稳定委员会设计了推动跨境支付发展的路径图，主要包括以下五个方面：首先，需要加强公私合作。中央银行和私人部门需共同改进支付系统，并联合金融行业内外的专家携手努力；第二，需要监管、监察和监督框架的协调。通过反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义框架的实现、跨境数据和信息共享、数字身份架构和尽调系统的改善等途径提高金融机构和辖区间的信任。第三，需要调整现有支付基础设施和相关安排。通过促进交付、优化进入渠道、协调不同系统工作时间、探索对等的流动性安排等方式减少技术差异。第四，需要更优质的数据。为此，金融稳定委员会将研究信息交流过程中的方式和标准，并设计连接交易中账户信息的独特全球标识。最后，需要研究支付基础设施和相关安排方面领域创新的可能作用。在加密资产不断发展和流行的大背景下，金融稳定委员会正在研究在不降低监管监督标准的前提下，支付领域的创新对跨境支付有何作用。促进跨境支付的发展需要承诺、协作和责任感，而针对这一目标的路径图对个体、行业和金融机构的发展都大有裨益。在将路径图付诸实践的过程中，金融稳定委员会将通过与世界各地，特别是撒哈拉以南非洲国家的合作，在跨境支付的成本、速度、透明度和包容度等方面完成一系列目标。作者|

克拉斯·诺特，荷兰央行行长英文原文如下：Theroadahead-liftingbarriersforcross-borderpaymentsKlaasKnot,PresidentoftheNetherlandsBank,attheFINSYScommemorationofProfessorBennoJosephNduluon"RealizingaCross-BorderPaymentVisionfortheAdvancementoftheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea(AfCFTA)",virtual,22February2022.Helloeveryone.Itisanhonortobehere–inmemoryofprofessorNdulu.ThankyouDoctorKasekendeforremindingusoftheimportanceofProfessorNdulu'swork.HehadavisionIcanverymuchrelateto–especiallyinmycapacityaschairoftheFinancialStabilityBoard.ProfessorNdulu'svisionwastoestablishacross-borderpaymentssysteminthisregion.AndthisalignsverywellwiththeFSB'svision.Wehavemadeitaprioritytoenhancecross-borderpayments–inourcaseatagloballevel.Soitisagreatpleasuretotalktoyoutodayaboutourambitiousworkplan.IrememberthetimewhenIstudiedabroad.Thiswaspre-euro.InItaly.Anditwasquiteahassleformyparentstosendmeanymoney.Today,mychildrenarestillinhighschool.Butinthefuture,theymaystudyabroadtoo.Ifthathappensintheeurozone,Iwillexperiencehardlyanyhasslesendingthemmoney.Unfortunately,therearestillmanypaymentcorridorsallovertheworldwhichfaceincrediblyhighcostsandconsiderabledelays.ArecentreportbytheWorldBankprovidesanexamplefromEastAfricawhere,in2021,thefeeforsending200dollarsinremittancesfromTanzaniatoneighboringUgandawas23percentforaUgandanmigrant.1Icannotbegintoimaginegivingupnearlyaquarterofmyincomeeverymonthjusttosendthatmoneyhometomyfamily.Butbarrierslikethesearetherealityformanypeople.Anditisnotjustthecostofcross-borderpayments.Thesetypesofpaymentsareoftenalsoslowandnottransparent–andthenthere'sthefactthattheyarenotfullyaccessibleforall.TheFSBstanceisthatthepaymentsbarriersshouldbereduced–forbothindividualsandcompanies.Themorewetradeandinvestwithoneanother,themoreneedforcross-borderpayments–itisassimpleasthat.Asgoodsandcapitalmarketscontinuetointernationalize,cross-borderpayments,morethanever,sitattheheartofglobaleconomicactivity.JustoverayearagotradingofficiallycommencedundertheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea.OnefactorthatcouldgreatlyenhancetheeconomicbenefitsoffreetradeinAfricaischeaperandfastercross-borderpaymentserviceswithinthecontinentandbeyond.Alotofwhatwedodailyinvolvescrossingborders.Fromsendinganemailtosomeoneabroad,tomeetingwithyouvirtuallyrightnow.Itistimethatourmoneyalsoflowsmoreeasilyacrossborders.Therearefourkeybarrierstocross-borderpayments–thecost,thespeed,thetransparencyandtheinclusion.Toaddressthesefourbarriers,theFSBhasdevelopedaRoadmaptoenhancecross-borderpayments.Wehavedonethistogetherwithourpartners,mostnotablytheCommitteeonPaymentsandMarketInfrastructures.AndthisRoadmaphasbeenendorsedbyG20Leaders,givingitstrongpoliticalbackingfromthelargestfinancialcentres.ThisRoadmapcoversthewholepaymentsmarket–bothwholesaleandretailpayments.Anditincludesaparticularfocusonremittances,recognisingthattheyareacriticalsourceoffinancingforpeopleindevelopingcountriesandthattheyplayanimportantroleineconomicgrowth.TheRoadmapseekstodeliverthenecessaryimprovementsthroughfivefocusareas,withcooperationbetweenallstakeholders–publicorprivate,nationalorinternational–beingessential.Letmebrieflywalkyouthroughthefocusareas.First–partofthesuccessofthisRoadmapwilldependonpublic-privatecooperation.Wewillneedcentralbankstoimprovetheircorepaymentsystems,allowingtheprivatesectortofollowsuit.Andatthesametime,wewillneedtheprivatesectortoplayabigroleintheneededimprovementswhendevelopingnewpaymentsystemsandarrangements,orwhenenhancingexistingservices.Wewillalsoneedthecombinedeffortsofmanydifferenttypesofexperts–frompaymentserviceprovidersandsystemoperators,tosupervisors,regulators,andcentralbanks.Butalsofromexpertsoutsideofthefinancialsector–likedataauthoritiescontributingtostreamliningdataprovisionanddatasharing.Second–toimprovecross-borderpayments,weneedcoordinationofregulatory,supervisoryandoversightframeworks.Cross-borderpaymentsobviouslyinvolveatleasttwojurisdictions,andoftenmore,whencorrespondentbankingnetworksareinvolved.Thisoftencreatesfrictions–with,asaresult,thefourchallengesIjustmentioned.Toaddressthesefrictions,wewillneedactionsonbothaninternationalandanationallevel.Thisshouldleadtoabetteralignmentofregulatory,supervisoryandoversightframeworksacrossjurisdictions.Whereappropriate,thisshouldbedoneona"samebusiness,samerisk,samerules"basis.High-qualitycustomerduediligenceis,ofcourse,essential.Butitisrelativelycostlyforcross-bordertransactions.SotheFSBwantstoimproveconfidencebetweenfinancialinstitutionsandbetweenjurisdictions.Wewanttodothisby:promotingmoreconsistentapplicationofAML/CFTstandards;facilitatingcross-borderdataflowsandinformationsharing;fosteringimproveddigitalidentityframeworksaswellascustomerduediligenceinfrastructures;

inspecificcases,byidentifyinglow-risk"safepaymentcorridors".Ourthirdfocusareaisthatweneedtobetteralignexistingpaymentinfrastructuresandarrangements.

