历年英语四级真题及答案

历年英语四级真题及答案历年英语四级真题及答案历年英语四级真题及答案历年英语四级真题及答案编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:历年英语四级真题及答案【篇一：2013年最新英语四级考试真题与答案(新)】pclass=txt>partonelisteningcomprehensionsectiona本次多题多卷，这是其中一卷，需要全部卷的，可加扣扣：290-61748懂的可加。example:youwillhear:youwillread:c)attheairport.d)heevening.thisismostlikelytohavetakenplaceattheoffice.therefore,a)attheofficeisthebestanswer.youshouldchoose[a]ontheanswersheetandmarkitwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.1.a)sheisnotinterestedinthearticle.b)shehasgiventhemanmuchtrouble.c)shewouldliketohaveacopyofthearticle.d)shedoesntwanttotakethetroubletoreadthearticle.2.a)hesawthebigtowerhevisitedontv~b)hehasvisitedthetvtowertwice.c)hehasvisitedthetvtoweronce.d)hewillvisitthetvtowerinjune.3.a)thewomanhastroublegettingalongwiththeprofessor.b)thewomanregretshavingtakenupmuchoftheprofessorstime.c)thewomanknowstheprofessorhasbeenbusy.d)thewomanknowstheprofessorhasrunintotrouble.4.a)hedoesntenjoybusinesstripsasmuchasheusedto.b)hedoesntthinkheiscapableofdoingthejob.c)hethinksthepayistoolowtosupporthisfamily,6.a)inthepark.b)betweentwobuildingsc)inhisapartment.d)underahugetree.7.a)itsawfullydull.b)itsreallyexciting.c)itsveryexhausting.d)itsquitechallenging.8.a)movie.b)alecture.c)aplay.d)aspeech.9.a)theweatherismildcomparedtothepastyears.b)theyarehavingthecoldestwinterever.c)theweatherwillsoongetwarmer.d)theweathermaygetevencolder.10.a)themysterystory.b)thehiringofashopassistant.c)thesearchforareliablewitness.d)anunsolvedcaseofrobbery.sectionbpassageonequestions11to14arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.11.a)theywanttochangethewayenglishistaught.13.a)coursesfordoctors.b)coursesforbusinessmen.c)coursesforreporters.d)coursesforlawyers.14.a)threegroupsoflearners.b)theimportanceofbusinessenglish.c)englishforspecificpurposes.d)featuresofenglishfordifferentpapacies.passagetwoquestions15to17arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.15.a)toshowofftheirwealth.b)tofeelgood.c)toregaintheirmemory.d)tobedifferentfromothers.16.a)tohelpsolvetheirpsychologicalproblems.b)toplaygameswiththem.c)tosendshamtothehospital.d)tomakethemawareofitsharmfulness.17.a)theyneedcareandaffection.b)theyarefondofround-the-worldtrips.c)theyaremostlyfrombrokenfamilies.c)becauseitdidnotshootfar.d)becauseitsstringwasshort.19.a)itwentoutofuse300yearsagob)hwasinventedaltertheshorthow.c)itwasdiscoveredbeforefireandthewheel.d)itsstillinusetoday.20.a)theyareaccurateandeasytopull.b)theirshootingrangeis40yards.c)theyareusuallyusedindoors.d)theytook100yearstodevelop.partiireadingcomprehension(35minutes)directions:thereare4passagesinthispart.eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd).youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheanswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.passageonequestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.designofallthenewtoolsandimplementsisbasedoncarefulexperimentswithelectronicinstruments.first,ahuman“guineapig”istestedusingaregulartool.measurementsaretakenoftheamountofworkdone,andthebuildupofheatinthebody.twistedjointsandstretchedwhichtobaseanewoneofisthisworkhasattractedtheattentionofefficiencyexpertsandtime-and-motion-studyengineer,butitsvaluegoesfarbeyondthat.dr.tichauer’sfirstthoughtisforthehealthofthetooluser.withtherepeateduseofthesametoolalldaylongonproductionlinesandinotherjobs,ime,suchstresscancauseadisablingdisease.furthermore,musclefatigueisaserioussafetyhazard.efficiencyistheby-productofcomfort,dr.tichauerbelieves,andhisnewdesignsfortraditionaltoolshaveprovedhispoint.21.whatareinvolvedinthedesignofanewtoolaccordingtothepassage?a)electronicinstrumentsandaregulartool.b)ahuman“guineapig”andaregulartool.c)electronicinstrumentsandahuman“guineapig”.