第六章边际成本及本量例分析课件

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第六章边际成本及本量利分析

一、成本性态：变动成本、固定成本及混合成本Thetotalvariablecostwillbechangedinproportiontooutput,however,thecostperunitisconstant;Thetotalfixedcostwillbeunaffectedwhentheoutputischanging,however,thecostofperunitischanging.Forexample,thecostperunitwillbedecreaseastheoutputincrease.(Thefixedcostusuallyisirrelevanttothedecision!!!)Primecostperunitofoutputshouldbeconsideredtobeavariablecost.Itincludingdirectmaterial,directlabouranddirectexpense.

第一节边际成本概述1

第六章边际成本及本量利分析一、成本性态：变动成本、2第一节边际成本概述£从下例看以上三点：Directmaterial3kgs@£4perkg12Directlabour6hrs@£8perhour48Directexpense10Primecost70Note:directexpensemightbepaidtoanothercompanyfor(say)polishingeachproduct.Theoverheadsofthebusinessareallconsideredfixed,andamountto£18,000permonth.Requirecalculatingthecostformonthlyoutputsof200units,300unitsand350units.2第一节边际成本概述3第一节边际成本概述Units200300350

£££Directmaterial2,4003,6004,200Directlabour9,60014,40016,800Directexpense2,0003,0003,500Primecost14,00021,00024,500Fixedoverheads18,00018,00018,000Totalcost32,00039,00042,5003第一节边际成本概述Units4第一节边际成本概述Note:primecosthasbeentreatedasavariablecost.Thetotalamountofprimecosthasbeenincreasedinlinewiththeincreaseinoutput.Thefigurescanbesummarisedasfollowings:Units200300350

£££Variablecost14,00021,00024,500Fixedcost18,00018,00018,000Totalcost32,00039,00042,500

4第一节边际成本概述Note:primecos5第一节边际成本概述Andcostperunitshownas:Units200300350

£££Variablecost707070Fixedcost906051.43Totalcost160130121.43Marginalcostisthepartofthecostofoneunitofproductorservicewhichwouldbeavoidedifthatunitwerenotproduced,orwhichwouldincreaseifoneextraunitwereproduced.Itistheamountofextracostthatweincurbyproducingonemoreunitofoutput.

Forexample:5第一节边际成本概述Andcostperun6二、相关概念

Units299300301Primecost209302100021070Fixedo/h18,00018,00018,000Totalcost£38,930£39,000£39,070.Fromabovetable,thecostofproducing1extraunitis39,070-39,000=£70Avoidablecostemphasizesthat

thecostalreadyincurred.E.gthedepreciationandinsurancearecoststhatcannotbeavoided.Out-of-pocketcostemphasisesthattodoextraactivity(kilometres),cashisneededfromthepockettopayformoreit(fuel),noadditionalcashisneededfordepreciationandinsurance.Incostaccountingthetermsvariablecost,out-of-pocketcost,andmarginalcostareoftenusedinterchangeably.(Notcorrecttechnically)6二、相关概念

Units7三、边际成本法概述

IntroductiontoMarginalCostingContribution（边际贡献）:Salesvaluelessvariablecostofsales.Itmaybeexpressedastotalcontribution,contributionperunitorasapercentageofsales.Thedefinitionofcontributionreferstothevariablecostofsales.贡献毛利=收入-变动成本；毛利=收入-销售产品成本，其中销售成本是制造成本（包括了固定的制造成本）Definitionofmarginalcosting:Theaccountingsysteminwhichvariablecostarechargedtocostunitsandfixedcostsoftheperiodarewrittenoffinfullagainsttheaggregatecontribution.Itsspeciallyvalueisinrecognisingcostbehaviour,andhenceassistingindecisionmaking.7三、边际成本法概述

IntroductiontoMa8三、边际成本法概述

Contrastbetweenabsorptioncostingandmarginalcosting:Withabsorptioncosting,allcostsareabsorbedintothecostunit.Withthemarginalcosting,onlyvariablecostsareabsorbedintothecostunit.Underthemarginalcosting,thefixedcostwillbedeductedfromcontributionandthentogetprofit.Undertheabsorptioncosting,thestockwillbevaluedatfullproductioncost,inclusiveoffixedoverheads;however,theyareonlyfixedproductionoverheads.Undermarginalcosting,anyunsoldstockswillbevaluedatvariableproductioncostonly.8三、边际成本法概述

