镍锌电池技术发展的最新研究总结课件

Newly

progress

of

the

Zn/Nisingle

flow

batteryNewlyprogressoftheZn/Nisin1OutlineIntroductionBackgroundNewly

progressExperimentalResults

of

our

teamResults

of

othersConclusionAcknowledgmentOutlineIntroductionNewlypro2

Introduction

It’s

urgent

in

demands

of

energy

storage

for

use

ofrenewable

energies.

frequency

controlload

regulationUPS,

andbackup

power

sources

stabilizing

electricity

network

and

penetratingrenewable

energy IntroductionloadregulationU3

IntroductionRedox

flow

battery

Theredox

couples

must

be

carried

by

the

pumped

solutions;

well-suited

for

transmission

and

distribution

deferral

applications;

The

advantages:

moderate

cost,

modularity,

transportability

and

flexible

operation.

+

–Scheme

of

typical

redoxflow

cell:

reversibleelectro-synthesis

plantPumpPump IntroductionTheredoxcouple42Br

2e

arge2

2e

argeZn

3V

2e

arg

eV

VO

2H

e

arg

e

IntroductionRedox

flow

battery

ThoseRFB

systems

demonstrated

at

a

large

scale

require

expensive

materials;

Aiming

to

reduce

costs

and

simplify

the

cell

design,

some

new

systems

have

been

reported.

But

these

systems

still

have

shortcomings;

A

zinc

nickel

single

flow

battery

is

proposed

by

our

team,

in

which

almost

no

expensive

materials

are

needed.zinc/bromine

flow

batteryBr2Zncharge

dischchargedischch

arg

edischall

vanadium

flow

battery2

dischch

arg

eVO2

H2O2Br2earge5

BackgroundZn/Ni

single

flow

battery2Ni(OH)2

2OH2NiOOH2H2O2e

discharge

chargePos.Zn4OHZn(OH)24

2e

discharge

chargeNeg.+

_Single

electrolyte

flow

path,

no

membrane;Modular,

Scalable;

Non-toxic;

stable;

Excellent

Cycle

lifeNiOOH

Zn泵Zn(OH)42-

aq.Background2Ni(OH6tage(V)

Voltltage

(V

VolV)Capacity

(mAh/cm

)

BackgroundCoulombic

efficiency

of

above

95%

and

energyefficiency

of

above

85%

were

obtained

withlaboratory

cell.Fully

charged21.81.624h2.01.51.0positive

(vs.

Hg/HgO)5

C.E.

70.6%1.41.21.048h

0.5

0.0-0.5-1.0Negative

(vs.

Hg/HgO)93.0%95.1%96.0%96.8%0510152025020406080

100

120-1.5

2Self-discharge

property

(25mA/cm2)

timeCharge/discharge

curves

(25mA/cm2)tage(V)Voltltage(VVolV)Capa7i

/

A

LogIo/Acm

:

1.33101E-3

Background

Zn/Ni

single

flow

batteryZinc

morphology,

mossy

and

crystalline;Tafel

ananalysis,

i0~0.01A/cm2;

0.1

0.01

-1

-1

:0.55

-2

-2-1.40

-1.38

-1.36

-1.34

-1.32

Potential/Vvs.Hg/HgOi/ALogIo/Acm:1.33101E-8Current

/

AI

(mA)ge

(V)

Voltagtion(%)

apacity

retent

CaCoulomb

bic

Efficiency

yCPb/

M:4:

52:

5

5:6:

53:

10Background

23Additive0.050.040.030.020.01-4

45

2+1

1:

0

6Substrate

0.000

0.002

0.004

CdPb

Cu-1.6-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8-0.6-0.03

0.00-0.01-0.021-1.6-1.2-0.8-0.40.0060.008E

(V

vs.

Hg/HgO)Scale

upPotential

/

Vvs.

HgO/Hg7.35Ah(100%DOD)77cm21.62.01.86A3A

1.5A100

806010080Efficiency:

Coulomb6A

91.6%3A

95.1%1.5

96.9%Energy75.4%79.7%87.6%604020402080%DOD02000400060001.41.21.0Capacity

(mAh)0cycle

02500

5000

7500

10000

12500Current/AI(mA)ge(V)Voltag9ExperimentalNewly

progressAllthe

chemicals

of

analytical

grade

purity

were

used.

The

solvent

of

the

solutions

is

distilled

water.

The

pumps

were

made

by

Xin

Xi

Shan

pumps

Co.,

ltd.

