苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结

苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：牛津高中英语－模块一第一单元一定语从句：定语从句的介绍就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词：Thegreenteam介词短语：Theteamingreen定语从句：Theteamwhowerewearinggreen定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which,that,who,whom,whose,或关系副词来引导，如when,where,why。关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。如：做主语Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelosttheirleaves.做宾语Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表语Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定语ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcan’tremember.做状语TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。如：Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingcontest.在定语从句中，who用来指代人。如：IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。如：Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。如：Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。如：IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二单元一定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which;preposition＋whom）当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的前面。如：Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。如：ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取代。如：Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常省略关系代词who和that。如：Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.当先行词是way时，我们用inwhich或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，inwhich或that可以被省略。如：Ididn’tliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why1．我们通常用关系副词when引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year等的定语从句。如：Doyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouincharge?IoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语从句。如：Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。如：Idon’tknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which所替代。如：Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichmyparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三单元一定语从句：非限制性定语从句1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。如：Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。如：Hemissedtheshow,whichwasagreatpity.3．我们可以用all＋whom/which来表示全部数量，用someof＋whom/which来表示部分数量。如：Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二附加疑问句1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。如：Wecanstillbefriends,can’twe?Hedoesn’tlikeicecream,doeshe?当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。如：Neitherofyouwillhavecoffee,willyou?NoonehasfoundmyCD,havethey?Nobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didthey?Hissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe?人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。如：Iwasprettysilly,wasn’tI?Everyonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haven’tyou?助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。如：Youliketraveling,don’tyou?Thereissomethingwrong,isn’tthere?Youcan’tspeakItalian,canyou?祁使句后用willyou，Let’s后用shallwe如：Postaletterforme,willyou?Let’shaveabreak,shallwe?牛津高中英语－模块二第一单元一现在完成时态1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。如：ThedisappearanceofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy.2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。如：IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。经常连用的时间短语有：alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetalready用语肯定句，yet用语否定句。如：Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaven’theardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段时间since+点时间如：Wehaven’tseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaven’tseenhimsince2002.注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。如：Thepolicehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。如：SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词二现在完成进行时态1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。如：IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。如：---SorryI’mlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong?

---Yes,I’vebeenwaitingforanhour.3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has+been+doing注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。如：Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineo’clock.三现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。如：LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.(Shefinishedreadingthebook.)LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStonehenge.(Sheisstillreadingthebook.)2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。如：IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.现在完成时态用于回答howmany/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用语回答howlong的提问。

如：Howmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelake?

Howlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake?3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。如：Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(状态动词)IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（动作动词）IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（动作动词）注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist4．当never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。如：I’venevervisitedParis.I’vealreadybeentoParis.第二单元一将来进行时态1．我们用将来进行时态来：1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。如：TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。如：TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。如：TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。如：WillyoubevisitingyouruncleinTanzania?2．将来进行时态的构成：1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing如：Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will(not)beflyingtoMorocco.2）疑问句：will提到主语的前面如：WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly?

3）回答：will（not）如：Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot(won’t)二过去将来时态1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。如：Theysetoffat9a.m.andwouldreachtheairportanhourlater.2)暗指一个过去的目的。如：Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.3)暗指一个过去的安排。如：ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.4)指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。如：ThejourneythatwastochangeToby’slifestartedinJulythatyear.2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：1）would+动词原形如：ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.2)was/weregoingto，was/wereto,was/wereaboutto如：Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidn’thavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool---hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三单元一过去完成时态1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。如：Uponenteringthetomb,Carter’sluckypetbird,whichhadledhimtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake.2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。如：“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCarter.-------Cartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。如：IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemuseum.4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.如：ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed如：HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二现在完成时态还是过去完成时态当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。如：HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。如：Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCarter’steambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英语－模块三第一单元一名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是一样的。我们可以用名词性从句做句子的主语。如：ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegivememakesmehappy.Whetherhe’llbeabletocomeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.我们可以用it来做形式主语。如：Itwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely.我们可以用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。如：shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthat’sagoodidea.Pollydidn’tknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.我们可以用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。如：I’minterestedinwhothattallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.我们可以用it来做形式宾语。如：weallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning.我们可以用名词性从句来做表语。如：thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.TheproblemishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd.我们可以用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。如：thefactthatPollydidn’taskfortheman’snameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing?