Contrastbetweenab9

三、边际成本法－－－举例

Example1CompanyXstartsproductionon1JanuaryYear1.Itmakesoneproductandbudgetstomakeandsell1000unitsduringYear1.Theproductwillbesolddirecttothepublicfromitsfactorypremises.(i.etherewillbenodistributioncosts).Asellingpriceof£200perunithasbeenset.Theprimecostshavebeenforecastas:Material40kg@£0.5kg£20Directlabour20hours@£5hour£100Overheads(allfixed)arebudgeted@£50,000.Calculatetheprofitusingtwoapproaches:AbsorptioncostingapproachandMarginalcostingapproach.9

三、边际成本法－－－举例

Example1Compa10三、边际成本法－－－Example1

(Solution)

1)Absorptionapproach:Theabsorptionratecanbecalculatedasfollowings:Thebudgetedhours=1,000units*20hours=2,0000hoursTheabsorptionrate=£50,000/20,000hours=£2.5perhourDirectMaterial40kg@£0.5kg£20Directlabour20hours@£5hour£100Primecost£120Fixedoverhead20hours*£2.5perhour£50Totalcost£170Sale£200Costofsale£170Profitperunit£30Totalprofit£30,00010三、边际成本法－－－Example1(Soluti11三、边际成本法Example1

(Solution)2)

Marginalcostingapproach£Sellingprice200Variablecost120Contributionperunit80Theaggregationcontribution1,000units*£80perunit=£80,000Lessfixedcosts£50,000Profit£30,000Note:twoapproacheshavebothreportedaprofitof£30,000.Thisisbecause1,000unitsaretobemadeand1,000unitsaretobesold.

Thereisnostockattheyearend.11三、边际成本法Example1(Solution)12三、边际成本法Example1

(Solution)Usingtheearlierexample,althoughthefirmplanstomake1,000unitsinitsfirstyear,itonlyexpectstosell900units.1)

Absorptioncosting:£Sales900units*£200180,000Costofsales:Material1,000*£2020,000Directlabour1,000*£100100,000Fixedoverhead50,000Totalcost170,000Lessstock100units*£170

17,000153,000Profit27,00012三、边际成本法Example1(Solution)13三、边际成本法Example1

(Solution)2)Marginalcosting:£Sales200*900180,000VariablecostsofsalesMaterial1,000units*£2020,000Directlabour1,000*£100100,000120,000Lessstock100*£12012,000108,000Contribution72,000Fixedcost50,000Profit22,000Thedifferenceof£5,000inprofitisbecauseofthedifferenceofthestockvaluationsundertwoapproaches.withabsorptionapproach,stockperunitvalueat£170,butundermarginalcosting,thestockperunitvalueat£12013三、边际成本法Example1(Solution)14三、边际成本法Example1

(Solution)Usingtheearlierexample,althoughthefirmplanstomake1,000unitsinitsfirstyear,itexpectstosell1040units,providedthatithasopeningstock100units.Reportedprofitswilldependonwhetherabsorptionormarginalprinciplesareused.Whichmethodreportsthehigherprofitsdependsuponwhetherstocksarerisingorfalling.Ifstocksrising,I.ducemorethansale,thenabsorptioncostingapproachreportahigherprofit;ifstockfailing,I.ducelessthansale,meanssalethepreviousstock,thenthemarginalcostingmethodreportahigherprofit.

14三、边际成本法Example1(Solution)15四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用marginalcostingcanbeusedtodecidebetweenin-housemanufactureand;subcontracting（转包）marginalcostingcanbeusedtoassessthevalueoffurtherprocessing;marginalcostingcanbeused,withothermeasures,toassistinsettingpricesforgoodsorservices.Marginalcostingisausefultechniquewhenconsideringclosures.Itidentifiesthecostsandrevenuechangesthatresultfromtheclosure.15四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用marginalcos16四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)、关于自制（in-housemanufacture）还是转包（subcontracting）的决策Product(£perunit)ABCDMaterial10847Othervariablecosts12281517Fixedcost19261417Totalcost41623341Sellingprice50704045Profit9874Annualproductionandsales(units)1,2001,20010050Question1:shouldwebemakingandsellingtheseproducts?16四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)、关于自制（in17四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in-housemanufacture）

还是转包（subcontracting）的决策Answertoquestion1:Yes,becauseeachproductmakesaprofitonanabsorptionbasis,andeachthereforemakesacontribution.Question2:Inwhichcase,shouldweletanotherfirmmaketheseproductsforus?Supposeafirmcould,andquotesperunit;ProductABCDQuotedprice££££Perunit40631826

17四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in18四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in-housemanufacture）

