内容隧道t复习notable tunnel failure catalogue

CatalogueofNotableTunnelCatalogueofNotableTunnelFailureCaseHistories(uptoOctober2012)PreparedbyMainlandEastDivisionGeotechnicalEngineeringOfficeCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmentCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionForewordThiscatalogueofnotabletunnelfailuresisprimarilybasedonpublishedinformation.Bothoverseasandlocalcasesinvolvingcollapseorexcessivedeformationofthegroundareincluded.Forcontractualandotherreasons,therearerelativelyfewcasesreportedintechnicalpublications,andthosereportedareForewordThiscatalogueofnotabletunnelfailuresisprimarilybasedonpublishedinformation.Bothoverseasandlocalcasesinvolvingcollapseorexcessivedeformationofthegroundareincluded.Forcontractualandotherreasons,therearerelativelyfewcasesreportedintechnicalpublications,andthosereportedareusuallyofsuchscaleorseriousnessthattheyhavereceivedpublicattention.Evenforthecasesreported,usuallyonlylimitedinformationisavailable.Apartfromthecasesincluded,readerscanfindotherinformationontunnelfailureinthelistofGeneralReferencesgivenattheendofthiscatalogue.Thiscatalogueisalivedocumentthatwillbeupdatedfromtimetotimeasfurtherinformationbecomesavailable.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionForewordThemainpurposeofthecatalogueistodisseminateinformationandpromoteawarenessForewordThemainpurposeofthecatalogueistodisseminateinformationandpromoteawarenessontunnelfailureswhichcouldposeadangertolifeandproperty.Thepossiblecausesofthefailures,thegeotechnicalproblemsandthelessonslearnt,wheretheseareknown,areoutlinedinthecatalogue.Readersshouldrefertothesourcereferencedocumentsquotedfordetails. Clientsandworksagentsareadvisedtoimplementeffectivegeotechnicalriskmanagementmeasuresintheplanning,investigation,designandconstructionoftheirtunnelprojects.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionForewordThefirsteditionofthecataloguewasissuedinFebruaryForewordThefirsteditionofthecataloguewasissuedinFebruary2007andwasputtogetherbyMrWLee,supervisedbyMrKJRoberts.ThesecondeditionissuedinMarch2009waspreparedbyMsLYPau,supervisedbyMrLPHo.ThisthirdeditionwaspreparedbyMsLYPau,supervisedbyMrKSChau.GEOstaff,membersoftheHongKongInstitutionofEngineersGeotechnicalDivisionWorkingGrouponCavernandTunnelEngineeringandAllotherindividualshavecontributedtothisCatalogue.contributionsaregratefullyacknowledged.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionForewordIfanyinformationinthiscatalogueisfoundtobeinaccurateorout-of-date,pleasecontacttheChiefGeotechnicalEngineer/MainlandEastoftheGeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartment,101PrincessForewordIfanyinformationinthiscatalogueisfoundtobeinaccurateorout-of-date,pleasecontacttheChiefGeotechnicalEngineer/MainlandEastoftheGeotechnicalEngineeringOffice,CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartment,101PrincessMargaretRoad,HoManTin,Kowloon,HongKong.NFChanChiefGeotechnicalEngineer/MainlandEastGeotechnicalEngineeringOfficeCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmentOctober2012CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–TunnelFailures–ListofOverseasCases..9.10.11.GreenPark,London,UK,1964VictoriaLineUnderground,London,UK,1965Southend-on-seaSewageTunnel,UK,1966RørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970Orange-fishTunnel,SouthAfrica,1970MunichUnderground,Germany,1980HolmestrandRoadTunnel,Norway,16Dec.1981GibeiRailwayTunnel,Romania,1985ModaCollectorTunnel,IstanbulSewerageScheme,Turkey,1989SeoulMetroLine5-Phase2,Korea,17Nov.1991SeoulMetroLine5-Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–TunnelFailures–ListofOverseasCases1.SeoulMetroLine5-Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992SeoulMetroLine5-Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993SeoulMetroLine5-Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993MunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.1994HeathrowExpress,UK,21Oct.1994LosAngelesMetro,USA,22June1995MotorwayTunnels,Austria,1993-1995DocklandsLightRail,UK,23Feb.1998AthensMetro,Greece,1991-1998LærdalRoadTunnelonEuropeanHighwayE16,Norway,15June1999CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–TunnelFailures–ListofOverseasCases1.32.SewageTunnel,Hull,UK,1999TaeguMetro,SouthKorea,1Jan.2000ChannelTunnelRailLink,UK,Feb.2003MétéorMetroTunnel,France,14Feb.2003OslofjordSubseaTunnel,Norway,28Dec.2003ShanghaiMetro,China,2003TunnelFailure,Japan,2003GuangzhouMetroLine3,China,1April2004SingaporeMRT,20April2004KaoshiungRapidTransit,Taiwan,29May2004OsloMetroTunnel,Norway,17June2004CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–ListTunnelFailures–ListofOverseasCases9.KaoshiungRapidTransit,Taiwan,10Aug.2004HsuehshanTunnel,Taiwan,1991-2004BarcelonaMetro,Spain,27Jan.2005LausanneM2Metro,Switzerland,22Feb.2005LaneCoveTunnel,Australia,2Nov.2005KaoshiungRapidTransit,Taiwan,4Dec.2005NedreRomerikeWaterTreatmentPlantCrudeWaterandPotableWaterTunnels,Norway,2005HanekleivRoadTunnel,Norway,25Dec.2006StormwaterManagementandRoadTunnel(SMART),Malaysia,2003–2006SaoPauloMetroStation,Brazil,15Jan.200740.41.42.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–ListTunnelFailures–ListofOverseasCases9.50.51.GuangzhouMetroLine5,China,17Jan.2008LangstaffRoadTrunkSewer,Canada,2May2008CircleLine4Tunnel,Singapore,23May2008HangzhouMetroTunnel,China,15Nov.2008CologneNorth-SouthMetroTramLine,German,3March2009BrightwaterTunnel,USA,8March2009Seattle’sBeaconHillLightRail,USA,July2009CairoMetroTunnel,Egypt,3Sept.2009ShenzhenExpressRailLink,27March2011,4May2011and10May2011HengqinTunnel,Macau,19July201252.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionTunnelFailures–ListTunnelFailures–ListofHongKongCases1.MTRModifiedInitialSystem,PrinceEdwardStation,NathanRoad,12Sept.1977MTRIslandLine,22HennessyRoad,1Jan.1983MTRIslandLine,ShingOnStreet,ShauKeiWan,23July1983MTRIslandLine,140-168ShauKeiWanRoad,16Dec.1983KowloonSouthernLinkContractKDB200,CantonRoad,21Oct.2006KowloonSouthernLinkContractKDB200,SalisburyRoad,3June200.6.CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionOverseasCasesCivilOverseasCasesCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionGreenPark,London,UK,GreenPark,London,UK,1964BackgroundTunnel(GreenParktoVictoria)driventhroughLondonClayusingdrum-diggershieldThefailureInflowofsandandgravel,buryingmostoftheshieldClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionGreenPark,London,GreenPark,London,UK,1964PossiblecauseoffailureThecrownoftheshieldpenetratedthroughtheLondonClaylayerintosandandgravelSourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionVictoriaLineUnderground,London,VictoriaLineUnderground,London,UK,1965BackgroundTunnel(300mlongand3.7minternaldiameter)driventhroughLondonClayusinghand-shieldandlinedwithcast-ironsegmentsunderadisusedrailwaymarshallingyardThefailure•InflowofsandandgravelCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionClay&Takacs(1997)VictoriaLineUnderground,VictoriaLineUnderground,London,UK,1965PossiblecauseoffailureTheshieldwasineffectiveinsupportingtheoverlyinggroundSource•Clay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSouthend­on­SeaSewageTunnel,UK,Southend­on­SeaSewageTunnel,UK,1966BackgroundTunneldriventhroughLondonClay(40mlongand1.35mindiameter)ThefailureWaterinflowintothetunnelClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSouthend­on­SeaSewageTunnel,Southend­on­SeaSewageTunnel,UK,1966PossiblecauseoffailureThetunnelintersectedthebottomofanabandoned600mmdiameterwellSourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionRørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970•BackgroundRoadtunnel726mlongand8mwideconstructedmethodThefailurebythedrill-and-blast••Tunnelfacecollapsedanda100mhighcave-inshaftfromthetunneluptotheRørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970•BackgroundRoadtunnel726mlongand8mwideconstructedmethodThefailurebythedrill-and-blast••Tunnelfacecollapsedanda100mhighcave-inshaftfromthetunneluptothegroundsurfacewascreatedThetopoftheshaftonthegroundsurfacehadadimensionofabout25mx50m••Althoughsoftmaterialwashauledoutfromthetunnelduringthespringin1971,cave-incontinued fromtheshaftuntilautumn1972.Thecave-inzoneextended•30malongthetunnelandthetotalvolumeofmaterialhauledoutfromtheabout75,000m3CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttunnelwasKarlsrud(2010)theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionRørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970PossibleRørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970PossiblecauseoffailurePreliminaryinvestigationcarriedoutwithoutanydrillingProbedrillingwasnotperformedduringtunnellingNostabilizationmeasurestosupportalargeswellingclaysectionbeforeblastingConsequencesProgrammedelayedformorethan3yearsDoublethecostofthetunnelcomparedtotheestimatedcostEmergencyandremedialmeasures••••Installationofcorrugatedsteelvault,steeltubesand500mmconcreteliningwasnotsuccessfulthickThecave-inceasedafterfillingofabout3,000m3concreteintotheshafttoformaplugfromthetunnelupto10mabovethecrownandanother4,000m3ofsandandstonefromthetopoftheshaftabovetheconcreteplugCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion•RørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970RørvikskaretRoadTunnelonHighway19,Norway,18March1970Lessonslearnt•Theimportanceoftheadequategroundinvestigationtoweakgroundispresentandtoprovidemeasurestosupportgroundbeforetunnelexcavationidentifyiftheweak•SourceKarlsrud(2010)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionOrange­fishTunnel,SouthOrange­fishTunnel,SouthAfrica,1970BackgroundTunneldesignedtocarryirrigationwaterfromtheOrangeRiver(80kmlongand5.3mindiameter,1,200mabovesealevel)Tunnellingusingtherail-mounteddrillandblastmethodandlinedwithinsituconcreteFirstfailure–HeavywaterinflowWaterinflowofabout55,000litres/minintothetunnelat14barsEntire1.6kmtunnelsectionfloodedwithin24hoursPossiblecauseoffailureThetunnelpassedthroughashallowanticlineandintersectedafissure,about75mmwide,almostperpendicularlyCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionOrange­fishTunnel,SouthOrange­fishTunnel,SouthAfrica,1970Secondfailure–FireMethanegasignitedbyablastNoexplosionoccurredasthegasdidnotreachtheexplosiveconcentrationThefireburntforabout6monthPossiblecauseoffailureMethanegasfromamethanebearingfissureenteredthetunnelduringexcavationSourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,MunichUnderground,Germany,1980CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,1980MunichUnderground,Germany,1980BackgroundNewAustrianTunnellingMethod(NATM)constructionoftwin6mdiametertunnelsThefailure10mwide,14mdeepsinkholePossiblecausesoffailureLocalvariationingeologywithreductioninmarlcoverto1-1.5mandledtooverstressingofthesprayedconcretetemporaryliningCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,1980MunichUnderground,Germany,1980ConsequencesDelaytoworksRemedialMeasuresVoidwasbackfilledwithcrushedrockandcementandpressuregroutedSourceConstructionToday(1994b)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHolmestrandRoadTunnel,Norway,16Dec.1981•BackgroundRoadtunnel1.78kmlongand10mwidetunnelHolmestrandRoadTunnel,Norway,16Dec.1981•BackgroundRoadtunnel1.78kmlongand10mwidetunnelconstructedbythedrill-and-blastmethodThefailureAminorcave-infromthefaceandpartlyfromthecrownoccurredduring•theprocess