磁共振持试验课件

磁共振實驗磁共振實驗1核磁共振是指原子核在靜止磁場中，受電磁波激發而產生共振現象。磁振造影引用磁場梯度造成磁共振訊號的改變再經由電腦分析組合成影像，就是一般看到的MRI影像。磁共振持试验课件2MRITimeline1946MRphenomenon-Bloch&Purcell

1952NobelPrize-Bloch&Purcell

1950-1970NMRdevelopedasanalyticaltool1972ComputerizedTomography-Hounsfield1973BackprojectionMRI-Lauterbur

1975FourierImaging(phaseencordingandfrequencyencording-Ernst

1977Echo-planarimaging-Mansfield

1980FTMRIdemonstrated-Edelstein1986GradientEchoImagingNMRMicroscope1987MRAngiography-Dumoulin1991NobelPrize-Ernst

1992FunctionalMRI1994Hyperpolarized129XeImaging2003NobelPrize-Lauterbur&Mansfield

MRITimeline3EdwardPurcellPurcell’stheNMRdetectionsharedthe1952NobelPrizeforphysicswithFelixBlock

FelixBlockHesharedtheNobelprizewithEdwardPurcellfordevelopingthenuclearmagneticresonancetomeasurethemagneticfieldofatomicnuclei

EdwardPurcellFelixBlock4CreatinePhosphatePhosphodiesterInorganicphosphate磷酸鹽肌酸磷酸鹽CreatinePhosphatePhosphodiest5羅特柏曼斯菲爾因而共摘諾貝爾醫學獎桂冠瑞典卡洛林卡斯學院的諾貝爾委員會宣布，美國化學家羅特堡（PaulC.Lauterbur），以及英國物理學家曼斯菲爾爵士（SirPeterMansfield），以致力研究核磁共振掃描（MRI）為醫療檢驗帶來革命，榮獲2003年的諾貝爾醫學獎。羅特柏曼斯菲爾因而共摘諾貝爾醫學獎桂冠6

民生報/A11版/醫藥新聞2005/08/20補充資料核磁共振攝影(MRI)

民生報/A11版/醫藥新聞2005/08/20補充資料7核磁共振攝影（亦稱磁振造影，magneticresonanceimaging，MRI）是近年來在臨床診斷上相當重要的影像工具。此種使用準確而不必侵入人體的方法為人體內部器官造影，對醫學的診斷、醫療和後續工作都十分重要。核磁共振攝影（亦稱磁振造影，magneticresona8年代大事紀

1895德國物理學家侖琴發現X光

1896愛迪生製造X光透視機

1898居里夫婦發現釙及鐳

1901侖琴得第一屆諾貝爾物理獎

1903居里夫婦得第三屆諾貝爾物理獎

1934IreneCurie及FredericJoliot(居理夫婦的大女兒及女婿)

因製造人工同位素，得諾貝爾物理獎

1949美國醫師Howry建立初步超音波儀器

1952發現核磁共振現象的Bloch和Purcell獲諾貝爾物理獎

1971首部頭部型CT在英國發明

1972首部CT在美國展示

1977首部MRI問世

1978台灣引進第一部CT(台北榮總)

1979CT發明人英國的Hounsfield及Cormack得諾貝爾醫學獎

1985FDA核准MRI臨床使用

1989台灣引進第一部MRI(台中榮總)

1991發明核磁共振高解像技術的Ernst獲諾貝爾化學獎

1995PET（正子攝影）由FDA認可臨床使用

2002發明核磁共振三度空間解像的Wuthrich獲諾貝爾化學獎

2003MRI發明人Lauterbur和Mansfield獲諾貝爾醫學

CT：ComputerizedTomography電腦斷層攝影

MRI：MagneticResonenceImaging磁振造影

PET：PositronEmission正子攝影從X光CT→MRI→PET追溯影像醫學發展史年代大事紀

1895德國物理學家侖琴發現X光

1899特別是對全球頭號健康殺手癌症的偵測，日受重視，索費高達10數萬的全身MRI檢查，已成國內醫療院所健康檢查最熱門的項目。肝、胰、脾、肺、腎等病變，及淋巴腺的異常，都可藉由MRI偵測出來，MRI在癌症的診斷率可達95%，若再配合正子攝影(PET），診斷率可達98%，特別是攝護腺癌及甲狀腺癌，MRI的診斷率較CT更高；除此外，癌細胞骨轉移時，也可靠MRI偵測出來。

特別是對全球頭號健康殺手癌症的偵測，日受重視，索費高達1010

Intheabsenceofamagneticfield,thesearerandomlyorientedbutwhenafieldisappliedtheylineupparalleltotheappliedfield,eitherspinalignedorspinopposed.

The

morehighlypopulatedstateisthelowerenergyspinstatespinalignedsituation.

Intheabsenceofamagnetic11Intheabsenceofamagneticfield,thesearerandomlyorientedbutwhenafieldisappliedtheylineupparalleltotheappliedfield,eitherspinalignedorspinopposed.

The

morehighlypopulatedstateisthelowerenergyspinstatespinalignedsituation.

Intheabsenceofamagneticf12TheprotoncanbethoughtasasmallspinningbarofmagnetwithamagneticmomentμandanangularmomentumJ.

μ=Jwhereisthe“gyromagneticratio.”

ThenuclearangularmomentumJisquantizedinunitsofħ=h/2,J=ħIThemagneticenergyUofthenucleusinanexternalmagneticfieldisU=-μ•BIfthemagneticfieldisalongthez-direction,thenthemagneticenergyisU=-μzBo=-ħIzBo.Inquantummechanics,Iz=1/2and-1/2

Theprotoncanbethoughtasa13

ThemagneticenergyUofthenucleusinanexternalmagneticfieldBis

U=-μ•BThemagneticenergyUofthe14NetmagnetizationvectorMMagneticmomentvectorNetmagnetizationvectorMMag15Asthisdiagramshows,theenergyrequiredforthespin-flipdependsonthemagneticfieldstrengthatthenucleus.Withnoappliedfield,thereisnoenergydifferencebetweenthespinstates,butasthefieldincreasessodoestheseparationofenergiesofthespinstatesandthereforesodoesthefrequencyrequiredtocausethespin-flip,referredtoasresonance.Asthisdiagramshows,theene16ThebasicarrangementofanNMRspectrometerisshowntotheleft.

Thesampleispositionedinthemagneticfieldandexcitedviapulsationsintheradiofrequencyinputcircuit.Therealignedmagneticfieldsinducearadiosignalintheoutputcircuitwhichisusedtogeneratetheoutputsignal.

Fourieranalysisofthecomplexoutputproducestheactualspectrum.Thepulseisrepeatedasmanytimesasnecessarytoallowthesignalstobeidentifiedfromthebackgroundnoise.ThebasicarrangementofanNM17磁共振持试验课件18磁共振持试验课件19磁共振持试验课件20FreeinductiondecaySpin-echoFreeinductiondecaySpin-echo21(1).Anetmagnetizationisalongthez-axis;(2).A90orfpulse;(3).Theprotonsbecomeasynchronouswitheachotherduringtimeτ;(4).

A180pulse;(5).Allowingtimeτtoelapseallowstheprotonstoregainthephasecoherenceinthetransverseplane.

EvolutionofMafterthe90oand180opulses12345TimeτTimeτ180opulse90opulse(1).Anetmagnetizationi22HTSReceiverCoilsforNuclearMagneticResonanceImagingHTSReceiverCoilsforNuclear23OneoftheobjectivesoftheHTSMRIresearchistoobtainabettersignaltoratio(SNR).WithabetterSNR,onecanhavehigherresolutioninimagesandshorterscanningtime.Oneoftheobjectivesofthe24Wossiletal.,IEEETransAppl.Supercon.13,1050(2003):resonantfrequencyofNMRM:transversemagnetizationv:voxelvolumeB1:magneticfieldproducedbythesurfacecoilwithunitcurrentf:bandwidthofthereceiverRC:coilresistance;RS:theresistanceinducedinthecoilbythebodyinductionlosses

TS:sampletemperature;TC:coiltemperaturek:Boltzman’sconstant

UsingHTScoil,onecandecreasethevalueofRctoenhancethe

SNR.4kfWossiletal.,IEEETransAppl.25SuperconductingTapeCoil

Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox(Bi-2223,BSCCO)Criticaltemperature:110KCriticalcurrentDensity:9000A/cm2at77KTapewidth:4.10mm±0.10mmTapethickness:0.230mm±0.01mmMinimumbendingradius:30mmSuperconductingTapeCoil

