International trade英语专业专业必修课 国际贸易实务 英文版 课堂笔记

--PAGE4-Chapter1 IntroductiontoInternationaltradeQuestions&Answers(terms)Internationaltrade(thefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries）Tradeingoods(thepurchaseandsaleofvisiblegoods:coffee,chemicals,airplanes,textiles, tobacco)&Tradein services (the purchase and sale of invisible transportation,insurance,tourism,hotelaccommodations,commerce)Self-sufficient(someonewhodoeshisownhunting,findshisownshelter,andprovidesforhisownneeds)Barter(thetradeofgoodswithoutanyexchangeofmoney)Balanceoftrade(anation’srelationshipofexportstoimports).Afavorablebalanceoftrade,ortradesurplus,occurswhenthevalueofthecountry’sexportsexceedsthatofitsimports;Anunfavorablebalanceoftrade,ortradedeficit,occurswhenthevalueofthecountry’simportsexceedsthatofitsexports.Balanceofpayments[thedifferencebetweenmoneyconingintoacountry(fromexports)andmoneygoingoutofthecountry(forimport)plusmoneyflowscomingintoorleavingacountryfromotherfactorssuchastourism,foreignaid.BOP=EM-IM+MF].Afavorablebalanceofpaymentsmeansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountrythanflowingout;Anunfavorablebalanceofpaymentsiswhenmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountrythancomingin.Dumping(thepracticofsellingproductsinforeigncountryatlowerpricesthanthosechargedintheproducingcountry).Companiesusethistactic toreducesurplusproductsinforeignmarketsortogainafootholdinanewmarketbyofferingproductsforlowerpricesthandomesticcompetitorsdo.Thefoundationofinternationaltradeandeconomicactivities：Intoday’scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.NationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicpeoplehavedevelopeddifferentQuestions&Answers(text)Whataremajorreasonsoftheexchangeofgoodsbetweennations?First,nonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Second,acountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.Third,onenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Finally,foreigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle(fashion).WhyisFDInowmoreimportantthantrade?First,FDIenableshostcountrytobuildanewmanufacturingplantandtoworkerstobuildit.Second,oncetheplantisoperative,itprovidesbothjobsandtaxesforhostcountry.Third,FDIactsasacatalyst催化剂)ineconomicgrowthforhostcountry.WhyinflowsintoSub-SaharanAfricahaveincreased?Tourismistheworld'slargestindustryandeveryyearitpumpsbillionsofdollarsintosomeofthepoorestcountriesintheworld.Itcreatesjobs,reducespoverty,buildsnewroads,airports,hotelsandhospitals.WhataremajorobstaclestoChineseforeigntrade?Firstly,Chinashoulddealwithpressurefrominternationalmarketsthataregraduallybecomingsaturated（饱和）.Secondly,thecostofChineseexportsisincreasing,partlybecauseofthecostoflaborandenvironmentalprotection.Thirdly,increasinginternationaltradeprotectionhascausedChinatostumbleinto（陷入）difficultterritory.Finally,thetradeimbalancebetweenChinaandothercountriesisgettingworse.Chapter2 BasicTheoryofInternationalTradeQuestions&Answers(terms)OpportunityCost(theamountofanothergoodsorservicethatmightotherwisehavebeenproduced)AbsoluteAdvantage[Acommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,land,andlabor).]ComparativeAdvantageonlyoneofthewouldwork"mostbest"and"leastworse"WhattheTheoryofC-AShows ifwewanttomaximizetotaloutputintheworldthen:first,fullyemployallresourcesworldwide;second,allocatethoseresourceswithincountriestoeachcountry'scomparativeadvantageindustries;third,allowthecountriestotradefreely.Specialization(thereweresomethingshewasmorecapableofdoinganditbenefithimtoconcentratehiseffortsontheproductionofthosegoodsinwhichhewasparticularlyproficient)Whatarethemajorbenefitsofexporting?Whyexport?Yourgeneralobjectiveswillprobablybe:ToincreaseprofitabilityToutiliseproductioncapacitytothefullThesmalldomesticmarketmaynotbigenoughforgrowthYoumaybemanufacturingaspecialisedproductandfindtherearenotenoughcustomersinSwedenYoumaybelookingfortheincreasedsecurityyourcompanycanachievebyspreadingitsrisksoveravarietyofmarketsYoumaywanttoensurethatyourproductiskeptuptodatebyexposuretocompetitionininternationalmarketsItprovidesscopetodevelopacompany'sstrengthsandabilities.Sellinginaninternationalenvironmentwillsharpenyourinnovativeedgeandopenupopportunitiesthatmightnevercomeyourwayifyoulimityourselftothehomemarket.MichaelPorter’s