我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来引导名词性从句。如：IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecouldn’timaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.二名词性从句：用that或if/whether引导的名词性从句1．我们用that来引导名词性从句。1）当从句是一个陈述句时，我们用that来引导名词性从句。如：Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.2)在大多数情况下，我们不用that来引导介词后的名词性从句，但是，可以用that来引导in或except后的宾语从句。如：Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybecomeathickfog.Ididn’ttellhimanythingexceptthatIwasn’tabletofindmywayback.3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that不能省略。如：Thatwecouldn’tfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that可以省略。如：Shewished(that)someonewouldcomealongtohelpher.Thetruthis(that)thebuseswillnotberunning.我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句。当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来引导名词性从句。我们把if或whether后面从句的顺序改成陈述句的语序。如：Shewondered.Wouldthebusesstillberunning?

Shewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.介词后只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只能用whether，而不能用if。如：Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.只能用whetherornot，而不能用ifornot。如：IwanttoknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.如果and或but引导两个并列的that或whether/if引导的名词性从句，后一个句子的that或whether/if不可省。如：Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldn’tuseanumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewillcometowork.第二单元一名词性从句：由疑问词引导的名词性从句我们用以下的疑问词来引导名词性从句：what,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow。当从句是wh-引导的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来引导名词性从句。从句可以做句子的主语，宾语或表语。如：Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.我们把疑问词后面的句式改成陈述句的语序。如：Whatarepeoplefromthenorthsaying

Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying.3．在任何情况下，都不可以省略名词性从句中的疑问引导词。二形式主语it在英语中，我们通常把最重要的信息放在句子的末尾用于强调。这被称做句末强调效果。用形式主语it就可以达到这一效果。It只是语法意义上的主语，真正的主语在句子的后面。我们通常用it来做形式主语。当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：（更好的）ItiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtoday.（正确的）ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.当主语是带to的动词不定式时：（更好的）Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.（正确的）Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.当主语是动词-ing形式时：（更好的）Smokingisdifficulttostop.（正确的）Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.It可以被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turnout和prove前做句子的形式主语。如：Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighborcomesfrommyhometown.=mynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown.我们可以用句型it+be+被强调的名词或短语+that或who引导的从句来强调句子中的主语，宾语或状语。如：Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.如果不强调任何成分，句子可以是：IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.第三单元一宾语补足语1．宾语补足语为宾语提供更多的信息。如：TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty.2．宾语补足语通常以下面形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常可以是名词短语或形容词。如：TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式可以做宾语补足语。如：Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhang’sspeechmadeusalllaugh.宾语补足语可以时介词短语。如：Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert.宾语不足语通常和宾语在数上是一致的。如：ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.二Either…or…和Neither…nor…1．我们用either…or…来表示选择性。如：（连接主语）eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.(连接动词)peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.(连接宾语)wecouldchoosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.(连接状语)theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.我们用neither…nor…来连接表示否定的观点。（both…and…的反义词）如：neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.三主谓一致主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。动词应是单数，如果主语是：单数的名词或不可数名词如：thecitywasfoundedinthe8thcenturyBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.2)计量的短语，标题或名字如：twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.3)一个短语或从句如：travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists.动词应是复数，如果主语是：一个复数名词如：bothcitieswereveryrich.由and连接的两个或两个以上的单词或短语如：thenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain.当主语是allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof+名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。如：allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered.当主语是集合名词，如band,crowd,class,dozen,family,public,team时，如果名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；如果名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。如：ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang.当主语是news,physics,mathematics,Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings时，动词用复数。如：thelatestnewsisthattheLoulanBeautyisbeingdisplayedinShanghai.Alltheirbelongingsweredestroyedintheearthquake.当either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…,连接句子的主语时，动词采取就近原则。如：eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someone/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。牛津高中英语－模块四第一单元一直接引语和间接引语1．我们用直接引语来阐述所说的话。如果我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号但是，我们通常更愿意用间接引语来阐述所说的话。直接引语：Shesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.”间接引语：ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.2．我们可以通过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。如：Shesaid,“I’musedtoads.”----Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads.“Wemustnotfallforthiskindoftrick!”shesaid.-----Shewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick.3．除了句型的改变外，还有其它的改变：人称代词的改变：如：Shesaid,“Ididsomeresearch.”-----Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.时态的改变：如：Shesaid,“Thisasisveryclever.”-----Shesaidthatthatadwasveryclever.下面列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是如何变化的：直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时过去完成时过去完成时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时注：当陈述一个不变的事实时，时态不变。如：“lighttravelsatgreatspeed,”hesaid.----Hesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.时间和地点状语的变化：如：Tomsaid,“Iamworkingheretoday.”-----Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.下面列举这种变化的例子：直接引语间接引语todaythatday/yesterday/onWednesday,etc.tomorrowthenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.yesterdaythedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.nextmonththemonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4）其它的例子：直接引语间接引语thisthatthesethosecomego二间接引语：陈述句，疑问句和祈使句1．陈述句1）我们用that引导的名词性从句来陈述一件事。如：Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.”------Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.2)除了say之外，还有其它的动词可以这样用：tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn如：“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewritersaid.-----ThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.2．疑问句我们用whether/if引导的名词性从句来陈述一般疑问句。如：MattaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld?”-----MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.我们用wh-疑问词引导的名词性从句来陈述wh-疑问句。如：Iaskedher,“Howcanthatcouldbe?’-----Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue.3．祈使句1）我们用以下结构来陈述祈使句：陈述动词+宾语+（not）+to-动词不定式如：Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoushoulddothethingstheadsuggests.”-----Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.“Don’tworry,Mickey,”Jensaid.-----JenaskedMickeynottoworry.2)其它的单词也有同样的用法：advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn如：“Don’tbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,”Michellesaidtome.-----MichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二单元一情态动词：总体介绍1．我们用情态动词来谈论：1）能力如：Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.2)义务义务性由弱到强排列：oughtto/should----haveto-----must如：Youmustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.3)确定确定性由弱到强排列：might----may----could----should-----oughtto----will----must如：ShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.4)允许正式性由弱到强排列：can----could----may----might如：Heisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames.2我们也用情态动词来：1）提要求：正式性由弱到强排列：will---can----could----would如：Canyouhelpmewithmytraining?提意见：如：Shallwedoexercisethismorning?提供帮助：如：I’llwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou?

