建筑学院授课模板：门和窗的设计与构造DOORS

DOORS&WINDOWS

DOOR

Adoorisamoveablebarriersecuredinawallopening.

Functions:

1.Theyadmitventilationandlight.2.Controlsthephysicalatmospherewithinaspacebyenclosingit,excludingairdrafts,sothatinteriorsmaybemoreeffectivelyheatedorcooled.3.Theyactasabarriertonoise.4.Usedtoscreenareasofabuildingforaestheticpurposes,keepingformalandutilityareasseparate.LocationofdoorinabuildingThenumbershouldbekeptasminimum.Itshouldmeetthefunctionalrequirement.Itshouldpreferablybelocatedatthecorneroftheroom,nearly20cmfromcorner.Ifinaroom,morethan2doorsarethere,theyshallbelocatedfacingeachother.

Componentsofadoor:

a)Doorframeb)Doorshutter

DoorframeHEADJAMB/POSTHOLDFASTF.L.HORNREBATE

TOPRAILBOTTOMRAILINTERMEDIATERAILSSTYLEPANEL

FRIEZERAILDoorshutter

SIZESOFDOORSThecommonwidth-heightrelationsused:Width=0.4–0.6HeightHeight=(width+1.2)mGeneralsizesused:a)ResidentialExternaldoor–1.0x2.0to1.1x2.0mInternaldoor-0.9x2.0to1.0x2.0mBath&WC–0.7X2.0to0.8x2.0mGaragesforcars–2.25x2.25mto2.40x2.25mb)Public

1.2x2.0mor1.2x2.1mor1.2x2.25mDesignationofdoorsThesizeofanopeningisindicatedbynumberofmoduleswhereeachmoduleisof100mm.e.g.10DS20OR10DT20sizeofopening=1000x2000mmD–DooropeningS–SingleshutterT–DoubleshutterDOORFRAMESMaterialsusedfordoorframesTimberSteelAluminiumConcreteStoneTimberdoorframeGeneralspecifications:Timberissawninthedirectionofgrains.Allmembersofframesareofsamespeciesoftimberandbestraightwithoutanywarp.

Theframesaresmooth,wellplanedsurfacesexceptthesurfacetouchingwalllintelsilletc.

Thethicknessofrebateis15mmandthewidthisequaltothethicknessofshutter.Nominalsizeofdoorframeforsingleshutteris75X100mmandfordoubleshutter75X125mm.Thebackportionofdoorframewhichincontactwithwalls,lintelssilletc.ispaintedwithbitumenoranyanti-termitechemical.Toprotectdoorframeduringconstructionprimingcoatisdonebeforefixing.Aminimumof3holdfastsshallbefixedoneachside,oneatthecentreandtheothertwoat300mmfromtopandbottomoftheframe.Holdfastsandotherparts,whichgointothemasonrywallandthusnotaccessibleformaintenance,shallbeprotectedagainstmoistureanddecay,withacoatingofcoaltarorothersuitableprotectivematerial.

