英语一历年真题版

入学统一考试英语试题Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5points)IhavebeentotheGreatWallthree [A][B][C][D]Thesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWallthreetimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[D].[A][B][C]IfIwereinmovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethat myheadinmyhandsforaamwouldGoodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheporthalfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.towasAccordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknownitwillmakeitselfapparent,soonewaitinsteadofsearchingforit.wouldhadcannothadShefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshe whenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.hadwouldhavehasTherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitefromleadershipofit,wouldinterveneally.beinghavinggoingtoSoinvolvedwiththeircomputers thatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetoforcethemtobreakforsportsandgames.becametheethehadthe dothe TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis ananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.everythinganythingnolessnothingmoreOnedifficultyintranslationliesinobtainingaconceptmatch. thisismeantthataconceptinonelanguageislostorchangedinmeaningintranslation. esweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeing ithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforChurchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions, theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.PartBBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterintheracketswithapencil.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswas inthewoodsofftheThesentenceshouldread.“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfoundabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchoose[C].[B]Heistooyoungtobeable betweenrightandItwas thathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftheOneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships trafficrulesinbusyharbors.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallnsbutseemstobethewelfareofhisanimals.criticalindignantindifferentsubjectThechairmanofthonmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.Itisnaivetoexpectthatanysocietycanresolveallthesocialproblemsitisfaced.forinandonceforbyUsingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultin lackofunityinstyle.[A][B]TheTimberrattlesnakeisnowonangeredspecieslist,andisextinctintwoeasternstatesinwhichitonce However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasableto someofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.Becauseofitsintimacy,radioisusuallymorethanjustamedium;it Whenanynon-humanorganistransplantedintoa ,thebodyimmedia yrecognizesit MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscI atagaragesale.trifledscrapedstumbledthirstedSomedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould Equipment officialsafetystandardshasallbeenremovedfromtheconformingconsistentpredominantprovidingAsanindustry,biotechnologystandsto electronicsindollarvolumeandperhapssurpassitinsocialimpactby2020.TheauthorsoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionattemptedtoestablishaneffectivenationalernmentwhilepreserving forthestatesandlibertyforindividuals.ForthreequartersofitsspanonEarth,lifeevolved asTheintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow ,particularlyinWesternEurope.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjust andneedsThefutureofthiscompanyis :manyofitstalentedemployeesareflowingintomoreprofitablenet-basedbusinesses.atininatSection ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Theernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases31thetrialofRosemaryWest.Inasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordwillintroducea billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof thatcanbegiventoacase 36 InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe withacommitteereportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnot38 sufficientcontrol. ofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecauseda 40家ofwhenhesaidthe ofprivacycontrolscontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges toParliament.TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionof Bill, EuropeanConvention inBritain,laiddownthatwas toprivacyandthatpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheir“Pressfreedomswillbeinsafehands ourBritishjudges,”hesaid.Witnesspaymentsbecamean47afterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsforlingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourtto50guiltyverdicts.[A]as[B]for[C]in[D]such[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A]better[B]other[C]rather[D]sooner[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthat concernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshave eacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuch.sociologyandphysicsandsociologyandphysicsandWecaninferfromthepassage thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandamateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofprofessionalstend eamateursintothescientificamateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalTheauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologyto theprocessofspecializationandthehardshipofamateursinscientificthechangeofpoliciesinscientificthediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstThedirectreasonforspecialization thedevelopmentinthegrowthoftheexpansionofscientificthesplittingupofacademicAgreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.TherearereasonstobeTherearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternet moreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoreernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverhad.Ofcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdown ingfooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.Butitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyand infrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.Digitaldivideis gettingworsebecauseofthetherichcountriesareresponsibletheworldmustguardconsideredpositiveernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecause offerseconomiccanbringforeigncansoonwipeoutworldconnectspeopleallovertheThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifythepolicy providingfinancialsupportpreventingforeigncapital’sbuildingindustrialacceptingforeignItseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuch howwell-developeditiswhetheritisprejudicedagainsthowmuchcontrolithasoverforeignWhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?TheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-ysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews.Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexplainwhythe“standardtemplates”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andclass.WhatisthepassagemainlyneedsofthereadersalloverthecausesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutoriginsofthedecliningnewspaperaimsofajournalismcredibilityTheresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedoutto quitesomewhatveryratherThebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesin workingconventionalworldeducationalDespiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingto.failuretorealizeitsrealtendencytohireannoyinglikelinesstonaccurateprejudiceinmattersofraceandTheworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:“Won’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanuncontrollable petitiveforce?”There’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupand eforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldIbelievethatthemostimportantforcesbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer’sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld’swealthincreases.Examplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersof companies,suchas ,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromoneplacetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?Andshouldtakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.case?Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestotakeinmoreforeigntoinvestmoretocombine etotradewithmoreAccordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingforcesbehindM&Awave thegreatercustomerasurplussupplyfortheagrowingtheincreaseoftheworld’sFromParagraph4wecaninfer theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandthecostsoftheglobalizationprocessaretheStandarlTrustmighthavethreatenedTowardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidto WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImight eapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife,”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”--has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’90sequivalentofdropout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone--asa alrecognitionofyourlimitations.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphFull-timeemploymentisanewinternationalThewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveher“Alateralmove”meansstepoutoffull-timeThewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherThewriter’sexperimentshowsthat enableshertorealizeherhelpshermoldanewphilosophyofpromptshertoabandonherhighsocialleadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShe“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterized non-materialisticabitofextremeAccordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresult thequickpaceofmodernman’sadventurousman’ssearchformythicaltheeconomicSectionIVEnglish-ChineseReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwith chips,computerswithin-built alitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-evision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),when puterswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife.73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74)Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforeofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdates