事理学的历史与发展课件

TheHistoryandDevelopmentofCyberneticsTheHistoryandDevelopmentofCybernetics事理学的历史与发展TheHistoryandDevelopmentofPresentedbyTheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityinCooperationwithTheAmericanSocietyforCyberneticsTheHistoryandDevelopmentofCyberneticsTheHistoryandDevelopmentofCybernetics事理学的历史与发展PresentedbyTheGeorgeWashinHistoryofCyberneticsManyyearsago...很久以前…HistoryofCyberneticsManyyeaThethingsapersonhadtounderstandtogetthroughlifewererelativelyuncomplicated.一个人要从生活中理解的事情相对来说还不是很复杂。RelativeComplicationThethingsapersonhadtoundEveryobjectorprocess,whichweshallrefertoasasystem,wasrelativelysimple.每一个物体或者过程，如果我们可称之为一个系统，都还相对简单。Objects&ProcessesEveryobjectorprocess,whichInfact,upuntilthelastfewhundredyears,itwaspossibleforsomepeopletomasterasignificantportionofman'sexistingknowledge.事实上，一直到最近的几百年前，对于某些人而言，他们一个人就有可能掌握人类现存知识体系中相当重要的一部分。KnowledgeMasteryLeonardo

DaVinciInfact,upuntilthelastfewLeonardoDaVinciwasaleaderinthefieldsofpainting..达芬奇是绘画领域的领军人物….DaVinci–PaintingLeonardoDaVinciwasaleader...sculpture...…但同时也是雕塑领域的…DaVinci,cont.–Sculpture...sculpture...DaVinci,...anatomy...…也是解剖学专家…DaVinci,cont.–Anatomy...anatomy...DaVinci,c...architecture...…建筑学专家…DaVinci,cont.–Architecture...architecture...DaVi...weaponsengineering,and...…武器制造工程师…而且还是…DaVinci,cont.–WeaponsEngineering...weaponsengineering,nauticalengineering.Thisishissketchfora16thcenturyflyingmachine...…航空工程师。这是他画的16世纪的飞行器的草图…DaVinci,cont.–AeronauticalEnauticalengineering...andforaparachuteincasethemachinebrokedown.…如果飞行器出了问题，这是降落伞的草图。DaVinci,cont.–AeronauticalEngineering,cont....andforaparachuteincAstimepassed,thesystemsthathumanswereconcernedwithbecame...随着时间的推移，人类所关注的系统开始变得…Complexity

复杂性SystemsComplexityAstimepassed,thesystemsth...moreandmorecomplicated.…越来越复杂。SystemsComplexity,cont....moreandmorecomplicateTransportationsystemsalonehavebecomemorecomplex...只是交通系统就已经变得更复杂了…SystemsComplexity,cont.Transportationsystemsaloneh...andmorecomplex...…而且越来越复杂…SystemsComplexity,cont....andmorecomplex...S...andmorecomplex...…越来越复杂…SystemsComplexity,cont....andmorecomplex...S...andmorecomplex...…越来越复杂…SystemsComplexity,cont....andmorecomplex...S

...ashaveenergysystems.…能源系统也是如此。SystemsComplexity,cont....ashaveenergysystems.

Somepeoplehavesuggestedthattechnology...

有些人建议技术…TechnologyAdvances Somepeoplehavesuggestedt...isadvancingsorapidlyit...…发展得如此迅猛…TechnologyAdvances,cont....isadvancingsorapidly...isoutpacingourabilitytocontrolit.…已经超出了我们能够控制的能力了。TechnologyAdvances,cont.ThreeMileIsland...isoutpacingourabilityClearly,itisnolongerpossibleforonepersontokeepupwithdevelopmentsinallfields,letalonebealeaderinmanyofthem,asLeonardoDaVinciwas.很显然，像达芬奇那样一个人能够在许多领域发展并成为各个领域的领军人物已经不再可能了。KeepingupwithDevelopmentsClearly,itisnolongerpossiSpecializationhasbecomeanecessity.Howthen,doweliveandworkeffectivelyinatechnicallyadvancedsociety?专业化成为了一种必须。那么，我们怎么样才能有效地生活和工作在一个技术高度发达的社会中呢？HowtoLiveandWorkinaTechnicallyAdvancedSociety?SpecializationhasbecomeaneUnderlyingPrinciplesIsthereawaythatyou,themodernmanorwoman,cansortthroughthecomplexity,formulateasetofprinciplesunderlyingallsystemsandtherebyenhanceyourabilitytoregulatetheworldinwhichyoulive?你，作为一个现代人，有可能在这些复杂性当中寻找出一系列适用于所有系统的原则，并由此而提高自己的能力来调节你所居住的这个世界吗？UnderlyingPrinciplesIsthereCybernetics=RegulationofSystems