TypesofDoorsOnthebasisofworkingoperationsHingeddoorsBattenedtypeFramedandpaneledGlazed/SashFlushedLouveredWire-guageRevolvingdoorsSlidingdoorsSwingdoorsCollapsibledoorsRollingshutterHingeddoorsMostdoorsarehingedalongonesidetoallowthedoortopivotawayfromthedoorwayinonedirectionbutnotintheother.Theaxisofrotationisusuallyvertical.Themostcommondoortype.Itisasimple&rigid.Thepanelswings,opensandcloses,onhinges.Hingeddoorsrequireaminimumamountofmaintenanceandcleaning,theyarenotexpensive,andhaveanexcellentinsulatingability.However,theytakeuppreciousroomspacetoswingin.BattenedandledgeddoorThedoorconsistsofverticalboardsi.e.battensandthreeorfourhorizontalledges.Theverticalboardsaretongueandgroovedtostopdraughtsandtheedgeschamferedtorelievetheplainappearance.Battens:100-150mmwideand20-30mmthickLedges:200mmwideand25––30mmthickThedoorishungtotheframebyT-hingesofiron.Thedooriscommonlyusedfornarrowopeningsforinternalusewhereitisnotsubjecttoharduse,orwhereeconomyisofmainconsiderationthantheappearance..Battened,LedgedandBraceddoorBattens:100-150mmwide&20-30mmthickLedges:100-200mmthick&25-30mmthickBraces:100-150mmwide&25-30mmthickNormallyconstructedusingaZ-shapedframewithtongue-and-grooveinterlockingboardsattachedtheycanbequiteheavyinweightbutthiscandependonthethicknessofboardsused.Duetotheirconstructiontheyarenormallyverystrongandhardwearingandcanalsobeplanedandshapedtofitprettymuchanydoorway.Suchdoorsareusedforwideropenings.Thebracesinclinedowntowardsthehingedside.Battened,Ledged,BracedandFramedDoorTheframeworkconsistsofverticalstyles,threeledgesandtwoinclinedbraces.Thebracesarenormallyhousedintotherailsatabout40mmfromthestyles.Thethicknessofthestylesandtoprailissamewhichisequaltothethicknessofbracesandbattens.Thistypeissuitableforexternaldooranddoorsubjectedtoroughhandling.FramedandPaneleddoorThesetypesofdoorsarewidelyusedinalltypesofbuildingssincetheyarestrongandgivebetterappearancethanbatteneddoors.Paneldoorsconsistofverticalmemberscalledstilesandhorizontalmemberscalledrails.Stilesandrailsformtheframeworkintowhichpanelsareinserted.Panelsmaybesolidwood,plywood,particleboardorlouveredorhaveglassinserts.Additionalverticalmemberscalledmullionsareusedtodividethedoorintoanynumberofpanels.PanelDoor-consistsofwoodpanelsheldinplacebywoodstilesandrailspanelsandcanbemadefromsolidwood,plywood,metalorglass.Theyconsistoftwoverticalstilesandhorizontalrailsenclosingthepanels.

Thepanelscouldbemadeofplywood,solidtimberorglass.Themoreexpensivetypeofglasspaneldoorisfittedtotheframefirstandthentheglasspanelsareaddedindividually,thismakesthedoorlightertohandlewhenhangingandcheapertoreplaceiftheglassgetsbroken.Dependingonthelocationandusageofthedoor,puttyandbeadingmaybeused,butifthedoorhasawoodfinish,beadingalonewillsuffice.Siliconesealantsarealsoavailableinavarietyoffinishes.Thelockrailissoplacedthatitscentreisataheightof800-900mmfromthebottomoftheshutter.Incaseoftimberpanels,theminimumsizeofthepanelshallbe150x15mm,whilemax.areshallbe0.5sq.m.Incaseofplywood,thereisnorestrictiononminimumandmax.size.However,thethicknessshallbeatleast12mmifsinglepaneledand10mmformorepanels.JointbetweenrailsandstylesGlazedorsashdoorThistypeisusedinresidentialandpublicbuildings.Theysupplementthenaturallightingprovidedbywindowsortomaketheinterioroftheroomvisiblefromadjoiningrooms.Theycanbemadefullyglazedorpartlyglazed.Fullyglazeddoorsarerecommendedwheresufficientlightisrequiredthroughthedooropeningslikeinshoppingmalls,entrancehallsetc.Incaseofpartlyglazed,thebottom1/3rdpartisusuallypaneledandupper2/3partisglazed.FullyGlazedDoorPartlyGlazedDoorPARTGLYLAZEDANDPARTLYPANELEDDOORWITHGUN-STOCKRAILFlushDoorFlushdoorsaresimplydoorswithacompletelyflatsurfaceonbothsides.Flushdoorscancomeinsolidformatwhichisadoormadeofsolidwoodorhollowformatwhichislightweightandcomprisedoftwolayersofthintimberseparated,usually,byalightweighthoneycombcore.Thecoreiscoveredwitheitherhardboardorplywoodonbothsides.Solidflushdoorsareusuallyusedasfire-checkdoors.Flushdoorsarelighterandcheaperthanothertypes.Theflushdoorshuttersaremanufacturedinstandardthicknessof25,30,35and40mm.Types:SolidcoreflushdoorHollowcoreCellularcoreSolidcoredoorconsistoftheframeworkofverticalstilesandtoprailandbottomrail.Thecoreconsistsofwoodenstrips(widthnotmorethan25mm)gluedtogetherunderhighpressureORblockboardorparticleboard.Plywoodsheets/crossbands/faceveneersaregluedunderhighpressuretotheassemblyofcoreonbothfaces.Suchdoorsarequitestrongbutheavyandrequiremorematerial.Solid-coredoorsprovidebettersoundinsulationandhaveless