提建议：如：Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.3情态动词后应该接不带to的动词不定式。如：Shecouldwinthegoldmedal.4我们用情态动词的进行时来谈论现在可能发生的事情，用情态动词的完成时来谈论过去可能发生的事情。如：Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二情态动词：can和beableto等1．Can和beableto1）当指能力时，can和beableto可以互换，但beableto比can更加正式但也不常用。如：Mybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.2)我们用can来谈论将来可能发生的动作。如：Let’sgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.beableto可以用在不同的时态中，可以后面直接接动词原形或放在另一个情态动词之后。如：I’msorryIhaven’tbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.It’snicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.4)can的过去式是could，beableto的过去式是was/wereableto如：Hecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthecompetition.2shall和will1）我们通常用shall来表达承诺，用will来表达决心或决定。如：Don’tworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一人称或第三人称提供帮助或提建议，will用于第二人称和第三人称询问意愿。如：Shallwegoswimmingthisweekend?Agroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.Shalltheycomein?Willyougohikingwithmeinthemountain?Willhepayforme?3mustn’t和needn’tMustn’t用来表达让某人不做某事，needn’t用来表达做某事没必要。如：Youmustn’tmissthisfootballmatch.It’sveryimportant.Youneedn’twatchthegameifyoudon’twantto.4need和dare当用做情态动词时，这两个词常出现在否定句和疑问句中。这两个词还可以当做普通动词来用。如：Youneedn’t/don’tneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromthebridge?第三单元一被动语态1．主动语态和被动语态在意思上没有太大区别，可以互换。在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的承受者作为句子的主语。如：ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset.AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2被动语态的基本结构是：be+-ed（动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be的形式是不一样的。例如，在一般现在时态中，be是is或are；在现在进行时态中，be是is/am/are+being；在现在完成时态中，be是have/has+been；在一般将来时态中，be是will+be。如：Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.3．当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：1）我们通常用by来引导动作的发出者，但当没必要提及动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者可以省略不提。如：hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCinecomputersystem.动词give，lend，offer，send，tell和show后面可以接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些动词用做被动语态的时候，我们通常把动词后面接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。如：Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3）在主动语态中，一些动词后面往往接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。如：Isawhimgothere.Hewasseentogothere.4)有时候，在被动语态中，get可以替换be。如：getchanged,getdressed,gethurt如：Pleasewaitawhile.I’lljustgoandgetchanged.有些动词主动形式表被动含义。如：ThiskindofcomputersellswellinChina.Yourarticlereadswell.状态动词不能用于被动语态。如：Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.被动语态的其它特殊形式：it+动词的被动语态+that从句如：ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreality.主语+动词的被动语态+todo如：ThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.类似的动词还有：believe,report,suppose,know,prove等。二情态动词和被动语态1．在被动语态中用情态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，允诺等。如：FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine.2．情态动词被动语态的形式是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词如：Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.注意其它情态动词被动语态的用法：主动语态被动语态CantouchcanbetouchedMayfeelmaybefeltMightnotimpressmightnotbeimpressedCouldusecouldbeusedShoulduseshouldbeusedOughttodevelopoughttobedevelopedMustwearmustbeworn被动语态通常被用在科学报告中。三经常被用做被动语态的动词1．一些经常被用做被动语态的动词可以充当形容词的作用.如：beboredwithbebornin/onbedisappointedat/bybefascinatedbybeimpressedat/by/withbeinterestedinbesetupbybesituatedin/onbesurprisedat/by如：AndywasboredwithlisteningtothesameCDeveryday.IwasbornonaWednesday.Mydadwasdisappointedbymytestresults.Peoplehavealwaysbeenfascinatedbynewtechnology.ShewasimpressedatthenumberofpointsIscored.Someofmyfriendsareinterestedinstudyingabroad.ThisnewexhibitionwassetupbytheStudents’Union.Ourschoolissituatedinaquietarea.TheyweresurprisedatthepossibilitiesoftheInternet.这里的be都可以用become来取代。牛津高中英语－模块五第一单元一动词不定式：带to的动词不定式带to-的动词不定式的结构是to+动词原形，如，todo,towork.它可以单独使用，也可以组成动词不定式短语。如：Iwasdeterminedtobecheerful.1．带to-的动词不定式可以做：1）句子的主语如：Tofindabestfriendisdifficult.=Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.2）句子的宾语如：Ineedtosleepforeighthourseverynight.宾语不足语如：Iaskedhimtocomeover.定语如：Ihaveaveryimportantmeetingtoattend.同位语如：Hisintentionwastocheermeup.状语如：Mydadarrangedsomeswimminglessonstosurpriseme.2．带to-的动词不定式有进行时态和完成时态如：Thingsseemtobegettingbetter.Johnpretendednottohaveseenme.二动词不定式：不带to的动词不定式1．可用于不带to的动词不定式的动词有：1）letmakehave（有时候）如：Iletherborrowmybook.Shemademepromisetowriteeveryday.Theteacheroftenhashisstudentsreadaloudinclass.2)感官动词：feelhearseewatch如：Isawhertalktohernewfriends.3）wouldratherhadbetterwhynot如：Iwouldrathergoswimming.YouhadbettertidyyourbedroomWhynotvisityourcousininJapan?注：感官动词后可以接v-ing如：Isawhertalktohernewfriend.(见证谈话的整个过程)Isawhertalkingtohernewfriend.(见证谈话正在发生，但不一定见证整个谈话过程)2．当有and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,连接两个动词不定式时，后一个不定式往往省略to。如：Shetoldmetobecheerfulandlookonthebrightside.Doyouwanttogoshoppingorwatchafilm?

WehadnothingtodobutwatchTV?