【篇二：历年英语四级真题及答案下载】txt>partiwriting(30minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡1上。directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayonthetopicofdueattentionshouldbegiventospelling.youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写2.出现这种情况的原因3.为了改变这种状况，我认为…dueattentionshouldbegiventospelling_______________________________________________________________________________partiireadingcomprehension(skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)directions:inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonanswersheet1.forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd).forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.caughtinthewebafewmonthsago,itwasntunusualfor47-year-oldcarlatoebetospend15hoursperdayonline.shedwakeupearly,turnonherlaptopandchatoninternetdatingsitesandinstant-messagingprograms–leavingherbedforonlybriefintervals.herhouseholdbillspiledup,alongwiththedishesanddirtylaundry,butittooknear-constantcomplaintsfromherfourdaughtersbeforesherealizedshehadaproblem.iwasstartingtofeellikemywholeworldwasfallingapart–kindofslippingintoadepression,saidcarla.iknewthatifididntgetoffthedatingsites,idjustkeepgoing,detaching(使脱离)herselffurtherfromtheoutsideworld.toebesconclusion:shefeltlikeshewasaddictedtotheinternet.shesnotalone.concernaboutexcessiveinternetuseisntnew.asfarbackas1995,articlesinmedicaljournalsandtheestablishmentofapennsylvaniatreatmentcenterforoverusersgeneratedinterestinthesubject.theresstillnoconsensusonhowmuchtimeonlineconstitutestoomuchorwhetheraddictionispossible.butasrelianceonthewebgrows,therearesignsthatthequestionisgettingmoreseriousattention:lastmonth,astudypublishedincnsspectrumsclaimedtobethefirstlarge-scalelookatexcessiveinternetuse.theamericanpsychiatricassociationmayconsiderlistinginternetaddictioninthenexteditionofitsdiagnosticmanual.andscoresofonlinediscussionboardshavepoppeduponwhichpeoplediscussnegativeexperiencestiedtotoomuchtimeontheweb.theresnoquestionthatthererepeoplewhoreseriouslyintroublebecausetheyreoverdoingtheirinternetinvolvement,saidpsychiatrist(精神科医生)ivangoldberg.goldbergcallstheproblemadisorderratherthanatrueaddiction.jonathanbishop,aresearcherinwalesspecializinginonlinecommunities,ismoreskeptical.theinternetisanenvironment,hesaid.youcantbeaddictedtotheenvironment.bishopdescribestheproblemassimplyamatterofpriorities,whichcanbesolvedbyencouragingpeopletoprioritizeotherlifegoalsandplansinplaceoftimespentonline.thenewcnsspectrumsstudywasbasedonresultsofanationwidetelephonesurveyofmorethan2,500adults.likethe2005survey,thisonewasconductedbystanforduniversityresearchers.about6%ofrespondentsreportedthattheirrelationshipssufferedbecauseofexcessiveinternetuse.about9%attemptedtoconcealnonessentialinternetuse,andnearly4%reportedfeelingpreoccupiedbytheinternetwhenoffline.about8%saidtheyusedtheinternetasawaytoescapeproblems,andalmost14%reportedtheyfoundithardtostayawayfromtheinternetforseveraldaysatatime.theinternetproblemisstillinitsinfancy,saideliasaboujaoude,astanfordprofessor.nosingleonlineactivityistoblameforexcessiveuse,hesaid.theyreonlineinchatrooms,checkinge-mail,orwritingblogs.