还是转包（subcontracting）的决策ProductA:totalinternalcostofmanufacture£41.Thisisirrelevant,becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts.Internalvariablecostofmanufacture£22.Therefore,itisnotworthpaying£40tosave£22.Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture.ProductB:Totalinternalcostofmanufacture£62.Thisisirrelevant,becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts.Internalvariablecostofmanufacture£36.Therefore,itisnotworthpaying£63tosave£36.Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture.ProductC:Totalinternalcostofmanufacture£33.Thisisirrelevant,becausefixedcostswillnotbesavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts.Internalvariablecostofmanufacture£19.Itisworthpaying£18tosave£19.SubcontractingProductCwillminimizecostandwillmaximizeprofit.(danger:cutyouout…)18四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in19四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in-housemanufacture）

还是转包（subcontracting）的决策ProductD:totalinternalcostofmanufacture£41.Thisisirrelevant,becausefixedcostswillnotsavediftheyareallgeneralfixedcosts.Internalvariablecostofmanufacture£24.Therefore,itisnotworthpaying£26tosave£24.Socarryonwithinternalmanufacture.Question3:FurtherinformationtoProductD:whenproducetheProductD,thenneedtopurchaseaspecialgaugeatcostof£250,tocheckeachcompletedProductD.Thegaugelosesaccuracyafterbeingusedtotest50products,andanewgaugehastobepurchase.Thegaugecostisincludedinfixedcosts.Ifanoutsidefirmmakestheproduct,itwillhavetopurchaseitsowngauges.Doesthischangethedecision?19四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（i20四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（in-housemanufacture）

还是转包（subcontracting）的决策Answer:Yes,thisisadirectlyattributablefixedcost.Eachproductshouldbear£250/50=£5attributablefixedcost,however,ifProductDissubcontracted,thenitisworthpaying£26tosave£24+£5.Insum,oncostconsiderationalone,internalmanufactureProductAandBshouldbecontinued,ProductCandDshouldbesubcontracted.20四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用

(一)关于自制（i21四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用（二）Decisiononfurtherprocessing?AndorLimitedproduces18,000litresofProductXP6eachmonth.XP6issoldfor£22perlitre.ItisproposedtofurtherprocessXP6tomakeXP6(superior).Furtherprocessingwillcost

£6.5perlitreofinput,andtherewillbeadditionalfixedcostsof

£15,000eachmonth.10%ofinputmaterialwillbelostinfurtherprocessing.Thiswillhavenovalue.XP6(superior)isexpectedtosellfor

£34perlitre.ShouldXP6befurtherprocessedintoXP6(superior)?21四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业22四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用Thepresentmonthlyrevenueis18,000*£22=

£396,000;ThemonthlyrevenueforXP6(superior)=18,000*90%*34=

£550,800Extrarevenue=

£154,800Theextracostis:Variable18,000*

£6.5+fixed

£15,000=

£132,000;Therefore,itisworthproducingXP6(superior).Note:Fixedcostof

£15,000isrelevanttothedecision.（二）Decisiononfurtherprocessing?22四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用The23（三）Pricesetting

Thefirmisa2-productfirminYear7,byaddingSR6.Thebudgetis:SR5SR6TotalUnitsofproductionandsale8,0002,00010,000Manufacturinghours12,0001,00013,000

££Total(£)Directmaterialcost10,0002,00012,000Variableconventioncosts9,0001,00010,000Fixedconversioncostshaveincreasedto£16,250.Ifthefirmwantstomake£5,750profitinYear7,whatwillthepricetobeset?四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用23（三）PricesettingThefirmis24（三）Pricesetting

Theproductcostsperunit:SR5(£)SR6(£)Materialcost1.251.00Variableconversioncost1.1250.50Variablecost2.3751.50Fixedcost(£1.25perhour)1.8750.625Totalcost4.252.125Thebudgetedtotalcostsare:£Directmaterialcost12,000Variableconversioncost10,000Fixedconversioncost16,250Totalcost38,250Profitrequired5,750Salesrevenuerequired44,000

四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用24（三）PricesettingTheproduc25（三）Pricesetting

1stMethod:Mark-up:Thetotalprofitof£5,750asa%oftotalcostof

£38,250is15.033%.Therequiredsellingpricewillbe:SR5(£)SR6(£)Totalcostperunit4.252.125Addmarkup15.033%0.6390.319Targetsellingprice4.8892.444