事理学＝系统的调节Thisquestionwasofinteresttoahandfulofpeopleinthe1940swhowerethepioneersinafieldthathasbecomeknownasCybernetics,thescienceoftheregulationofsystems.1940年的时候，有一批人对这个问题产生了兴趣，他们成了这个的领域的探索先锋，该领域后来被称为事理学，也就是如何调节系统的科学。Cybernetics=RegulationofSystemsCybernetics=RegulationofSyCyberneticsisaninterdisciplinarysciencethatlooksatanyandallsystemsfrommolecules...事理学是一门跨学科科学，研究的是任何一种系统，小到分子…Cybernetics–anInterdisciplinaryScienceCyberneticsisaninterdiscipl...togalaxies,withspecialattentiontomachines,animalsandsocieties.…大到银河系，对机器、动物和社会也有特别的关注。WhatCyberneticsLooksat...togalaxies,withspeciaCyberneticsisderivedfromtheGreekwordforsteersmanorhelmsman,whoprovidesthecontrolsystemforaboatorship.Cybernetics这个词是从希腊语的舵手steersmanorhelmsman来的，舵手就是在船上控制船系统的人。DerivationofCyberneticsCyberneticsisderivedfromthThiswordwascoinedin1948anddefinedasasciencebyNorbertWiener,whowasbornin1894anddiedin1964.HebecameknownastheFatherofCybernetics.这个词在1948年由NorbertWiener借用来定义了这门科学。Wiener生于1894，死于1964，是公认的事理学之父。NorbetWeinerThiswordwascoinedin1948aWienerwasanappliedmathematician,biologist,andelectricalengineer.HeworkedduringWorldWarIIontheradar-guidedanti-aircraftgun.Wiener本人是应用数学家、生物学家和电子工程师。在二战期间，他研发了雷达控制的防空高炮。Wiener–RadarWienerwasanappliedmathematHeconnectedaspecialradartothegunsothatitwasaimedautomaticallyattheenemyaircraft.Afterthegunwasfired,theradarquicklydeterminedthechanginglocationoftheplaneandre-aimedthegununtiltheplanewasshotdown.他在高射炮上连上了一个特殊的雷达装置，会自动瞄准敌人的飞机。在炮弹发射后，雷达会快速确定飞机的变化位置并重新瞄准飞机，直至飞机被击落。Weiner–Radar,cont.HeconnectedaspecialradartThesystemimitatedhumanfunctionsandperformedthemmoreeffectively.这个系统模拟人的功能，并且比人更为有效。Wiener–RadarandHumanFactorImitationThesystemimitatedhumanfuncFeedback

反馈Theanti-aircraftgundemonstratesthecyberneticprincipleoffeedback.Feedbackisinformationabouttheresultsofaprocesswhichisusedtochangetheprocess.Theradarprovidedinformationaboutthechangesinlocationoftheenemyairplaneandthisinformationwasusedtocorrecttheaimingofthegun.高射防空炮运用了事理学中的反馈原理。反馈是有关过程结果的信息，这个结果反过来又被用来改变过程。雷达提供了敌人飞机的方位的变化信息来调节高射炮的瞄准。FeedbackFeedback

反馈Theanti-aircraftgAmorefamiliarexampleoftheuseoffeedbacktoregulateasystemisthecommonthermostatforheatingaroom.使用反馈来调节系统的一个更为普遍的例子是供暖系统中的温度计。Feedback–ThermostatAmorefamiliarexampleoftheRoomTemperatureRisesto700

房间温度到了华氏70°Iftheheatingsystemisadjusted,asiscommon,toallowamaximumof2degreesvariation,whenthethermostatissetat68degreesthetemperaturewillriseto70degrees...如果供暖系统被调整为允许华氏2°的误差时，当温度计设定在华氏68°时，实际温度会上升到华氏70°…ThermostatFeedbackExampleRoomTemperatureRisesto700