[theproblemis]notlimitedtoporn(色情)orgamblingwebsites.excessiveinternetuseshouldbedefinednotbythenumberofhoursspentonlinebutintermsoflosses,saidmaressaorzack,aharvarduniversityprofessor.ifitsaloss[where]yourenotgettingtowork,andfamilyrelationshipsarebreakingdownasaresult,thenitstoomuch.sincetheearly1990s,severalclinicshavebeenestablishedintheu.s.totreatheavyinternetusers.theyincludethecenterforinternetaddictionrecoveryandthecenterforinternetbehavior.thewebsitefororzackscenterliststhefollowingamongthepsychologicalsymptomsofcomputeraddiction:●havingasenseofwell-being(幸福)orexcitementwhileatthecomputer.●longingformoreandmoretimeatthecomputer.●neglectoffamilyandfriends.●feelingempty,depressedorirritablewhennotatthecomputer.●lyingtoemployersandfamilyaboutactivities.●inabilitytostoptheactivity.●problemswithschoolorjob.physicalsymptomslistedincludedryeyes,backaches,skippingmeals,poorpersonalhygiene(卫生)andsleepdisturbances.peoplewhostrugglewithexcessiveinternetusemaybedepressedorhaveothermooddisorders,orzacksaid.whenshediscussesinternethabitswithherpatients,theyoftenreportthatbeingonlineoffersasenseofbelonging,andescape,excitement[and]fun,shesaid.somepeoplesayrelief…ernetgamersspendcountlesshourscompetingingamesagainstpeoplefromallovertheworld.onesuchgame,calledworldofwarcraft,iscitedonmanysitesbyposterscomplainingofagamingaddiction.andrewheidrich,aneducationnetworkadministratorfromsacramento,playsworldofwarcraftforabouttwotofourhourseveryothernight,butthatsnothingcomparedwiththe40to60hoursaweekhespentplayingonlinegameswhenhewasincollege.hecutbackonlyafterafull-scalefamilyintervention(干预),inwhichrelativestoldhimhedgainedweight.theresthiswholecultureofcompetitionthatsuckspeopleinwithonlinegaming,saidheidrich,nowafatheroftwo.peopledoitattheexpenseofeverythingthatwasaconstantintheirlives.heidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussgamingaddictionregularlytoremindmyselftokeepmyloveforonlinegamesincheck.toebealsoregularlyvisitsasitewherepostersdiscussinternetoveruse.inaugust,whenshefirstrealizedshehadaproblem,shepostedamessageonayahoointernetaddictiongroupwiththesubjectline:ihaveaninternetaddiction.imself-employedandneedtheinternetformywork,butimfailingtoaccomplishmywork,totakecareofmyhome,togiveattentiontomychildren,shewroteinamessagesenttothegroup.ihavenomoneyorinsurancetogetprofessionalhelp;icantevenpaymymortgage(抵押贷款)andfacelosingeverything.sincethen,toebesaid,shehaskeptherpromisetoherselftocutbackonherinternetuse.ihaveaboyfriendnow,andimnotinterestedinonlinedating,shesaidbyphonelastweek.itsalotbetternow.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1.whateventuallymadecarlatoeberealizeshewasspendingtoomuchtimeontheinternet?a)herdaughtersrepeatedcomplaints.b)fatigueresultingfromlackofsleep.c)thepoorlymanagedstateofherhouse.d)thehighfinancialcostsaddingup.2.whatdoestheauthorsayaboutexcessiveinternetuse?a)peopleshouldbewarnedofitsharmfulconsequences.b)ithasbecomevirtuallyinevitable.c)ithasbeensomewhatexaggerated.d)peoplehaventyetreachedagreementonitsdefinition.3.jonathanbishopbelievesthattheinternetoveruseproblemcanbesolvedifpeople______.a)trytoimprovetheinternetenvironmentb)becomeawareofitsseriousconsequencesc)canrealizewhatisimportantinlifed)canreachaconsensusonitsdefinition4.accordingtoprofessormaressaorzack,internetusewouldbeconsideredexcessiveif______.a)itseriouslyaffectedfamilyrelationshipsb)onevisitedpornwebsitesfrequentlyc)toomuchtimewasspentinchatroomsd)peoplegotinvolvedinonlinegambling5.accordingtoorzack,peoplewhostrugglewithheavyrelianceontheinternetmayfeel______.a)discouragedb)pressuredc)depressedd)puzzled6.whydidandreheidrichcutbackonlinegaming?a)hehadlostalotofmoney.b)hisfamilyhadintervened.c)hehadoffendedhisrelatives.d)hiscareerhadbeenruined.7.andrewheidrichnowvisitswebsitesthatdiscussonlinegamingaddictionto______.a)improvehisonlinegamingskillsb)curbhisdesireforonlinegamingc)showhowgoodheisatonlinegamingd)exchangeonlinegamingexperience8.inoneofthemessagesshepostedonawebsite,toebeadmittedthatshe______.9.excessiveinternetusehadrenderedtoebesopoorthatshecouldntaffordtoseek______.10.nowthatshesgotaboyfriend,toebeisnolongercrazyabout______.partiiilisteningcomprehension(35minutes)sectionadirections:inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd),anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronanswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。11.a)hehasprovedtobeabetterreaderthanthewoman.b)hehasdifficultyunderstandingthebook.c)hecannotgetaccesstotheassignedbook.d)hecannotfinishhisassignmentbeforethedeadline.12.a)shewilldrivethemantothesupermarket.b)themanshouldbuyacarofhisown.c)themanneedntgoshoppingeveryweek.d)shecanpickthemanupatthegrocerystore.13.a)getmorefoodanddrinks.b)askhisfriendtocomeover.c)tidyuptheplace.d)holdaparty.14.a)thetalkscanbeheldanydayexceptthisfriday.b)hecouldchangehisscheduletomeetjohnsmith.c)thefirst-roundtalksshouldstartassoonaspossible.d)thewomanshouldcontactjohnsmithfirst.15.a)heunderstandsthewomansfeelings.b)hehasgonethroughasimilarexperience.c)thewomanshouldhavegoneonthefieldtrip.d)theteacherisjustfollowingtheregulations.16.a)shewillmeetthemanhalfway.b)shewillaskdavidtotalkless.c)sheissorrythemanwillnotcome.d)shehastoinvitedavidtotheparty.17.a)fewstudentsunderstandprof.johnsonslectures.b)fewstudentsmeetprof.jonsonsrequirements.c)manystudentsfindprof.johnsonslecturesboring.d)manystudentshavedroppedprof.johnsonsclass.18.a)checktheircomputerfiles.b)makesomecomputations.c)studyacomputerprogram.d)assembleacomputer.questions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.19.a)itallowshimtomakealotoffriends.b)itrequireshimtoworklonghours.c)itenableshimtoapplytheorytopractice.d)ithelpshimunderstandpeoplebetter.20.a)itisintellectuallychallenging.b)itrequireshimtodowashing-upallthetime.c)itexposeshimtooilysmokealldaylong.d)itdemandsphysicalenduranceandpatience.21.a)inahospital.b)atacoffeeshop.c)atalaundry.d)inahotel.22.a)gettingalongwellwithcolleagues.b)payingattentiontoeverydetail.c)planningeverythinginadvance.d)knowingtheneedsofcustomers.questions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.23.a)thepocketmoneybritishchildrenget.b)theannualinflationrateinbritain.c)thethingsbritishchildrenspendmoneyon.d)therisingcostofraisingachildinbritain.24.a)itenableschildrentolivebetter.b)itgoesdownduringeconomicrecession.c)itoftenriseshigherthaninflation.d)ithasgoneup25%inthepastdecade.25.a)saveupfortheirfutureeducation.b)payforsmallpersonalthings.c)buytheirownshoesandsocks.d)makedonationswhennecessary.来源:考试大-英语四级考试sectionbdirections:inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd).thenmarkthecorrespondingletteronanswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。passageonequestions26to29arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.26.a)districtmanagers.b)regularcustomers.c)salesdirectors.d)seniorclerks.27.a)thesupportprovidedbytheregularclients.b)theinitiativeshownbythesalesrepresentatives.c)theurgencyofimplementingthecompanysplans.d)theimportantpartplayedbydistrictmanagers.28.a)someofthemwerepolitical-minded.b)fiftypercentofthemwerefemale.c)onethirdofthemwereseniormanagers.d)mostofthemwereratherconservative.29.a)heusedtoomanyquotations.b)hewasnotgendersensitive.c)hedidnotkeeptothepoint.d)hespenttoomuchtimeondetails.passagetwoquestions30to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