Intherealcommercialworld,thesellingpricearelargelydecidedbycompetitionandotherfactors.四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用25（三）Pricesetting1stMethod26（三）Pricesetting2ndmethod:Variablecost+Contribution=SellingPriceTherequiredcontributionis£5,750+£16,250=£22,000.Astheplannedhoursare13,000,sotherequiredcontributionperhoursis£22,000/13,000=£1.692.Thiswouldgivetherequiredsellingpricesof:SR5SR6££Materialcostperunit1.2501.00Variableconversioncostperunit1.1250.500Variablecostperunit2.3751.500Contributionat£1.692perhour2.5380.846Sellingprice4.9132.346四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用26（三）Pricesetting2ndmethod:27（三）PricesettingContribution2.5380.846Hourstomake1.500.50Contributionperhour1.6921.692The3rdmethod:Addedvalue+Directmaterial=SellingPriceTherequiredaddedvalueis£44,000lessmaterialof£12,000=£32,000.Andanaddedvalueperhouris£32,000/13,000=£2.462perhour.Thiswouldgiverequiredsellingpriceof:SR5(£)SR6(£)Directmaterials1.2501.000Addedvalue@£2.462perhour3.6931.231Targetsellingprice4.9432.231四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用27（三）PricesettingContributio28（四）ClosuredecisionThemanagementofCompanyXareconsideringtheclosureofBranch10.Annualsalesofthisbranchare£860,000.Anaveragegrossmarginof60%isearned.£345,000ispaidforstaffwagesandsalaries.Inaddition,salesstaffarepaidacommissionof2%ofsalesturnover.Staffwithsalariestotaling£75,000wouldbeabsorbedinotherbranches.Theremainingstaffwouldbemaderedundant.Thiswouldinvolveone-offredundancycostsof£36,700.Anamountof£80,000isapportionedtobranch10fromHeadOfficecosts,whichwouldbeunaffectedintotalbytheclosureofBranch10.Otherexpensesamountto£55,000,andthesewouldbesavedbytheclosureofBranch10.Itisestimatedthatsalesof£340,000normallymadeatBranch10wouldbepickedupatotherbranches.Therestofthesaleswouldbelost.Howshouldthisclosureproposalbeevaluated?（Savingorcostingisfromthefirmpointofview,notthebranchalong.）四、边际成本法在企业决策中的应用28（四）ClosuredecisionThemanag29（四）ClosuredecisionLostofsales:£LostsalesfromBranch10860,000Salespickedupatotherbranches(340,000)Netlostsales520,000Grossmargin60%312,000CostSavings:£Staffwagesandsalaries345,000Lesswagesandsalariesnotsaved(75,000)Otherexpense55,000Commission2%on£520,00010,400

335,400NetsavingfromclosureofBranch1023,400四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用29（四）ClosuredecisionLostof30四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业决策中的应用One-offredundancypayment36,700Netlossfromclosure13,300Note:TheBranch10shouldnotbeclosed,however,itreflectsapointwhichisincludedinmanyquestionsofthistype:theredundancypaymentisonlypaidonce.Inallfutureyearsthecompanywillbe£23,400(335,400-312,000)betteroffifBranches10isclosed.(Netsavingof£23,400)Ithasbeenassumedthatstafftransferredtootherbranchesareadditionalstaff.Iftheyarebeingplacedinjobsforwhichpeoplewouldotherwisehavetoberecruited,thenthe£75,000shouldnotbededucted.Fromfirm’spointofview,£75,000isnotsaved.（四）Closuredecision30四、边际成本法（MarginalCosting)在企业31第二节边际贡献Contribution:Salesvaluelessvariablecostofsales.Itmaybeexpressedastotalcontribution,contributionperunitorasapercentageofsales.Thedefinitionofcontributionreferstothevariablecostofsales.Contributioninrelationtoascarceresourcecanbeusedtoallocatethatresourcemostprofitably.31第二节边际贡献Contribution:Sales32第二节边际贡献的计算—举例Example1:AtYear3,thecompanyXplanstomake900unitsofproductX1and400unitsproductX2,theprimecostsforeachproductsasfollowings:X1X2Material40kg*@£0.5kg20

100kg*@£0.5kg

50Directlabour20hrs@£5hr1005hrs@£5hr25Primecost12075Sellingprice200135Fixedcost£50,000