Laboratory

cell

and

scaled-up

cell

were

used

to

demonstrate

the

performance

of

the

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery.Laboratory

cell,

electrode

area:

7.0

cm×7.0

cm;ExperimentalNewlyprogressAll10ExperimentalNewly

progressElectrochemical

performance

of

singleelctrode

was

carried

out

using

aSolartron

1280Z

workstation

with

cyclicvoltammetry

in

a

three-electrodeWEconfiguration

assembly

consisting

ofsintered

nickel

oxide

as

the

counterelectrode,

depsiting

zinc

as

the

workingRECEelectrode

and

Hg/HgO

as

the

referenceelectrode.

working

electrode:

2.0

cm×2.0

cm;

7.0

cm×7.0

cmExperimentalNewlyprogressEle11ExperimentalNewly

progressThe

charge

and

discharge

characteristics

of

thecell

were

studied

by

applying

a

dc

constant

currentusing

a

Neware

BTS

3000

battery

test

system(5V2000mA

and

5V200A).Laboratory

cell1.6V200AhExperimentalNewlyprogressThe12ExperimentalNewly

progressSolutions

for

CVs,

different

ZnO

in

different

KOH;

Solutions

for

the

cell,

1.0

mol/L

ZnO

+

10.0

mol/L

KOH

+

0.5

mol/L

LiOH;The

cell

was

charged

up

to

20

mAh/cm2

at

thecurrent

density

of

5mA/cm2,

10mA/cm2;ExperimentalNewlyprogressSol132)

ensity

(A/cm

Current

dem)

e

Charge(C/cm

AccumulativeCharge(C/cm

)

AccumulativeC220Results

of

our

teamNewly

progressCu

foilIron

meshSubstrateNi

foilThe

mode

of

masstransportation

ofIron

mesh

ischanged

due

tothe

structure.Iron

mesh

1

mV/s0200060008000

0-40-80-120

0

-4

-8

400010

mV/sNi

foil

1mV/s060008000

0-100-200

0-10-202000

4000

10

mV/s-0.10-0.15

0.00

Cufoil-0.05FemeshcoatedNi

200

10050600300

200800400

2501000

500

300-12

0

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

0

0

-1

-2

-3

0

40030

mV/s

20050

mV/s100

150

Time(s)

0

0-2-4-6

0-2-4

0

200

400

600

800

-0.20

Nifoil

30

mV/s

-0.25

100

200

300

400

-1.6

-1.2

-0.8

-0.4

50

mV/s50

100

150

200

250

Potential(Vvs.Hg/HgO)

Time(s)

程杰,文越华,

徐艳，物理化学学报,

已投稿Chemical

journal

of

Chinese

universities,

2011,

32:1-42)ensity(A/cmCurrentdem)e14I

(cps)cps)

I

(c-30mA/cm

40min2-40mA/cm

30min1-

60mA/cm

20min-

80mA/cm

15minResults

of

our

teamNewly

progressElectrodepositionof

preferentially

oriented

zinc10122104201112103

11010210000225mA/cm220mA/cm230mA/cm240mA/cm260mA/cm280mA/cm2

The

effect

of

current

on

morphologyand

crystal

Structure

of

zinc3040506070809010014h3h40min30min30min30min00222.7522.0520.03619.326.621.46221122(deg)

1031001011021038.7341.396.056.038.9536.287.239.2211.8136.376.337.619.7741.646.936.838.0431.636.899.861.18.1719.5436.510111010211100044.351.644.821.115.31.795.831.414.481.425.3801124.385.864.284.885.2424.39304050607080901001101000022

(deg)10422002011.143.503.51.372.2203.340.772.850010400.941.7101.43.42I(cps)cps)I(c-30mA/cm40min15g/HgO

tial

/

V

vs.

Hg

Potentacity

/mA

CapAh

Results

of

our

teamSintered

Nickel

electrode0.80.6Newly

progressAfter

100cyclesAfter

300cyclesAfter

500cyclesCyclingDischarge

capacity

/mAh

(100&DOD,

8mol/LKOH)0.4number

0.3M

ZnO

5

100

100

1000.4M

ZnO

100

99.310.5M

ZnO

0.6M

ZnO

0.7M

ZnO

100

100

100

98.19

97.75

98.0220099.2398.5298.9198.7296.830510

15

20250.20.00.6M

ZnO30010010099.4499.6799.3440099.2499.1799.2299.1799.32Capacity

/

mAh

cm-2100

500

95.67

96.07

98.45

96.40

99.88The

presence

of

zinc

in

KOHelectrolytes

improves

the

cyclingstability

of

sintered

nickel

electrodes.8060no

zinc

80%

DOD

85%

DOD

90%

DOD

95%

DOD

100%

DOD

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

cycleJie

Cheng,

Yuehua

Wen,

Gaoping

Cao

et.

al.