Bi2S26DetailedConfigurationoftheHTSreceivercoilsDetailedConfigurationofthe27

FillingliquidnitrogenLiquidnitrogentransferlineGradientcoilThesetupofthemini-imagingsystemFillingliquidn28Imagesofkiwifruit(a)(b)(c)SNR=71.1withHTScoilat77KGEFI,TR=300ms,TE=6.5ms,FOV=5x5cm2,256×256,NEX=4,Coildiameter=7cmSNR=51.3withcoppercoilat77KSNR=30withcoppercoilat300KImagesofkiwifruit(a)(b)(c)S29ConclusionsMagneticallylabeledimmunoassaySSMNDEBiomagnetismNMRWhatelsecanwedointheinnovativeSQUIDresearch?

SQUID&MagneticFluidsConclusionsMagneticallylabele30ThankyouforyourattentionTheEndThankyouforyourattentionTh31磁共振實驗磁共振實驗32核磁共振是指原子核在靜止磁場中，受電磁波激發而產生共振現象。磁振造影引用磁場梯度造成磁共振訊號的改變再經由電腦分析組合成影像，就是一般看到的MRI影像。磁共振持试验课件33MRITimeline1946MRphenomenon-Bloch&Purcell

1952NobelPrize-Bloch&Purcell

1950-1970NMRdevelopedasanalyticaltool1972ComputerizedTomography-Hounsfield1973BackprojectionMRI-Lauterbur

1975FourierImaging(phaseencordingandfrequencyencording-Ernst

1977Echo-planarimaging-Mansfield

1980FTMRIdemonstrated-Edelstein1986GradientEchoImagingNMRMicroscope1987MRAngiography-Dumoulin1991NobelPrize-Ernst

1992FunctionalMRI1994Hyperpolarized129XeImaging2003NobelPrize-Lauterbur&Mansfield

MRITimeline34EdwardPurcellPurcell’stheNMRdetectionsharedthe1952NobelPrizeforphysicswithFelixBlock

FelixBlockHesharedtheNobelprizewithEdwardPurcellfordevelopingthenuclearmagneticresonancetomeasurethemagneticfieldofatomicnuclei

EdwardPurcellFelixBlock35CreatinePhosphatePhosphodiesterInorganicphosphate磷酸鹽肌酸磷酸鹽CreatinePhosphatePhosphodiest36羅特柏曼斯菲爾因而共摘諾貝爾醫學獎桂冠瑞典卡洛林卡斯學院的諾貝爾委員會宣布，美國化學家羅特堡（PaulC.Lauterbur），以及英國物理學家曼斯菲爾爵士（SirPeterMansfield），以致力研究核磁共振掃描（MRI）為醫療檢驗帶來革命，榮獲2003年的諾貝爾醫學獎。羅特柏曼斯菲爾因而共摘諾貝爾醫學獎桂冠37

民生報/A11版/醫藥新聞2005/08/20補充資料核磁共振攝影(MRI)

民生報/A11版/醫藥新聞2005/08/20補充資料38核磁共振攝影（亦稱磁振造影，magneticresonanceimaging，MRI）是近年來在臨床診斷上相當重要的影像工具。此種使用準確而不必侵入人體的方法為人體內部器官造影，對醫學的診斷、醫療和後續工作都十分重要。核磁共振攝影（亦稱磁振造影，magneticresona39年代大事紀

1895德國物理學家侖琴發現X光

1896愛迪生製造X光透視機

1898居里夫婦發現釙及鐳

1901侖琴得第一屆諾貝爾物理獎

1903居里夫婦得第三屆諾貝爾物理獎

1934IreneCurie及FredericJoliot(居理夫婦的大女兒及女婿)

因製造人工同位素，得諾貝爾物理獎

1949美國醫師Howry建立初步超音波儀器

1952發現核磁共振現象的Bloch和Purcell獲諾貝爾物理獎

1971首部頭部型CT在英國發明

1972首部CT在美國展示

1977首部MRI問世

1978台灣引進第一部CT(台北榮總)

1979CT發明人英國的Hounsfield及Cormack得諾貝爾醫學獎

1985FDA核准MRI臨床使用

1989台灣引進第一部MRI(台中榮總)