32第二节边际贡献的计算—举例Example1:At33第二节边际贡献的计算—举例Usingthemarginalcostingmethod:X1X2Directmaterial2050Directlabour10025Variablecost12075Sellingprice200135Contributionperunit8060Unit900400Totalcontribution72,00024,00096,000Fixedcosts50,000Profit46,00033第二节边际贡献的计算—举例Usingthemar34Decisionmaking:ScarceResource(Example2)Usingdatafromaboveexample,forYear3,900unitsofX1and400unitsofX2willbemade.Ifthereisonly£30,000ofmaterialwillbeavailableforthewholeyear.Whatisthebestprofitcanbemade?(Keypoint:thecontributionper£ofmaterialshouldbecalculated)X1X2Contributionperunit8060Materialusedperunit2050Contributionper£ofMaterial41.2第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用34Decisionmaking:ScarceReso35第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用Fromthecalculation,theX1givethebestcontributioninrelationtothescarcematerialused.ItispreferredtoallocatedscarelabourtoX1first:AsX1need£20materialperunit,therefore,900unitsneeds900*£20=18,000;thisleaves£30,000-£18,000=£12,000forproductX2.Thiswillmake£12,000/£50=240unitsofX2Thebest(oroptimal)profitistherefore:(900*£80)+(240*£60)-£50,000=£36,400Decisionmaking:ScarceResource(Example2)35第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用Fromthec36第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用Ifthedirectlabourhourswillbelimitedto16,000hours.Whatisthebestprofitcanbemade?Solution:X1X2Contributionperunit8060Directlabourhoursperunit205Contributionperdirectlabourhour412Decisionmaking:ScarceResource(Example3)36第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用Ifthedir37Decisionmaking:ScarceResource(Example2)Fromthecalculation,wecanseetheX2givethebestcontributioninrelationtothescarcelabourused.ItispreferredtoallocatedscarelabourtoX2first:X2need5hoursperunitsTherefore,400unitsneeds400*5=2,000hoursThisleaves16,000-2,000=14,000hoursforproductX1.Thiswillmake14,000/20hours=700unitsofX1Thebest(oroptimal)profitistherefore:(700*£80+400*£60)-50,000=£30,000第二节边际贡献在企业决策中的应用37Decisionmaking:ScarceReso38第三节保本点(盈亏临界点)的计算-公式

Break-EvenCalculations:

Break-eveniswhereneitheraprofitnoralossismade.Theaggregatecontributionmustjustbeenoughtocoverthefixedcost.Formula:Fixedcosts/Contributionperunit=unitstobreak-evenFixedcosts/CSration=salesvaluetobreak-even38第三节保本点(盈亏临界点)的计算-公式

Break-E39第三节保本点的计算-举例

Break-EvenCalculationsCompanyXstartsproductionon1JanuaryYear1.Itmakesoneproductandbudgetstomakeandsell1000unitsduringYear1.Theproductwillbesolddirecttothepublicfromitsfactorypremises.(i.etherewillbenodistributioncosts).Asellingpriceof£200perunithasbeenset.Theprimecostshavebeenforecastas:Material40kg@£0.5kg£20Directlabour20hours@£5hour£100Overheads(allfixed)arebudgeted@£5000039第三节保本点的计算-举例

Break-EvenCal40第三节保本点的计算-举例

Break-EvenCalculationsUsingthesamedataasaboveexample:Unitstobreak-even=£50,000/£80=625unitsSalesvaluetobreak-even=£50,000/40%=£125,000(CSratio=£80/£200=40%)Provethatthisiscorrect:£Sales625units*200125,000Variablecost625*12075,000Contribution50,000Fixedcosts50,000Profit/LossNill40第三节保本点的计算-举例

Break-EvenCal41实现目标利润的销售数量与销售金额的计算

RequiredProfitCalculationExample5:Dataasabove,whatdothesalesneedtobe,tomakeaprofitof£40,000(Fixedcost+requiredprofit)/Contributionperunit=(£50,000+£40,000)/£80=1,125unitsOr(Fixedcost+requiredprofit)/CSratio=(£50,000+£40,000)/40%=£225,000

41实现目标利润的销售数量与销售金额的计算

Required42第四节本量利图(保本图)----概述

TheDefinitionofBreakevenChartCIMAdefinesabreakevenchartas:Achartwhichindicatesapproximateprofitorlossatdifferentlevelsofsalesvolumewithinalimitedrange.Fewpointsregardingdefinition:Thebreakevenchartisavisualrepresentationofrelationshipbetweencost,volumeandprofit.“approximate”indicatesthatreadingsfromagraphcanneverhavetheaccuracyofcalculations.Thefollowingdatatodemonstrateabreakevenchartintraditionalformat:42第四节本量利图(保本图)----概述

TheD43第四节本量利图（保本图)----传统式举例：

TheExampleofBreakevenChart(example1)BaberLimitedproducesandsellsasingleproductatsellingpriceof

£28perunit.Inanyyear,salesareneverlessthan9,000unitsandnevermorethan14,000units.Thevariablecostofeachunitproducedis£12,andfixe