DndModelMichaelPorteroftheHarvardBusinessSchoolintroducedanewcompetitivenesstheory,theso-calleddiamondmodel.Hearguesthatnationalprosperityisnotinherited,butcreatedbychoices;inotherwords,nationalwealthisnotsetbyfactorendowments,butcreatedbystrategicchoices.Heintroducedaconceptof“clusters”,orgroupsofinterconnectedfirms,suppliers,rindustries,andinstitutionsthatariseinparticularlocations.Firmstrategy,StructureandRivalryTheworldisdominatedbydynamicconditions,anditisdirectcompetitionthatimpelsfirmstoworkforincreasesinproductivityandinnovation.DemandConditionsThemoredemandingthecustomersinaneconomy,thegreaterthepressurefacingfirmstoconstantlytoimprovetheircompetitivenessviainnovativeproducts,throughhighquality,etc.RelatedSupportingIndustriesUpstreamordownstreamindustriesfacilitatestheexchangeofinformationandpromotesacontinuousexchangeofideasandinnovations.FactorConditionsContrarytoconventionalwisdoms,Porterarguesthatthe“key”factorsofproduction(orspecializedfactors)arecreated,notinherited.Specializedfactorsareskilledlabor,capitalandinfrastructure.“Non-key”factorsorgeneralusefactors,suchasunskilledlaborandrawmaterials,canbeobtainedbyanycompanyand,hence,donotgeneratesustainedcompetitiveadvantage.However,specializedfactorsinvolveheavy,sustainedinvestment.Theyaremoredifficulttoduplicate.Thisleadstoacompetitiveadvantage,becauseifotherfirmscannoteasilyduplicatethesefactors,theyarevaluable.TheroleofgovernmentinPorter’DiamondModelis“actingasacatalystandchallenger;itistoencourage—orevenpush—companiestoraisetheiraspirationsandmovetohigherlevelsofcompetitiveperformance…”.Theymustencouragecompaniestoraisetheirperformance,stimulateearlydemandforadvancedproducts,focusonspecializedfactorscreationandtostimulatelocalrivalrybylimitingdirectcooperationandenforce反托拉斯，反垄断）regulations.Chapter5 InternationalTradeTermsRoleofInternationalTradeTermsStandingforspecificobligationsofthebuyerandtheseller.Nametheexactpointatwhichtheownershipofthemerchandiseistransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.Definetheresponsibilitiesandexpensesofboththesellerandthebuyer.Definethenatureofthecontract,suchasFOBcontractorCIFcontract,todetermineexpensesandrisksaswellastheirrightsandobligationsaccordingly.Theuseofthetradetermsgreatlysimplifiesthecontractnegotiations,andthussavestimeandcost.Thepriceofcommodity（referstotheunitprice,whichismadeupofanameofcurrency,aunitprice,ameasuringunit,atradeterm,andanameofdestinationorshippingplace.Forexample,US$800perM/TCIF国际贸易合同的主要条款有:合同对象(标的)：commoditiesorservices 合同总值:totalvalueorquantities 交货条:tradeterms 包:packaging 装运:shipment装运口岸和目的:departureportordestination 保险:insurance 支付条:ProceduresofMarineInsuranceToapplyformarineinsurance;Todeterminetheinsurancevalueofthegoodstobeinsured;Todeterminetheinsuranceaverageandcoverage;Todetermineinsurancepremium;TosignaninsurancepolicyTolodgeaninsuranceclaim.Properpricing,completeandaccuratequotations,andchoiceoftermsofsaleandpaymentarefourcriticalelementsinsellingaproductorserviceinternationally.Ofthefour,pricingisthemostproblematic,evenfortheexperiencedexporter.Exportproductcoststructure,involvingcostofproduction,sellinganddeliverycosts,customsduties.PricingConsiderationsAtwhatpriceshouldthefirmsellitsproductintheforeignmarket?Whattypeofmarketpositioningdoesthecompanywanttoconveyfromitspricingstructure?Doestheexportpricereflecttheproduct'squality?Isthepricecompetitive?Shouldthefirmpursuemarketpenetrationormarket-skimmingpricingobjectivesabroad?Whattypeofdiscount(trade,cash,quantity)andallowances(advertising,trade-off)shouldthefirmofferitsforeigncustomers?Lawsposeaproblem?Shouldpricesdifferbymarketsegment?Whatshouldthefirmdoaboutproductlinepricing?Whatpricingoptionsareavailableifthefirm'scostsincreaseordecrease?Isthedemandintheforeignmarketelasticorinelastic?Arethepricesgoingtobeviewedbytheforeigngovernmentasreasonableorunfair?Dotheforeigncount