J.

Power

Sources,

196:1589,

2011g/HgOtial/Vvs.HgPotentac16/%

Efficiency

EnergyE/fficiency

/%

Energy

Efcy

/%

ergy

Efficienc

Eneciency

/%

Energy

Efficciency

/%

Energy

EfficEfficiency

/%

EnergyE%i

=15mAcm20mAh/cm25mAh/cm30mAh/cm20mAh/cm25mAh/cm30mAh/cmi

=

25mA

cm20mAh/cm25mAh/cm30mAh/cm20mAh/cm25mAh/cm30mAh/cmi

=

25mA

cmResults

of

our

teamNewly

progress5.75

L/

min3.45

L/

min5.25

L/

minStability

of

cycling

Effect

of

current

and

flow

speed

on

the

performance

of

Zn-Ni

single

flow

batteries

and

zinc

deposition

morphology

were

investigated.709080-2709080i

=

15

mA

cm-2709080-2020605040302010

0222020605040302010

02220206050

i

=

15mA

cm40302010

020mAh/cm25mAh/cm30mAh/cm2228070908070905

10

15

CycleNumber9080

5

10

15Cycle

Number

5

10

15Cycle

Number605040302010

0605040302010

0222-2

-2

20mAh/cm2

25mAh/cm2

30mAh/cm20

5

10

15

200i

=

25mA

cm-2

5

1015

200152070605040302010

0222

5

10Cycle

NumberCycle

Number

Cycle

Number

Chemical

journal

of

Chinese

universities,

2011,

32:1-4/%EfficiencyEnergyE/fficienc17Temp(C)ChargeDischargeColombicCapacity(Ah)Capacity(Ah)Efficiency(%)EnergyEfficiency(%)403.953.7996.084.1253.953.8296.684.6103.953.8397.081.503.703703.643649898.338383.77-103.063.0599.482.4-201.991.9799.279.6Voltage(VV)Voltage(VV)Voltage(VV)40

C0C-20

CResults

of

our

teamNewly

progressEffect

of

temperature

Energy

efficiency

is

almost

stable

as

temperature

decreases.

(Results

of

3.6Ah

battery.)**(Rate:

0.55C,

Charge:

Capacity

3.95Ah/2.1V)2.02.2o2.02.2o2.02.2o1.81.61.81.6

E.E.2.1V

84.12%1.81.6

E.E.2.1V

83.72%01231.41.2Capacity(Ah)

E.E.2.10V

79.60%2.15V

80.05%012341.41.2Capacity(Ah)012341.41.2Capacity(Ah)Temp(C)ChargeDischargeColombi18tage(V)

Voltage(V)

Volta-20

C20-30C-20

CVHigh-20

C

82.4%-30

C

79.4%Results

of

our

teamNewly

progress2.0Effect

of

temperature

Results

of

200Ah

battery

show

that

the

energy

efficiency

is

83.3%

at

current

of

50A

when

the

temperature

is

about

-20C.

2.2o1.8oo1.82.02.1V2.0VooE.E.0501001501.61.41.2Capacity(Ah)0501001501.61.41.2Capacity(Ah)

E.E.2.0V

83.3%2.1V

82.4%Charge/discharge

at

50A(200Ah

battery)tage(V)Voltage(V)Volta-20C219Newly

progress

Results

of

our

teamScale

up

the

cell1.6V200AhNewlyprogress Resultsofour20oltage

(V

VV)V(V)

Voltage(Cefficiency=95.2%Cefficiency=97

5%Newly

progress

Results

of

our

team200Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery

We

settled

on

the

1.6V200Ah

cell

design.

Electrolyte

velocity

between

electrode,

~0.5

cm/s.2.01.81.01.61.41.2Current=50.0A

95

2%Eefficiency=80.8%2.01.81.6020050

100

150

Capacity

(Ah)1.41.21.0Current=100.0A

=97.5%Eefficiency=75.9%050100150200Capacity

(Ah)oltage(VVV)V(V)Voltage(Ceff21Current(A)ChargeCapacity(Ah)DischargeCapacity(Ah)ComlobicEfficiency(%)EnergyEfficiency(%)50216.8211.097.3284.46100216216.77210210.339797.05057878.1414150203.8197.696.9672.33200205.9199.096.6567.98Newly

progress

Results

of

our

team200Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery

Performance

of

the

batteryCurrent(A)ChargeDischargeComlo22age

(V)

VoltaResults

of

our

teamNewly

progress200Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery

50kWh

energy

storage

system

with

168

units

of

200Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

redox

battery

Charge/

discharge

Limitsconditions18kW/18k

1.2V<Uc<2.1V

W

200<U<360V200A/200

1.2V<Uc<2.1V

A

200<U<370V

Charge

Discharge

energy

energy68.30

kWh

55.21

kWh40.80

kWh

30.70

kWh

Energyefficiency

80.8%

75.2%200360340320300280260240220Constant

Power

(18kW)

Capacity(kWh)0204060age(V)VoltaResultsofourte23Newly

progress

Results

of

our

team300Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

batteryNewlyprogress Resultsofour24Results

of

our

teamNewly

progress300Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery

Production

line

with

a

total

capacity

of

up

to

1

megawatthours

per

year

was

designed

and

builded.ResultsofourteamNewlyprogr25Results

of

othersNewly

progressElectrodeposition

of

preferentially

oriented

zincMossy

50

C/cm2Compactdendritic

Plot

of

areal

fraction

of

compact

zinc

versus

the

current

density

ratioJournal

of

Power

Sources

256

(2014)

145-152ResultsofothersNewlyprogres26Results

of

othersNewly

progressGas

evolution

Oxygen

evolution

occurs

during

later

period

of

the

charging

process.

Hydrogen

is

evolved

throughout

the

cycling.

The

zinc

electrode

typically

is

more

Coulombically

efficient

than

the

nickel

oxide

electrode.

H2Journal

of

Power

Sources

196

(2011)

6583-6587ResultsofothersNewlyprogres27Results

of

othersNewly

progressImprove

power

density

by

cell

configuration

Anovel

cell

structure

is

designed

to

reduce

the

polarization

of

the

positive

electrode.

The

energy

efficiency

is

improved

10.3%

reaching

to

75.2%

at

80

mA/cm2.Journal

of

Power

Sources

241

(2013)

196-202FlowAdditional

flowResultsofothersNewlyprogres28Results

of

othersNewly

progressEffect

of

temperature

The

temperature

sensitivity

of

CE

and

EE

are

0.65%/C

and

0.98%/C.

The

positive

polarization

is

a

major

obstacle

to

enhancethe

VE.80

mA/cm2Journal

of

Power

Sources

249

(2014)

435-439ResultsofothersNewlyprogres29

Results

of

others/

Newly

progress36kWh示范 Resultsofothers Newlyprogr30Newly

progress

Results

of

others555Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

batteryJournal

of

Power

Sources

264

(2014)

49-58Newlyprogress Resultsofothe31Newly

progress

Results

of

others555Ah

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery95th

cycleJournal

of

Power

Sources

264

(2014)

49-58Newlyprogress Resultsofothe32ConclusionIron

mesh

is

suitable

for

the

deposition

of

zinc.There

exists

electrodeposition

of

preferentially

oriented

zinc,

mainly

influenced

by

current,

zinc

concentration

and

flow

flux.

The

presence

of

zinc

in

KOH

electrolytes

inhibits

changes

in

the

cycling

process

as

compared

to

KOH

electrolytes

with

no

zinc.

The

zinc

deposition

surface

capacity

is

the

most

important

factor

for

the

battery.

The

electrolyte

flow

speed

and

current

density

must

be

settled

to

fit

the

crystal

structure

of

the

zinc.ConclusionIronmeshissuitab33ConclusionOxygen

evolution

occurs

during

later

period

of

thecharging

process,

and

Hydrogen

is

evolved

throughoutthe

cycling.Power

density

of

the

battery

can

be

improved

by

usinga

special

cell

configuration.The

battery

can

be

used

at

low

temperature.