tendencytowarp.HollowcoreTheframeconsistsofstyles,toprail,bottomrailandtwointermediaterails,notlessthan75mminwidth.Thespacebetweenthestylesandrailsisfilledbyequallyspacedbattenseachofminimumwidth25mm,suchthatvoidsareequallydistributedandlimitedto0.5sq.m.Plywood/veneersandcrossbandscanbegluedfrombothsides.Thethicknessofplywoodshouldnotbelessthan6mm.CellularcoreTheframeismadeupofstylesandtopandbottomrail.Thespaceisfilledwithcloselyspacedbattensofminimum25mmwidthsuchthatthevoidareadoesnotexceed0.25sq.m.Thus,thetotalareaofvoidsshouldnotexceed40%oftheareaoftheshutter.LouvereddoorsAlouvereddoorhasfixedormovablewoodenlouverswhichpermitopenventilationwhilepreservingprivacyandpreventingthepassageoflighttotheinterior.TheyaremostcommonlyusedforbathandW.C.Inresidentialandpublicbuildings,wheregoodventilationisdesired.Thedoormaybelouveredtoitsfullheightormaybepartlylouveredandpartlypaneled.Thelouversarearrangedininclinedfashionthusobstructsthevisionbutpermitsentryofair.Louversmaybefixedormovable.Louversmaybeoftimber,plywoodorglass.However,theyaredifficulttoclean.insideoutsidePARTLYLOUVEREDANDPARTLYPANELEDDOORRevolvingdoorsSuchtypesareprovidedinpublicbuildings,likebanks,museums,hotels,officesetc.Arevolvingdoornormallyhasfourwings/leavesthathangonacentershaftandrotateonewayaboutaverticalaxiswithinaroundenclosure.Thecentralshaftisfittedwithballbearingarrangementatthebottom,whichallowstheshutterstomovewithoutanyjerkandmakingnoise.Theradiatingshuttersmaybefullypaneled,fullyglazedorpartlyglazed.Theglassdoorsallowpeopletoseeandanticipateeachotherwhilewalkingthrough.Verticalrubberpiecesareprovidedattherubbingendoftheshuttertopreventdroughtofair.Peoplecanwalkoutofandintothebuildingatthesametime.Thedoorclosesautomaticallywhennotinuse.Revolvingdoorsareenergyefficientbyeliminatingdrafts,thusreducingtheheatingorcoolingrequiredforthebuilding.Thedoormaybemotorized,orpushedmanuallyusingpushbars.RevolvingdoorsthereforecreateagoodsealfromtheoutsideandhelptoreduceA/Candheatingcostsforclimatecontrolfromthebuilding.Revolvingdoorstypicallyhavea"speedcontrol"topreventpeoplefromspinningthedoorstoofast.SlidingdoorsInthesedoors,theshutterslidehorizontallyalongtrackswiththehelpofrunnersandrails.oftenforspaceorSlidingglassdoorsarecommoninplaceswherethereisnospacetoswingthedoor.Suchdoorsareverypopularforusefortheentrancestocommercialstructuresandalsoinresidentialbuildingsforaestheticconsiderations..Slidingdoorsconsistofeitherone,twoorthreedoorsthatslidebyeachotheronatrackdependinguponthesizeofopeningandspaceavailableforsliding.Theyareprettyeasilycleanedandmaintained.Thesedoorssoundinsulationisprettypoorusually,andtheymustbeofhighqualityandfittedexactlyintheirtracksorelsetheymayslideoutofthem.Whenfullyopenthesedoorswillallowhalfthespaceoftheopeningindoubleslidingdoors,oronethirdiftriple.Slidingdoorsmovealongmetal,wood,orvinyltracksfittedintotheirframesatthetopandbottom.Toeasetheirmovement,slidingdoorsoftenhaveplasticrollersattachedtothetopandbottomortothebottomonly.Thedoorishungbytwotrolleyhangersatthetopofthedoorrunninginaconcealedtrackwhileatthebottom,rollersareprovidedtoslidetheshutterinachanneltrack.SwingdoorsTheshutterisfittedtoitsframebyspecialdoubleactionhinges.Thehingespermitstheshuttertomovebothways,inwardaswellasoutward.Thedoorsarenotrebatedatthemeetingstyles.Toopenthedoor,aslightpushismadeandthespringactionbringstheshutterinclosedposition.Thereturnoftheshutteriswithforceandthus,thedoorshallbeeitherfullyglazedOrprovidedwithapeepholeateyelevel,toavoidaccidents.FoldeddoorsMadeofmanynarrowverticalstripsorcreasesthatfoldbacktobackintoacompactbundlewhendoorsarepushedopen,thesestripsorcreaseswillbehangedfromthetop,andrunonatrack.Theysavespaceastheydonotswingoutofthedooropening,thoughtheirsoundandweatherisolationispoor.Foldingdoorsareusuallyprettynoisy,andconsiderednotsodurableCollapsibleDoorSuchdoorsareusedingarages,workshops,publicbuildingsetc.toprovideincreasedsafetyandprotectiontoproperty.Thedoorsdonotrequirehingestocloseoropentheshutternortheframetohangthem.Itactslikeasteelcurtain.Thedoorismadeupfromverticaldoublechannels(20x10x2mm),jointedtogetherwiththehollowsontheinsidetocreateaverticalgap.Thesechannelsarespacedat100-120mmapartandbracedwithdiagonalironflats.Thesediagonalsallowtheshuttertoopenorclosed.Theshutteroperatebetweentworails,onefixedtothefloorandothertothelintel.Rollersaremountedatthetopandbottom.RollingshutterThesearecommonlyusedforshops,godowns,storesetc.Thedoorshutteractslikeacurtainandthusprovidesadequateprotectionandsafetyagainstfireandthefts.Theshutterismadeupofthinsteelslabscalledlathsorslatesabout1.25mmthickinterlockedtoeachotherandcoileduponspeciallydesignedpipeshaftcalleddrummountedatthetop.Theshuttermovesintwoverticalsteelguidechannelsinstalledattheirends.Thechannelismadeupofsteelsheetsanddeepenoughtoaccommodatetheshutterandtokeepitinposition.Ahorizontalshaftandspringinthedrumwhichallowtheshuttertocoiledinorout.Thesemaybemanuallyoperatedforsmalleropenings(upto10sq.m.).Above10sq.m.,theymaybeoperatedmanually.WINDOWSWindowdetailsTYPESOFWINDOWSFixedwindowsInthistype,theglasspaneispermanentlyfixedintheopeningofthewall.Theshuttercan’tbeopenedorclosed.Thefunctionislimitedtoallowinglightandorpermitvisionintheroom.Norebatesareprovidedtotheframe.Theshuttersarefullyglazed.Inhomestheyaregenerallydecorativewindowsneardoors,stairwellsandhigh-placesorareusedincombinationwithotherstyles.PivotedwindowsInthistypeofwindow,theshutteriscapableofrotatingaboutapivotfixedtowindowframe.Theframehasnorebate.Theshuttercanswinghorizontallyorvertically.HorizontalpivotedVerticalpivotedDouble-hungwindowsIthastwopanes,topandbottomthatslideupanddownintrackscalledstiles.Themostcommonusedwindowstoday.Whenopen,thesewindowsallowairflowthroughhalfofitssize.