RoomTemperatureRisesto700

房间温度上升到70°FurnaceTurnsOff

炉子关闭...beforeatemperaturesensorinthethermostattriggersthefurnacetoturnoff.这时候，温度计中的感应器才会把炉子关闭。ThermostatFeedbackExample,cont.RoomTemperatureRisesto700

RoomTemperatureRisesto700

房间温度上升到华氏70°RoomTemperatureFallsto660

房间温度下降到华氏66°FurnaceTurnsOff

炉子关闭Thefurnacewillremainoffuntilthetemperatureoftheroomhasfallento66degrees...炉子会一直关闭直到房间温度低于66°…ThermostatFeedbackExample,cont.RoomTemperatureRisesto700

FurnaceTurns

On开RoomTemperatureRisesto700

到华氏70°FurnaceTurns

Off关RoomTemperatureFallsto660

低于华氏66°...thenthesensorinthethermostattriggersthefurnacetoturnonagain.…然后感应器会再次启动炉子ThermostatFeedbackExample,cont.FurnaceTurns

On开RoomTemperSelfRegulatingSystem

自我调节系统Thesensorprovidesafeedbackloopofinformationthatallowsthesystemtodetectadifferencefromthedesiredtemperatureof68degreesandtomakeachangetocorrecttheerror.Aswiththeanti-aircraftgunandtheairplane,thissystem–consistingofthethermostat,theheaterandtheroom–issaidtoregulateitselfthroughfeedbackandisaself-regulatingsystem.感应器提供了一个信息反馈环，使得系统能够发觉到房间温度与68°的理想温度之间的差异，从而做出变动来改正错误。与高射炮与飞机一样，这个系统包括了温度调节计、供暖器与房间，被认为能够通过反馈来调节自身，是一个自我调节系统。SelfRegulatingSystemSelfRegulatingSystem

自我调节系统Thehumanbodyisoneoftherichestsourcesofexamplesoffeedbackthatleadstotheregulationofasystem.Forexample,whenyourstomachisempty,informationispassedtoyourbrain.人类的身体是一个具有丰富的反馈系统的例子，能够调节系统。例如，你的胃空了的时候，信息被传递到你的大脑。HumanBody–FeedbackLeadingtoSystemRegulationThehumanbodyisoneoftherWhenyouhavetakencorrectiveaction,byeating,yourbrainissimilarlynotifiedthatyourstomachissatisfied.当你吃了东西，也就是做了正确的纠错动作之后，你的大脑就类似于被通知说，你的胃已经满意了。Feedback–CorrectiveActionWhenyouhavetakencorrectiveTime时间StomachFeelsEmpty胃空了Person

Eats吃Stomach

FeelsFull饱了Inafewhours,theprocessstartsalloveragain.Thisfeedbackloopcontinuesthroughoutourlives.几个小时后，这个过程会再次开始。这个反馈环贯穿我们一生。Feedback–HungerExampleTime时间StomachFeelsEmpty胃空了Thehumanbodyissuchamarvelofself-regulationthatearlycyberneticiansstudieditsprocessesanduseditasamodeltodesignmachinesthatwereself-regulating.Onefamousmachinecalledthehomeostatwasconstructedinthe1940sbyaBritishscientist,RossAshby.人类的身体是如此惊奇的一个自我调节系统，早期的事理学家们研究其过程并将其作为设计自我调节机器的模型。内稳态模拟器是一个非常有名的机器，是1940年代由英国的一个科学家叫做RossAshby的发明的。HumanBodyandCyberneticsStudiesThehumanbodyissuchamarveJustasthehumanbodymaintainsa98.6degreetemperaturethehomeostatcouldmaintainthesameelectricalcurrent,despitechangesfromtheoutside.就像人体保持华氏98.6°的体温一样，内稳态模拟器能够不受外界的影响而维持同样的电流。HomeostatJustasthehumanbodymaintaiHomeostasis

内稳态Thehomeostat,thehumanbeing,andthethermostatallaresaidtomaintainhomeostasisorequilibrium,throughfeedbackloopsofvariouskinds.Itdoesnotmatterhowtheinformationiscarried–justthattheregulatorisinformedofsomechangewhichcallsforsomekindofadaptivebehavior.内稳态模拟器，人类，还有温度计都是通过各种不同的反馈环在保持一个内稳态或者平衡。信息怎么运载的并不重要，不过是调节器被通知有一些变化，需要做一些调整行为。Homeostasis