When

thecurrent

is

higher

(80

mA/cm2),

the

energy

effeciencydecreases

more

quickly

as

the

temperature

gongingdown.Scale-up

battery

can

give

similar

performance

as

labcell,

and

the

demonstration

system

with

capacity

ofabove

50kWh

goes

well.ConclusionOxygenevolutionoc34AcknowledgmentThis

work

was

supported

by

the

National

HighTechnology

Research

and

Development

Program

(863Program,

2012AA052003)

of

China.AcknowledgmentThisworkwass35Thank

you!Thankyou!36Newly

progress

of

the

Zn/Nisingle

flow

batteryNewlyprogressoftheZn/Nisin37OutlineIntroductionBackgroundNewly

progressExperimentalResults

of

our

teamResults

of

othersConclusionAcknowledgmentOutlineIntroductionNewlypro38

Introduction

It’s

urgent

in

demands

of

energy

storage

for

use

ofrenewable

energies.

frequency

controlload

regulationUPS,

andbackup

power

sources

stabilizing

electricity

network

and

penetratingrenewable

energy IntroductionloadregulationU39

IntroductionRedox

flow

battery

Theredox

couples

must

be

carried

by

the

pumped

solutions;

well-suited

for

transmission

and

distribution

deferral

applications;

The

advantages:

moderate

cost,

modularity,

transportability

and

flexible

operation.

+

–Scheme

of

typical

redoxflow

cell:

reversibleelectro-synthesis

plantPumpPump IntroductionTheredoxcouple402Br

2e

arge2

2e

argeZn

3V

2e

arg

eV

VO

2H

e

arg

e

IntroductionRedox

flow

battery

ThoseRFB

systems

demonstrated

at

a

large

scale

require

expensive

materials;

Aiming

to

reduce

costs

and

simplify

the

cell

design,

some

new

systems

have

been

reported.

But

these

systems

still

have

shortcomings;

A

zinc

nickel

single

flow

battery

is

proposed

by

our

team,

in

which

almost

no

expensive

materials

are

needed.zinc/bromine

flow

batteryBr2Zncharge

dischchargedischch

arg

edischall

vanadium

flow

battery2

dischch

arg

eVO2

H2O2Br2earge41

BackgroundZn/Ni

single

flow

battery2Ni(OH)2

2OH2NiOOH2H2O2e

discharge

chargePos.Zn4OHZn(OH)24

2e

discharge

chargeNeg.+

_Single

electrolyte

flow

path,

no

membrane;Modular,

Scalable;

Non-toxic;

stable;

Excellent

Cycle

lifeNiOOH

Zn泵Zn(OH)42-

aq.Background2Ni(OH42tage(V)

Voltltage

(V

VolV)Capacity

(mAh/cm

)

BackgroundCoulombic

efficiency

of

above

95%

and

energyefficiency

of

above

85%

were

obtained

withlaboratory

cell.Fully

charged21.81.624h2.01.51.0positive

(vs.

Hg/HgO)5

C.E.

70.6%1.41.21.048h

0.5

0.0-0.5-1.0Negative

(vs.

Hg/HgO)93.0%95.1%96.0%96.8%0510152025020406080

100

120-1.5

2Self-discharge

property

(25mA/cm2)

timeCharge/discharge

curves

(25mA/cm2)tage(V)Voltltage(VVolV)Capa43i

/

A

LogIo/Acm

:

1.33101E-3

Background

Zn/Ni

single

flow

batteryZinc

morphology,

mossy

and

crystalline;Tafel

ananalysis,

i0~0.01A/cm2;

0.1

0.01

-1

-1

:0.55

-2

-2-1.40

-1.38

-1.36

-1.34

-1.32

Potential/Vvs.Hg/HgOi/ALogIo/Acm:1.33101E-44Current

/

AI

(mA)ge

(V)

Voltagtion(%)

apacity

retent

CaCoulomb

bic

Efficiency

yCPb/

M:4:

52:

5

5:6:

53:

10Background

23Additive0.050.040.030.020.01-4

45

2+1

1:

0

6Substrate

0.000

0.002

0.004

CdPb

Cu-1.6-1.4

-1.2

-1.0

-0.8-0.6-0.03

0.00-0.01-0.021-1.6-1.2-0.8-0.40.0060.008E

(V

vs.

Hg/HgO)Scale

upPotential

/

Vvs.

HgO/Hg7.35Ah(100%DOD)77cm21.62.01.86A3A

1.5A100

806010080Efficiency:

Coulomb6A

91.6%3A

95.1%1.5

96.9%Energy75.4%79.7%87.6%604020402080%DOD02000400060001.41.21.0Capacity

(mAh)0cycle

02500

5000

7500

10000

12500Current/AI(mA)ge(V)Voltag45ExperimentalNewly

progressAllthe

chemicals

of

analytical

grade

purity

were

used.

The

solvent

of

the

solutions

is

distilled

water.

The

pumps

were

made

by

Xin

Xi

Shan

pumps

Co.,

ltd.