.30.a)stateyourproblemtotheheadwaiter.b)demandadiscountonthedishesordered.c)asktoseethemanagerpolitelybutfirmly.d)askthenameofthepersonwaitingonyou.31.a)youproblemmaynotbeunderstoodcorrectly.b)youdontknowifyouarecomplainingattherighttime.c)yourcomplaintmaynotreachthepersonincharge.d)youcanttellhowthepersononthelineisreacting.32.a)demandapromptresponse.b)provideallthedetails.c)senditbyexpressmail.d)sticktothepoint.passagethreequestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.33.a)fashiondesignerb)architect.c)cityplanner.d)engineer.34.a)dosomevolunteerwork.b)getawell-paidpart-timejob.c)workflexiblehours.d)gobacktoherpreviouspost.35.a)fewbaby-sitterscanbeconsideredtrustworthy.b)itwilladdtothefamilysfinancialburden.c)ababy-sitterisnoreplacementforamother.d)thechildrenwontgetalongwithababy-sitter.sectioncdirections:inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。almosteverychild,onthefirstdayhesetsfootinaschoolbuilding,issmarter,more(36)______,lessafraidofwhathedoesntknow,betteratfindingand(37)______thingsout,moreconfident,resourceful(机敏的),persistentand(38)______thanhewilleverbeagaininhisschooling–or,unlessheisvery(39)______andverylucky,fortherestofhislife.already,bypayingcloseattentiontoand(40)______withtheworldandpeoplearoundhim,andwithoutanyschool-type(41)______instruction,hehasdoneataskfarmoredifficult,complicatedand(42)______thananythinghewillbeaskedtodoinschool,orthananyofhisteachershasdoneforyears.hehassolvedthe(43)______oflanguage.hehasdiscoveredit–babiesdontevenknowthatlanguageexists–and(44)________________________________________________.hehasdoneitbyexploring,byexperimenting,bydevelopinghisownmodelofthegrammaroflanguage,(45)________________________________________________untilitdoeswork.andwhilehehasbeendoingthis,hehasbeenlearningotherthingsaswell,(46)________________________________________________,andmanythataremorecomplicatedthantheonestheydotrytoteachhim.partivreadingcomprehension(readingindepth)(25minutes)sectionbdirections:thereare2passagesinthissection.eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkeda),b),c)andd).youshoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronanswersheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.passageonequestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.youneverseehim,buttheyrewithyoueverytimeyoufly.theyrecordwhereyouaregoing,howfastyouretravelingandwhethereverythingonyourairplaneisfunctioningnormally.theirabilitytowithstandalmostanydisastermakesthemseemlikesomethingoutofacomicbook.theyreknownastheblackbox.whenplanesfallfromthesky,asayemeniairlinerdidonitswaytocomorosislandsintheindiaoceanjune30,2009,theblackboxisthebestbetforidentifyingwhatwentwrong.sowhenafrenchsubmarine(潜水艇)detectedthedeviceshomingsignalfivedayslater,thediscoverymarkedahugesteptowarddeterminingthecauseofatragedyinwhich152passengerswerekilled.in1958,australianscientistdavidwarrendevelopedaflight-memoryrecorderthatwouldtrackbasicinformationlikealtitudeanddirection.thatwasthefirstmodeforablackbox,mercialflightsby1960.earlymodelsoftenfailedtowithstandcrashes,however,soin1965thedevicewascompletelyredesignedandmovedtotherearoftheplane–thearealeastsubjecttoimpact–fromitsoriginalpositioninthelandingwells(起落架舱).thesameyear,thefederalaviationauthorityrequiredthattheboxes,whichwereneveractuallyblack,bepaintedorangeoryellowtoaidvisibility.modernairplaneshavetwoblackboxes:avoicerecorder,whichtrackspilotsconversations,andaflight-datarecorder,whichmonitorsfuellevels,enginenoisesandotheroperatingfunctionsthathelpinvestigatorsreconstructtheaircraftsfinalmoments.placedinaninsulated(隔绝的)caseandsurroundedbyaquarter-inch-thickpanelsofstainlesssteel,theboxescanwithstandmassiveforceandtemperaturesupto2,000℉.whensubmerged,theyrealsoabletoemitsignalsfromdepthsof20,000ft.expertsbelievetheboxesfromairfranceflight447,whichcrashednearbrazilonjune1,2009,areinwaternearlythatdeep,heapproximately20deep-seacrashesoverthepast30years,onlyoneplanesblackboxeswereneverrecovered.