Thetwopartsarenotnecessarilythesamesize.Traditionally,eachshutterisprovidedwithapairofcounterweightsconnectedbycordorchainoverpulleys.Whentheweightsarepulled,theshuttersopentorequiredlevel.Itispossibletohavecontrolledventilation.Sashwindowsmaybefittedwithsimplexhingeswhichallowthewindowtobelockedintohingesononeside,whiletheropeontheothersideisdetached,allowingthewindowtobeopenedforescapeorcleaning.Nowadays,mostnewdouble-hungsashwindowsusespringbalancestosupportthesashes.Specialframescalledboxedorcasedframeisused,whichconsistsoftwoverticalmembersspacedaparttocreateagroovetoslidetheshutter.Apartingbeadisprovidedinthegrooveoftheframetokeepthetwoshuttersapart.Onlythebottomsashslidesupwardinasingle-hungwindow.Insingle-hungwindowsthetopsashisfixedandcan’’tbemoved.COUNTERWEIGHTSlidingWindoworSlider:Hastwoormoresashesthatoverlapslightlybutslidehorizontallywithintheframe.Suitableopeningsorgroovesareleftintheframeorwalltoaccommodatetheshutterswhenareshuttersareopened.Casementwindowsarehingedatthesides.Whenfullyopened,offerthemaximumamountofventilation.Operateslikeahingeddoor,exceptthatitopensandcloseswithaleverinsidethewindow.Theshutterconsistsofstyles,toprail,bottomrailandintermediaterail.Dependinguponthedesign,theframecanhaveadditionalverticalandhorizontalmembersi.e.mullionandtransomrespectively.Thepanelsmaybeeitherglazed,unglazedorpartlyglazedandarefixedinthegroovesmadeinrailsandstyles.GlazedwindowThisisatypeofcasementwindowwherepanelsarefullyglazed.Theframehasstyles,toprailandabottomrail.Thespacebetweentopandbottomrailisdividedintonumberofpanelswithsmalltimbermemberscalled,sashbarsorglazingbars.Theglasspanelsarecut1.5-3.0mmsmallerinsizethanthepanelsizetopermitmovementofsashbars.Glasspanesarefixedtosashbarsbyputtyorbytimberbeads.LouveredwindowTheyareprovidedforthesolefunctionofventilationandnotforthevisionoutside.Thestylesaregroovedtoreceiveaseriesoflouverswhichmaybeofglassorwoodslates.Thelouversreusuallyfixedat450inclinationslopingdownwardtotheoutsidetorun-offtherainwater.Thewindowsprovidelightandventilationevenifclosed.Suchwindowsarerecommendedforbath,WC,workshopsetc.,whereprivacyismoreimportant.Venetianshuttersuseslouverswhichcanbeopenedorclosed.Thelouversarepivotedatbothendsintheframeandinadditioneachbladeisconnectedtoaverticalbattenbyhinge.MetalWindows:Theseareverypopularinpublicbuildingsandcanbemadeupofmildsteel,stainlesssteel,aluminium,bronzeetc.Milssteelbeingcheapestofall,theyarewidelyused.Thewindowscanbefabricatedfortherequiredsizeusinglightrolledsteelsections.Theycanbefixeddirectlytothewallopeninginawoodenframeorinthesteelframe.Whilefixing,carehastobetakenthatthemembersoftheframearenotsubjectedtoanystructuralloadstopreventdamage.Thus,thesizeofthewindowopeningiskeptslightlymorethantheframesizesoastoallowsomeclearancebetweenthetwo.Thewindowisfixedintotheopeningonlyaftermasonryandlintelworkisoverandfullyset