1991發明核磁共振高解像技術的Ernst獲諾貝爾化學獎

1995PET（正子攝影）由FDA認可臨床使用

2002發明核磁共振三度空間解像的Wuthrich獲諾貝爾化學獎

2003MRI發明人Lauterbur和Mansfield獲諾貝爾醫學

CT：ComputerizedTomography電腦斷層攝影

MRI：MagneticResonenceImaging磁振造影

PET：PositronEmission正子攝影從X光CT→MRI→PET追溯影像醫學發展史年代大事紀

1895德國物理學家侖琴發現X光

18940特別是對全球頭號健康殺手癌症的偵測，日受重視，索費高達10數萬的全身MRI檢查，已成國內醫療院所健康檢查最熱門的項目。肝、胰、脾、肺、腎等病變，及淋巴腺的異常，都可藉由MRI偵測出來，MRI在癌症的診斷率可達95%，若再配合正子攝影(PET），診斷率可達98%，特別是攝護腺癌及甲狀腺癌，MRI的診斷率較CT更高；除此外，癌細胞骨轉移時，也可靠MRI偵測出來。

特別是對全球頭號健康殺手癌症的偵測，日受重視，索費高達1041

Intheabsenceofamagneticfield,thesearerandomlyorientedbutwhenafieldisappliedtheylineupparalleltotheappliedfield,eitherspinalignedorspinopposed.

The

morehighlypopulatedstateisthelowerenergyspinstatespinalignedsituation.

Intheabsenceofamagnetic42Intheabsenceofamagneticfield,thesearerandomlyorientedbutwhenafieldisappliedtheylineupparalleltotheappliedfield,eitherspinalignedorspinopposed.

The

morehighlypopulatedstateisthelowerenergyspinstatespinalignedsituation.

Intheabsenceofamagneticf43TheprotoncanbethoughtasasmallspinningbarofmagnetwithamagneticmomentμandanangularmomentumJ.

μ=Jwhereisthe“gyromagneticratio.”

ThenuclearangularmomentumJisquantizedinunitsofħ=h/2,J=ħIThemagneticenergyUofthenucleusinanexternalmagneticfieldisU=-μ•BIfthemagneticfieldisalongthez-direction,thenthemagneticenergyisU=-μzBo=-ħIzBo.Inquantummechanics,Iz=1/2and-1/2

Theprotoncanbethoughtasa44

ThemagneticenergyUofthenucleusinanexternalmagneticfieldBis

U=-μ•BThemagneticenergyUofthe45NetmagnetizationvectorMMagneticmomentvectorNetmagnetizationvectorMMag46Asthisdiagramshows,theenergyrequiredforthespin-flipdependsonthemagneticfieldstrengthatthenucleus.Withnoappliedfield,thereisnoenergydifferencebetweenthespinstates,butasthefieldincreasessodoestheseparationofenergiesofthespinstatesandthereforesodoesthefrequencyrequiredtocausethespin-flip,referredtoasresonance.Asthisdiagramshows,theene47ThebasicarrangementofanNMRspectrometerisshowntotheleft.

Thesampleispositionedinthemagneticfieldandexcitedviapulsationsintheradiofrequencyinputcircuit.Therealignedmagneticfieldsinducearadiosignalintheoutputcircuitwhichisusedtogeneratetheoutputsignal.

Fourieranalysisofthecomplexoutputproducestheactualspectrum.Thepulseisrepeatedasmanytimesasnecessarytoallowthesignalstobeidentifiedfromthebackgroundnoise.ThebasicarrangementofanNM48磁共振持试验课件49磁共振持试验课件50磁共振持试验课件51FreeinductiondecaySpin-echoFreeinductiondecaySpin-echo52(1).Anetmagnetizationisalongthez-axis;(2).A90orfpulse;(3).Theprotonsbecomeasynchronouswitheachotherduringtimeτ;(4).

A180pulse;(5).Allowingtimeτtoelapseallowstheprotonstoregainthephasecoherenceinthetransverseplane.

EvolutionofMafterthe90oand180opulses12345TimeτTimeτ180opulse90opulse(1).Anetmagnetizationi53HTSReceiverCoilsforNuclearMagneticResonanceImagingHTSReceiverCoilsforNuclear54OneoftheobjectivesoftheHTSMRIresearchistoobtainabettersignaltoratio(SNR).WithabetterSNR,onecanhavehigherresolutioninimagesandshorterscanningtime.Oneoftheobjectivesofthe55Wossiletal.,IEEETransAppl.Supercon.13,1050(2003):resonantfrequencyofNMRM:transversemagnetizationv:voxelvolumeB1:magneticfieldproducedbyt