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。57.whatdoestheauthorsayabouttheblackbox?a)itensuresthenormalfunctioningofanairplane.b)theideaforitsdesigncomesfromacomicbook.c)itsabilitytowardoffdisastersisincredible.d)itisanindispensabledeviceonanairplane.58.whatinformationcouldbefoundfromtheblackboxontheyemeniairliner?a)dataforanalyzingthecauseofthecrash.【篇三：历年英语四级真题及答案汇总(2000年-2010年)】10年12月大学英语四级考试真题partiwriting(30minutes)directions：forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledhowshouldparentshelpchildrentobeindependentyoushouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该?howshouldparentshelpchildrentobeindependent?...partiireadingcomprehension(skimmingandscanning)(15minutes)directions:inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassageanswerthepassage.agrassrootsremedymostofusspendourlivesseekingthenaturalworld.towalkthedog,playgolf,gototheseaside,buyaweekendplaceinthepopularleisureactivityinbritainisgoingforawalk.andwhenjoggers(’trunthestreets.everyoneofthem丧失).ispentmyboyhoodclimbingtreesonstreathamcommon,thesedays,childrenarerobbedoftheseancientfound.childrenwereadhd—attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder(多动症).thosewhosehadnaturalviewsshowedanimprovementof19%;thosewhohadthesamesuggestedthatwhenaschoolgavechildrenaccesstoanaturalenvironment,academiclevelswereraisedacrosstheentireschool.anotherstudyfoundthatchildrenplaydifferentlyinanaturalenvironment.inplaygrounds,childrencreateahierarchy(等级)basedonphysicalabilities,withthetoughonestakingthelead.butwhenagrassyareawasplantedwithbushes,thechildrengotmuchmoreintofantasyplay,andthesocialhierarchywasnowbasedonimaginationandcreativity.mostbullying(恃强凌弱)isfoundinschoolswherethereisatarmac(柏油碎石)playground;theleastbullyingisinanaturalareathatthechildrenareencouragedtoexplore.thisremindsmeunpleasantlyofsunnyhillschoolinstreatham,withitsharshtarmac,whereiusedtohangaboutin2/469cornersfantasisingaboutwildlife.butchildrenarefrequentlydiscouragedfrominvolvementwithnaturalspaces,forhealthandsafetyreasons,forfearthattheymightgetdirtyorthattheymightcausedamage.so,instead,thedamageisdonetothechildrenthemselves:nottotheirbodiesbuttotheirsouls.oneofthegreatproblemsofmodernchildhoodisadhd,nowincreasinglyandexpensivelytreatedwithdrugs.yetonestudyafteranotherindicatesthatcontactwithnaturegiveshugebenefitstoadhdchildren.however,wespendmoneyondrugsratherthanongreenplaces.thelifeofoldpeopleismeasurablybetterwhentheyhaveaccesstonature.theincreasingemphasisforthegrowingpopulationofoldpeopleisinqualityratherthanquantityofyears.andstudyafterstudyfindsthatagardenisthesinglemostimportantthinginfindingthatquality.inwiderandmoredifficultareasoflife,thereisevidencetoindicatethatnaturalthereiscontactwiththenaturalworld.andcontribution.humanbeingsareaspeciesofmammals(worldwearenotmorebutlessotherlivingthingsarounduswearelessthanhuman.sit:taktakeadrinkoutsidewithagoodperson,agoodgathering:talkwiththesunandthewindwithbirdsongforbackground.learn:expandyourboundaries.learnfivespeciesofbird,fivebutterflies,fivetrees,fivebirdsongs.thatway,youseeandhearmore::theplacesyoualwayswantedtovisit:bythe