普通化学术语中英文对照表

V:1.0精细整理，仅供参考日期：20xx年X月普通化学术语中英文对照表Chinese-EnglishDictionaryofCommonChemicalTerms撰写者史政一writtenbyZhengyiShi1.专业名词(terms)原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus质子proton中子neutron电子electron(abbr.e)离子ion[ˈaɪən]阳离子cation阴离子anion分子molecular[məˈlekjələ]单质element化合物compound纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相对分子质量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化学式量relativeformulamass物质的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德罗常数Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩尔mole摩尔质量molarmass实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula气体摩尔体积molarvolume阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro’sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve浓度concentration质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration浓缩concentrate稀释dilute蒸馏distillation萃取extraction化学反应方程式chemicalequation反应物reactant生成物product固体solid液体liquid气体gaseous溶液aqueous配平balance化学计量学stoichiometry酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)盐salt酸式盐acidsalt离子方程式ionicequation结晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated无水的anhydrous滴定titration指示剂indicator氧化数oxidationnumber氧化还原反应redoxreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction歧化反应disproportionationreaction归中反应comproportionation(symproportionation)reaction氧化剂oxidisingagent还原剂reducingagent电子层(壳)(electron)shell电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等电离能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)电子亲和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)原子轨道atomicorbital电子云electroncloud电子亚层sub-shell能层layer能级energylevel电子排布electronconfiguration电子云重叠shelloverlap洪特规则Hund’srule泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基态groundstate激发态excitedstate跃迁transition手性chirality[kaiˈ-]化学键chemicalbond键长bondlength键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子结构giantionicstructure共价键covalent[kəʊ'veɪlənt]bond巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpairσ键σ-bondπ键π-bondδ键δ-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作用力intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范德华力vanderWaal’sforce色散力dispersionforce诱导力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisation[di:,ləukəlai'zeiʃn]延展性malleability可锻性ductility导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope[ˈaɪsətəʊp]核素nuclide同量异位素isobar金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen稀有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活泼active稳定noble分解反应decompositionreaction化合反应combination(synthesis)reaction取代反应displacementreaction

复分解反应saltmetathesis[məˈtæθəsis]reaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitation官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatichydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclichrdrocarbon同系物homologous[həˈ-]series异构现象isomerism

['aisəmərizəm]

同分异构体isomeride[ai'sɔməraid]同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula结构式displayedformula结构简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophile['njukliəfail]亲电子试剂electrophile加成反应additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反应\o"Condensationreaction"condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer取代反应substitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反应halogenationreaction酯化反应esterificationreaction亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反应eliminationreaction裂化反应cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation燃烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱分析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反应机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic[θə:məudaiˈ-]焓enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'θælpi]焓变enthalpychange(abbr.ΔH)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔHӨ)标准反应焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.ΔHrӨ)燃烧热heatofcombustion标准燃烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.ΔHcӨ)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.ΔHfӨ)放热反应exothermic[eksəuˈ-]reaction吸热反应endothermicreaction热化学方程式thermochemical[θə:məuˈ-]equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy平均键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hess’law有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反应速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反应动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme['enzaim]波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwiˈ-]可逆反应reversiblereaction动态平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幂concentrationpower平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.ΔG)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius[əˈri:niəs]Equation自发反应spontaneous[spɔnˈteiniəs]reaction熵entropy(abbr.ΔS)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反应ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离平衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogène)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibrium溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis

电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆积作用sedimentation2.常见元素(commonelements)氢hydrogen(abbr.H)['haidrədʒən]氦helium(abbr.He)['hi:liəm]

锂lithium(abbr.Li)['liθiəm]硼boron(abbr.B)['bɔ:rɔn]碳carbon(abbr.C)['kɑ:bən]氮nitrogen(abbr.N)['naitrədʒən]氧oxygen(abbr.O)['ɔksidʒən]氟fluorine(abbr.F)['fluəri:n]氖neon(abbr.Ne)['ni:ɔn]钠sodium(abbr.Na)['səudiəm]镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)铝aluminum(abbr.Al)[,æləˈminiəm]硅silicon(abbr.Si)['silikən]磷phosphorus(abbr.P)['fɔsfərəs]硫sulfur(abbr.S)['sʌlfə]氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['klɔ:ri:n]氩argon(abbr.Ar)['ɑ:ɡɔn]钾potassium(abbr.K)[pəˈtæsiəm]钙calcium(abbr.Ca)[ˈkælsiəm]钛titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai'teiniəm]铬chromium(abbr.Cr)['krəumjəm]锰manganese(abbr.Mn)[ˈmæŋɡəni:z]铁iron(abbr.Fe)['aɪən]钴cobalt(abbr.Co)[kəu'bɔ:lt]镍nickel(abbr.Ni)['nikəl]铜copper(abbr.Cu)['kɔpə]锌zinc(abbr.Zn)[ziŋk]砷arsenic(abbr.As)['ɑ:sənik]溴bromine(abbr.Br)['brəumi:n]银silver(abbr.Ag)['silvə]锡tin(abbr.Sn)[tin]碘iodine(abbr.I)['aiəudi:n]氙xenon(abbr.Xe)['zenɔn]钡barium(abbr.Ba)['beəriəm]钨tungsten(abbr.W)[tʌŋstən]铂platinum(abbr.Pt)['plætinəm]金gold(abbr.Au)[ɡəuld]汞mercury(abbr.Hg)['mə:kjuri]铅lead(abbr.Pb)[led]3.常见单质(commonelements)氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamond

['daiəmənd]石墨graphite['græfait]臭氧ozone['əuzəun]红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常见根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydride['haidraid]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate碳化的carbide['ka:baid]碳酸carbonic(acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride['naitraid]叠氮化的azide['æzaid]硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrous(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide['ɔksaid]二氧化的dioxide[dai-']三氧化的trioxide过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxide[pə'ɔksaid]超氧化的superoxide[sjupə'ɔksaid]氢氧根hydroxyl[hai'drɔksil](radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子\o"Hydronium"hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminic[metə'æljuminik](acid)adj.meta-aluminate四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminic[hai'drɔksil-'](acid)硅酸silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate[θaiəu-']焦硫酸根persulphate[pə:-']氯化的chloride['klɔraid]氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称参见氯碘化的iodide['aiədaid]氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称参见氯卤化的halide铵根ammonium[əˈməuniəm]高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanide['sainaid]硫氰根\o"Thiocyanate"thiocyanate[θaiəuˈsaiəneit]铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常见无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane[ə-ˈ]硅烷silane[ˈsi-]磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal-(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烃cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烃alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)炔烃alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylic[ka:bɔk'silik](acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醚ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)脂ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)腈nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常见有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)[finɔlf'θeili:n]石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈酸hexadecanoicacid/\o"Palmiticacid"palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/\o"Stearicacid"stearicacid 硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose核糖ribose脱氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose乳糖lactose淀粉starch纤维素cellulose脂肪酸fattyacid甘油/丙三醇glycerol/

glycerine/

glycerin叔丁醇tert-butylalcohol(abbr.TBA)三硝基甲苯trinitrotoluene(abbr.TNT)[trainaitrə'tɔljui:n]萘naphthalene碳酰胺/尿素urea/carbamide胡萝卜素carotene叶绿素chlorophyll阿司匹林/乙酰水杨酸aspirin/acetylsalicylicacid对乙酰氨基酚/扑热息痛paracetamol/acetaminophen苯丙醇胺phenylpropanolamine/β-\o"Hydroxyamphetamine"hydroxyamphetamine/the