.Advantages:Theyaremorestrongeranddurableascomparedtowoodenwindows.Theyarenotsubjectedtoexpansionandcontractionofjoints.Theyarerot-proof,termiteproof.Highlyfireresistant.Presentsbettereleganceandsmoothfinishing.Providemoreareaforlightandventilation.Thecostofmaintenanceisnegligibleandthusproveseconomical.BaywindowThewindowprojectingoutwardfromtheexternalwalls.Wideanddecorativelyimpressiveallowfor180°view.Amulti-panelwindow,withatleastthreepanelssetatdifferentanglestocreateanextensionfromthewallline.itiscommonlyusedincoldcountrywheresnowoftenfalls.Theymaybetriangular,circular,rectangularorpolygonalinplan.ClerestorywindowTheseareprovidedtopermitlightandventilationtoaroomhavingmoreheightthantheadjoiningroomsorwhentheventilationisrestricted.Generallyprovidednearthetopofmainroofandtheyopenabovetheslabofadjoiningrooms.Theshuttersaregenerallypivotedatcentre.Theshuttercanbeopenedorclosedbymeansoftwochords,eachattachedtotherailsoftheshutter.Theshuttermustswinginsuchawaythattheupperpartopensinsidetheroomandlowerpartopensoutside,toexcluderainwater.CornerwindowTheseareprovidedatthecorneroftheroom.Lightandairisadmittedfromtwodirections.Thejambpostatthecornerismadeofheavysection.DormerwindowandGablewindowThewindowsprovidedatthedormerendandgableendoftheslopingrooftoprovidelightandventilationtotheenclosedspacebelowtheroof.Awningwindowsarehingedatthetopandopenoutward.Theyaredesignedtoprovideventilationwithoutlettinginrain,etc.Awningwindowscanbeusedaloneorinverticalorhorizontalgroupsincombinationwithadditionalawningwindows,othertypesofwindows,orabovedoors.AwningwindowsHopperwindowsSkylightThesearefixedwindowsontheslopingroofs.Admitnaturallightandhelpdistributelightmoreevenlythroughouttheroom.Consideredanenergysaverfeature.Inadditiontoreducingtheneedtouseelectriclights,itcandeliverwarmthinthewinterandcoolinginthesummer,minimizingtheneedforfuel-basedheatingandairconditioning.Onwinterdays,thesun’’sradiantenergycanshinethroughasouth-orwest-facingskylighttowarminteriorsurfaces.Andinthesummer,aventilatingskylightcanpromoteaircirculationbyreleasingthewarmairthatnaturallyrises.Theopeningforthewindowismadebycuttingcommonrafters.Theframeworkconsistoftrimmingpieces,curbframes,bottomrailandtoprail.Theopeningistreatedwithleadflashingstoensurewaterproofing.Skylightsmaybeplasticorglass,fixedoroperable,andmadeinanynumberofsizesandstyles.Fanlights:Thesmallwindoworventilatorfittedabovethedoororwindowframeseparatedbytransom.Thefunctionistoensurecrossventilationintheroomevenifthedoororwindowsareclosed.Theyalsoassistinadmittingnaturallight.Ventilator:Itisanarrowwindowofsmallheightfittedneartheroofofaroomforventilation.Theconstructionissimilartothefanlights.Theyarehorizontallypivoted.9、静夜四无无邻，荒居居旧业贫。。。12月-2212月-22Thursday,December8,202210、雨雨中中黄黄叶叶树树，，灯灯下下白白头头人人。。。。13:54:2413:54:2413:5412/8/20221:54:24PM11、以以我我独独沈沈久久，，愧愧君君相相见见频频。。。。12月月-2213:54