Thereasonforthisbeingthattechnicaldifferencesincreasecostsandslowtransactions.SothisthirdfocusareaoftheFSBRoadmapwouldseekseveralthings–forexample:tostrengthenlinksbetweenpaymentsystemsandreducesettlementrisk,throughmeasuressuchasfacilitatingpayment-versus-payment,toimproveaccessbybanks,non-banksandpaymentinfrastructurestosystems,toextendandalignoperatinghoursbetweensystems,topursuebetterinterlinkingofpaymentsystemsforcross-borderpayments,toexplorereciprocalliquidityarrangements.Fourth–toreducecostsandimprovethescopeforstraight-throughdataprocessing,weneedbetterdata.Toachievethis,weneedtoadoptcommondataformats,includingrulesforconversionandmappingfromlegacyformats,aswellasprotocolsforinformationexchange.Morespecifically,theFSBRoadmapaimstoharmonizetechnicalstandardscommonmessageformatsandstandardsfordataexchange.Wearealsoexaminingthescopeforauniqueglobalidentifierthatlinkstotheaccountinformationinpaymenttransactions.Theseimprovementswouldalsobeimportantbuildingblockstoenablethedevelopmentofefficientnewpaymentinfrastructures.Ourfifthandfinalfocusareaisthatweneedtoexaminethepotentialroleofnewtypesofpaymentinfrastructuresandarrangements,likecentralbankdigitalcurrenciesandwell-regulated"globalstablecoins".Sofar,theseinnovationshavenotbeenimplementedbroadly–somearestillintheirdesignphaseandothersremaintheoretical.Buttheycould,potentially,bypassbarriersthatarehardtoaddressbymerelyadjustingexistingprocesses.Sowiththisfocusarea,theRoadmapisexamininginparticulartowhatextentsuchinnovationscouldcontributetoimprovedcross-borderpayments–allofthis,ofcourse,withoutcompromisingonminimumsupervisoryandregulatorystandardstocontrolrisksorendangeringmonetaryandfinancialstability.Theimportanceofthisworkhasrecentlybeenemphasisedbytherapidevolutionandgrowingpopularityofcrypto-assets.Thishaspromptedustoaccelerateworktostrengthentheregulationandsupervisionofcrypto-assetmarkets.Butthereisacautionarytalehere.Thedemandforcrypto-assetsinpartreflectspublicdissatisfactionwithcurrentpaymentservices,andifwedonotimprovetheperformanceoftheregulatedmarketthentheremaybeincreasingdemandfortheless-regulatedcrypto-assetmarkettofillthegap.Enablingeasierremittancepayments,whilemaintainingtheirsafetyandsecurity,willbeakeypartofthis.Theseare,inanutshell,thefivefocusareasoftheFSBRoadmap.Insomeways,however,theworkwehavedonesofarhasbeentheeasypart.Thehardpartliesahead,aswestarttotranslateourgoalsintoactions.Toguideouractions,wehavedevelopedasetofquantitativetargets.Eachtargetrelatesdirectlytooneofthefourchallengeswewanttotackle.Forexample,relatedtothehighcostofcross-borderpayments,ourtargetistolowertheglobalaveragecostofcross-borderretailpaymentstoonepercentoftheamounttransferred,withnocross-countrycorridorabovethreepercent.WehavealsoreaffirmedtheUNSustainableDevelopmentGoaltargetsforcostsofsendingremittances.Intermsofspeed,wehavesetthegoalthat,for75percentofpayments,recipientsreceivetheirfundswithinonehourofpaymentinitiation,andtheremainderwithinonebusinessday.Intermsoftransparency,wewantpeoplemakingcross-borderpaymentstohaveaccesstoaminimumlistofinformationabouttheirpayment–suchasonchargesandtheabilitytotrackthestatusoftheirpayment.Andregardinginclusion,allshouldhaveaccesstoatleastoneoptionforsendingandreceivingelectronicpayments,and–ifpossible–multipleoptions.Weareaimingtoachievemostofourtargetsbytheendof2027.Thismayseemlikealongtimeframe,butitis,infact,quiteambitiouswhenyouconsiderthetimeneededtoupgradeunderlyinginfrastructure.Critically,thetargetshavebeensetinordertoleadto–andmotivate–actionsthatarefocusedonachievingvisibleimprovementsforthosemakingandreceivingpayments.Soafterthegroundworkofthepasttwoyears,wehavestarted,thisyear,todevelopspecificproposalsformaterialimprovementstoexistingpaymentssystemsandarrangements,aswellasthedevelopmentofnewsystems.Withouttheseimprovements,ourtargetswillnotbeachieved.Andcross-borderpaymentswillremaincostly,slow,anduntransparent,andcontinuetoexcludemanyofthemostvulnerable.Towrapup:Enhancingcross-borderpaymentsisasharedglobalgoal.Commitment,coordinationandaccountabilitywillbecriticaltoitssuccess.TheFSBRoadmapgivesustheopportunitytomakearealdifferencetoindividuals,businessesandfinancialinstitutionsacrosstheglobe.Cheaper,faster,moretransparentandmoreinclusivecross-borderpaymentshavewidespreadbenef