Laboratory

cell

and

scaled-up

cell

were

used

to

demonstrate

the

performance

of

the

Zn/Ni

single

flow

battery.Laboratory

cell,

electrode

area:

7.0

cm×7.0

cm;ExperimentalNewlyprogressAll46ExperimentalNewly

progressElectrochemical

performance

of

singleelctrode

was

carried

out

using

aSolartron

1280Z

workstation

with

cyclicvoltammetry

in

a

three-electrodeWEconfiguration

assembly

consisting

ofsintered

nickel

oxide

as

the

counterelectrode,

depsiting

zinc

as

the

workingRECEelectrode

and

Hg/HgO

as

the

referenceelectrode.

working

electrode:

2.0

cm×2.0

cm;

7.0

cm×7.0

cmExperimentalNewlyprogressEle47ExperimentalNewly

progressThe

charge

and

discharge

characteristics

of

thecell

were

studied

by

applying

a

dc

constant

currentusing

a

Neware

BTS

3000

battery

test

system(5V2000mA

and

5V200A).Laboratory

cell1.6V200AhExperimentalNewlyprogressThe48ExperimentalNewly

progressSolutions

for

CVs,

different

ZnO

in

different

KOH;

Solutions

for

the

cell,

1.0

mol/L

ZnO

+

10.0

mol/L

KOH

+

0.5

mol/L

LiOH;The

cell

was

charged

up

to

20

mAh/cm2

at

thecurrent

density

of

5mA/cm2,

10mA/cm2;ExperimentalNewlyprogressSol492)

ensity

(A/cm

Current

dem)

e

Charge(C/cm

AccumulativeCharge(C/cm

)

AccumulativeC220Results

of

our

teamNewly

progressCu

foilIron

meshSubstrateNi

foilThe

mode

of

masstransportation

ofIron

mesh

ischanged

due

tothe

structure.Iron

mesh

1

mV/s0200060008000

0-40-80-120

0

-4

-8

400010

mV/sNi

foil

1mV/s060008000

0-100-200

0-10-202000

4000

10

mV/s-0.10-0.15

0.00

Cufoil-0.05FemeshcoatedNi

200

10050600300

200800400

2501000

500

300-12

0

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

0

0

-1

-2

-3

0

40030

mV/s

20050

mV/s100

150

Time(s)

0

0-2-4-6

0-2-4

0

200

400

600

800

-0.20

Nifoil

30

mV/s

-0.25

100

200

300

400

-1.6

-1.2

-0.8

-0.4

50

mV/s50

100

150

200

250

Potential(Vvs.Hg/HgO)

Time(s)

程杰,文越华,

徐艳，物理化学学报,

已投稿Chemical

journal

of

Chinese

universities,

2011,

32:1-42)ensity(A/cmCurrentdem)e50I

(cps)cps)

I

(c-30mA/cm

40min2-40mA/cm

30min1-

60mA/cm

20min-

80mA/cm

15minResults

of

our

teamNewly

progressElectrodepositionof

preferentially

oriented

zinc10122104201112103

11010210000225mA/cm220mA/cm230mA/cm240mA/cm260mA/cm280mA/cm2

The

effect

of

current

on

morphologyand

crystal

Structure

of

zinc3040506070809010014h3h40min30min30min30min00222.7522.0520.03619.326.621.46221122(deg)

1031001011021038.7341.396.056.038.9536.287.239.2211.8136.376.337.619.7741.646.936.838.0431.636.899.861.18.1719.5436.510111010211100044.351.644.821.115.31.795.831.414.481.425.3801124.385.864.284.885.2424.39304050607080901001101000022

(deg)10422002011.143.503.51.372.2203.340.772.850010400.941.7101.43.42I(cps)cps)I(c-30mA/cm40min51g/HgO

tial

/

V

vs.

Hg

Potentacity

/mA

CapAh

Results

of

our

teamSintered

Nickel

electrode0.80.6Newly

progressAfter

100cyclesAfter

300cyclesAfter

500cyclesCyclingDischarge

capacity

/mAh

(100&DOD,

8mol/LKOH)0.4number

0.3M

ZnO

5

100

100

1000.4M

ZnO

100

99.310.5M

ZnO

0.6M

ZnO

0.7M

ZnO

100

100

100

98.19

97.75

98.0220099.2398.5298.9198.7296.830510

15

20250.20.00.6M

ZnO30010010099.4499.6799.3440099.2499.1799.2299.1799.32Capacity

/

mAh

cm-2100

500

95.67

96.07

98.45

96.40

99.88The

presence

of

zinc

in

KOHelectrolytes

improves

the

cycli