ofmovingthesteelliningformworkforcastconcreteforwardtothefacePossiblecauseoffailureAweakfaultzonewasencounteredNospilingboltsaheadofthefacetosupporttheweakground•Karlsrud(2010)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHolmestrandRoadTunnel,Norway,16Dec.1981•ConsequencesMoretime(5hoursextendedto25hours)requiredHolmestrandRoadTunnel,Norway,16Dec.1981•ConsequencesMoretime(5hoursextendedto25hours)requiredforhaulingoutandconcretingthefoundationforthemouldLessonslearntSpilingboltsaheadofthefaceincombinationwithfibrereinforcedsprayedconcrete,rockbolts,and•reinforcedribsofsprayedconcretearerequiredatthefaultzoneswithextremelypoorrockKarlsrud(2010)massqualitySourceKarlsrud(2010)•CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionGibeiRailwayTunnel,GibeiRailwayTunnel,Romania,1985BackgroundRailwaytunnel2.21kmlongand9mindiameterThefailure“Compact”fissuredclaylayerfailedsuddenly,allowingwaterinflow>600litres/minintothetunnelClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionGibeiRailwayTunnel,GibeiRailwayTunnel,Romania,1985PossiblecauseoffailureThetunnelpenetratedalensofwaterloggedfine-grainedsandjustabovethecrownSourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionModaCollectorTunnel,IstanbulModaCollectorTunnel,IstanbulSewerageScheme,Turkey,1989BackgroundTunnelconstructedbyTunnelBoringMachine(TBM)ThefailureFinesoilflowedintothetunnelformingaholeintheroadastheTBMwentthroughtherockintothesoftgroundClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionModaCollectorTunnel,ModaCollectorTunnel,IstanbulSewerageScheme,Turkey,1989PossiblecauseoffailureThetunnelintersectedahiddenareaofsoftclaySourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,17Nov.1991Lee&Cho(2008)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,17Nov.1991BackgroundConstructionofSeoulMetrotunnelnearMajangbydrillandblastmethodThefailureAfterblasting:daylightcollapseuptogroundsurfacetheembankmentofariver20mx15mand4mdeepcrateratthegroundsurfaceWaterfromriverflowedintothetunnelPossiblecauseoffailureThinweatheredrockcoverInflowofsoilandgroundwaterinvolvingCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,17Nov.1991ConsequencesRoadscollapseandgasmainsfracturedRemedialmeasuresBackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingLessonslearnt••••InsufficientgroundinvestigationUnexpectedgroundwaterinflowNotunnelfacestabilityanalysisNoconsiderationofblastingeffectsclosedtoweatheredzonewithshallowcoverCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLee&Cho(2008)SeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,17Nov.1991SourceLee&Cho(2008)Madrid(1996)Shinetal(2006)•••CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991Lee&Cho(2008)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991BackgroundConstructionofSeoulMetrotunnelnearDangsanbydrillandblastmethodThefailure•27November199110:40am:blasting4:00pm:rockfallsatthetunnelface10:00pm:soilandgroundwaterinflowintothetunnel•28November19913:20am:substantialdaylightcollapseuptogroundsurfaceforminga25mdiametercraterCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteatthefaceandhighpermeabilitysoilConsequencesThreebuildingscollapsedSeveralwatermains,gaspipesandseweragewerebrokenRemedialmeasuresBackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLee&Cho(2008)SeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,27Nov.1991Lessonslearnt••••InsufficientgroundinvestigationUnexpectedgroundwaterinflowNotunnelfacestabilityanalysisNoconsiderationofblastingeffectsclosedtoweatheredzonewithshallowcoverSourceLee&Cho(2008)Madrid(1996)Shinetal(2006)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992Lee&Cho(2008)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992BackgroundConstructionofSeoulMetrotunnelnearYouidobyroadheaderThefailure•••SignificantinflowofgroundwaterAbout4.5tonnesofsoilflowedintotunnel38mwidex6mdeepcrateratthegroundsurfaceCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteatthetunnelfaceandhighpermeabilitysoilRemedialmeasuresSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteatthetunnelfaceandhighpermeabilitysoilRemedialmeasuresBackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingLessonslearntInsufficientgroundinvestigationUnexpectedgroundwaterinflowNotunnelfacestabilityanalysisCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmentLee&Cho(2008)theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,11Feb.1992SourceLee&Cho(2008)Madrid(1996)Shinetal(2006)•••CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993Lee&Cho(2008)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993BackgroundConstructionofSeoulMetrotunnelnearYongdungpobydrillandblastmethodThefailureTunnelcollapsedafterremovingspoilTunnelcollapsedstartingfromtheleftsideofthecrown900m3ofloosematerialflowedintothetunnelandwaterinflowofupto300litres/minrecordedCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteatthetunnelfaceHighgroundwaterpressureRemedialmeasures•BackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmentSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteatthetunnelfaceHighgroundwaterpressureRemedialmeasures•BackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmentLee&Cho(2008)theHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,7Jan.1993Lessonslearnt••••InsufficientgroundinvestigationUnexpectedgroundwaterinflowNotunnelfacestabilityanalysisNoconsiderationofblastingeffectsclosedtoweatheredzonewithshallowcoverSourceLee&Cho(2008)Madrid(1996)Shinetal(2006)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993Lee&Cho(2008)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLineSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993BackgroundConstructionofSeoulMetrotunnelnearAnyangcheonbyroadheaderThefailureDaylightcollapsewhenweatheredgranitefoundatthetunnelfaceGroundwaterflowedintothetunnel60mwideovalshapedareasubsidedCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredSeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993PossiblecauseoffailureWeatheredgraniteandalluviumatthetunnelfaceHighgroundwaterpressureConsequencesSixheavyplantsburiedRemedialmeasuresBackfillingthecraterwithsoilfollowedbycementgroutingandchemicalgroutingCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLee&Cho(2008)SeoulMetroLine5SeoulMetroLine5­Phase2,Korea,1Feb.1993Lessonslearnt•••InsufficientgroundinvestigationUnexpectedgroundwaterinflowNotunnelfacestabilityanalysisSourceLee&Cho(2008)Madrid(1996)Shinetal(2006)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.MunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.1994Background7mdiametertunnelsupportedbysprayedconcreteliningThetunnelwasassumedtobebeneathaclaylayeroverlyingwater-bearinggravelandgroundwaterwouldnotbedrawndown••ThefailureQuickinflowofwaterandgroundmaterialsLargesubsidencecraterquicklyfilledwithgroundwater20mwide,18.5mdeepcraterCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.MunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.1994PossiblecausesoffailureLayerofmarlseparatinggroundwaterbearinglayerswasmuchthinnerthanoriginallyassumedSand-infilledcracksinthemarllayeractedaspreferentialpathwaysforwaterConsequencesBusfellintothecraterThreepassengerskilled30peopleinjuredCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.MunichUnderground,Germany,27Sept.1994RemedialmeasuresBored-pilewalltoformashaftExcavationinsidetheshaftforrescueTunneldrivenagainusingcompressedairSources•••Boosetal(2004)ConstructionToday(1994a)GroundEngineering(1994)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994GroundEngineering(2008)ICE(1998b)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994Background•NATMinLondonClayThefailure•10mdiametercraterformedICE(1998b)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994PossiblecauseoffailureAseriesofdesignandmanagementerrorscombinedwithpoorworkmanshipandqualitycontrolConsequences••••DifferentialsettlementinducedatadjacentbuildingsServicesTerminal4haltedforonemonthRemedialmeasurescausedchaosatHeathrowAirportRecoverycost£150M(3timesoriginalcontractsum)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994Remedialmeasures•Backfilledwith13,000m3concreteCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.1994•LessonslearntMeasurestoensuresafetymustbeplannedDonotlosesightofcriticaltechnicalissuesinthepursuitoftimeandcostreductionWhilstanumberoffactorscontributedtothecollapse,halfofthemweremattersofmanagementHowevermuchengineersarepressuredtobuildquicklyandcheaply,theindustrywillbejudgedbyitsownfailures•••••SourcesGroundEngineering(2000)HSE(1996,2000)ICE(1998b,1999)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionHeathrowExpressTunnel,HeathrowExpressTunnel,UK,21Oct.19942000report1996reportCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLosAngelesMetro,USA,22LosAngelesMetro,USA,22June1995Background•Re-mining/remedialworkstorealignanexistingTBMtunnel(6.7mdiameter,25mdeep),whichhadbeenboredofflineHardsiltstoneoverlainbyalluviumwithgroundwaterlevel10-12mbelowsurface•Thefailure25mdeepsinkholecausedbycollapseofsouthboreSeriouscrackingobservedintemporaryliningofnorthboreCivilEngineerInternational(1995)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLosAngelesMetro,USA,LosAngelesMetro,USA,22June1995PossiblecausesoffailureFailureoccurredduringremovalofsegmentalliningintunnelroofandreliningoftunneltocorrectthehorizontalalignmentUnexpectedgroundconditionsinthealluviumFracturedwatermains(unconfirmed)Consequences•30mlengthofafourlaneroad(HollywoodBoulevard)affectedleadingtoroadclosureCollapsed250mmwatermainpossiblycontributingtofailureBrokengaspipeEvacuationoflocalresidents•••CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionLosAngelesMetro,USA,LosAngelesMetro,USA,22June1995RemedialmeasuresSteelringsinstalledintunneleithersideofthecollapse3,300m3ofgrouttofillvoidandstabiliseareaRoadresurfacingSource•CivilEngineerInternational(1995)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMotorwayTunnels,Austria,MotorwayTunnels,Austria,1993­1995BackgroundTunnelconstructedinsandstoneandshalewithfaultzonesbythedrill&blastmethodTunneldividedinto4sections,namelyT1–T4T1-376mlong;T2-562m;T3–2,760mandT4–1,230mFailuresatT4in1993About130overbreakincidentswithtotalvolumeof1,461m3,maximumdeformationof120mmmeasuredinthetunnel200m3ofloosematerialcollapsedafterablast,resultinginwaterinflowofupto450litres/minCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionMotorwayTunnels,Austria,MotorwayTunnels,Austria,1993­1995TwofailuresatT3in1995650m3ofloosematerialflowedintothetunnel,waterinflowofupto1,500litres/minrecordedRadialmovementofribofabout300mmoccurredandwaterinflowofupto1,500litres/minrecordedSourceClay&Takacs(1997)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionDocklandsLightRail,DocklandsLightRail,UK,23Feb.1998ICE(2004)ICE(1998a)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionDocklandsLightRail,UK,DocklandsLightRail,UK,23Feb.1998BackgroundTunnelconstructedforDocklandsLightRail(diameter5.2m)byearthpressurebalanceTBMThefailure•22mwideand7mdeepcraterformedinthegroundsofGeorgeGreenSchoolICE(1998a)CivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionDocklandsLightRail,UK,DocklandsLightRail,UK,23Feb.1998PossiblecausesoffailureInsufficientoverburdenabovethetunnelHighpressurewithintunnelcausingblowoutfailureConsequence•Windowsupto100mawaybrokenbytheshowerofmudandstonesreleasedCivilEngineeringandDevelopmentDepartmenttheHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegionDocklandsLightRail,UK,DocklandsLightRail,UK,23Feb.1998LessonlearntTorequirespecificassessments/calculationstodemonstratetheadequacyoffactorofsafetyagainstblowoutfailureSo