Idecidedtowriteratherthanphone.三V-ing作名词1．V-ing可以充当名词用。可以被用做：1）做主语（指一般性的动作）如：Swimmingisgoodforyourhealth.2）做宾语（指一般性的动作）如：Iloveswimmingintheseaduringthesummer.3)介词之后如：Ikeepfitbyswimmingeveryday.4）物主代词之后如：Herswimminghasimprovedsinceshestartedtrainingeveryday.注：如果所谈论的人比较明确，那么物主代词可以省略。如：Thankyouforcoming.5）组成复合名词如：Thereisashoeintheswimmingpool.2．以下动词后面接v-ingAdmitdislikeimaginedelayconsidermindunderstandavoidenjoypracticemissfinishkeepsuggest3．以下常用词组后面接v-ingWouldyoumindcannothelplookforwardtofeellikecannotstanditisnouse/goodputoffkeepon如：Wouldyoumindhelpingmewithmyhomework?Icannothelpwonderingwhyshedoesnotlikeme.Ilookforwardtoseeingyouattheparty.Idon’tfeellikedoinganythingnow.Shecannotstandseeingthatboy.Ithinkitisnousecryingaboutyourexamresultsnow.Ihadtoputoffshoppingforawhile.Hekeptonaskingmeformyphonenumber.4．以下动词后面可以接v-ing或todo，意思上几乎没有区别。Continuepreferbeginhatelikestart5．一些动词后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接todo，但意义和用法上有区别。在使用时要确保形式的正确。如，forgetregretremembermeantrygoonforget+todo(事情还没做)如：Heforgottoclosethedoorwhenheleft.Forget+doing(事情已经做了)如：I’llneverforgetwinningmyfirstgoldmedal.第二单元一V-ing充当形容词或副词1．v-ing可作：1）定语v-ing可以放在名词前，像形容词一样修饰名词。如：Thiswillhavealastingeffect.有时候会把一个副词放在v-ing前。如：Thatwasanextremelyinterestingspeech.v-ing可以和副词或名词构成复合词。如：Thefast-growingeconomyhascausedenvironmentalproblems.Awood-burningstoveisenvironmentallyfriendly.v-ing可以放在名词后，像定语从句一样修饰名词，v-ing还可以被改成定语从句。如：peoplerunningthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.=Peoplewhorunthesefactoriesareveryconcernedabouttheenvironment.2）表语如：Thisdestructionisfrightening.宾语补足语如：Weallfoundhisargumentconvincingandinteresting.2．v-ing可放在stand,sit,lie的后面，表示动作同时发生。如：Theystoodtalkingtoeachother.=Theystoodwhentheyweretalkingtoeachother.3．v-ing有完成时态，如，havingworked如：Havingworkedsidebysidewithmanyenvironmentalists,Iknowthatahealthyenvironmentandstableeconomyshouldbepossibleatthesametime.二V-ing短语v-ing短语可以单独使用，后面也可以接宾语或状语。如：Theysattheresmiling.Theysattheresmilingateachother.1．v-ing短语可以表示：1）时间如：Askingaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.=WhenIaskaround,Ifindmanypeoplewillingtopayslightlyhigherpricesforthingsthatareenvironmentallyfriendly.Havingobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.=Afterheobservedtheproblemformanyyears,heannouncedthatwearenowfacingthebiggestenvironmentalproblemofourtime.2）原因如：Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,hopingtoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.=Wearemakingbiggerholesinthenets,becausewehopetoavoidcatchingfishthatarenotfullygrown.3）结果如：Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke,makingtheairdirty.=Thefactorykeepsreleasingsmoke.Asaresult,theairismadedirty.4)条件如：Preparingfully,wecanachievegreatthings.=Ifwepreparefully,wecanachievegreatthings.2．连词+v-ing也可以来表示时间。常用的连词有：whenwheneverwhileonceuntil如：Wehavetotakeenvironmentalprotectionintoconsiderationwhendevelopingtheeconomy.3．v-ing从句的逻辑主语通常和主句的主语一致。如：Hetraveledontheplanelikethis,keepingth