内稳态Thehomeostat,Anotherscientist,GreyWalter,alsopursuedtheconceptofimitatingtheself-regulatingfeaturesofmanandanimals.另外一个科学家，GreyWalter，也研究了模拟人与动物的自我调节的概念。GreyWalter–SelfRegulatingManandAnimalsAnotherscientist,GreyWalterHisfavoriteprojectwasbuildingmechanical'tortoises'thatwould,likethislivetortoise,moveaboutfreelyandhavecertainattributesofanindependentlife.他最钟爱的项目就是制造机器”乌龟“，它可以像这个活的真乌龟一样可以自由走动，并且具有一个独立生命体的某些特征。GreyWalter–MechanicalTortoisesHisfavoriteprojectwasbuildWalterispicturedherewithhiswifeVivian,theirsonTimothy,andElsiethetortoise.ElsiehasmuchincommonwithTimothy.JustasTimothyseeksoutfood,whichisstoredinhisbodyintheformoffat,Elsieseeksoutlightwhichshe'feeds'onandtransformsintoelectricalenergywhichchargesanaccumulatorinsideher.Thenshe'sreadyforanap,justlikeTimothyafterameal,inanareaofsoftlight.这是Walter与他妻子及儿子Timothy的照片，还有那个机器乌龟Elsie。Elsie与Timothy有许多相似之处。正如Timothy会寻找食物，然后在身体里以脂肪的形式储存起来，Elsie会寻找光，并将光转换成电能储存在身体的蓄电池中。然后就像Timothy吃饭后要小憩一样，Elsie也会在柔和的光亮处休息一会儿。GreyWalterandFamilyWalterispicturedherewithhAlthoughElsie'sbehaviorimitatesthatofahuman,heranatomyisverydifferent.ThisiswhatElsielookslikeunderneathhershell.尽管Elsie的行为是模拟人类的，她的构造可完全不一样。左图的照片就是壳子下面她的构造。TheAnatomyofElsieAlthoughElsie'sbehaviorimitShelooksalotmoreliketheinsideofatransistorradiothan...她更像是一个晶体管收音机的内部构造…SimulatingaHuman’sFunctionShelooksalotmorelikethe...theinsideofahumanbody.Butasacybernetician,Walterwasnotinterestedinimitatingthephysicalformofahumanbeing,butinsimulatingahuman'sfunctions.而不像一个人。但是作为一个事理学家，Walter的兴趣并不在于模拟人类的身体形式，而是要模拟人类的功能。SimulatingaHuman’sFunction...theinsideofahumanbo

“WhatIsThisThing?”

这个东西是什么？

“WhatDoesitDo?”

它是做什么的？Cyberneticsdoesnotask...事理学家询问的不是…...but...…而是…NotWhatIs,butWhatDoesitDo?

“WhatIsThisThing?”

这个东西是什GreyWalterdidnotattempttosimulatethephysicalformofahuman,asdoesasculptor,buttosimulatehumanfunctions.GreyWalter并不想像雕塑家一样去模拟人的身体形态，而是要模仿人的行为功能。SimulatingHumanFunctionsGreyWalterdidnotattempttoNotasObjects,

并不是一个物体

Processes

一个过程Inotherwords,heviewedhumans..换句话说，他看人体…....butas...而是…NotObjects,butProcessesNotasObjects,

并不是一个物体

ProForcenturies,peoplehavedesignedmachinestohelpwithhumantasksandnotjusttasksrequiringmusclepower.几个世纪以来，人类设计了帮助人们完成任务的机器，这些任务并不仅仅是用肌肉力量就可以完成的。图为音乐木偶（像八音盒那样的机器）。DesignstoHelpwithHumanTasksForcenturies,peoplehavedesAutomata,suchasthelittlemovingfiguresofpeopleoranimalsthatemergefromcuckooclocksandmusicboxes,werepopularinthe1700'sandmachinescapableofthinkingwereasubjectforspeculationlongbeforetheelectroniccomputerwasinvented.像报时的布谷鸟钟与八音盒这样的模拟人或动物行为的自动控制在1700年代很流行，能够思考的机器早在电脑发明前很久就一直是人类所向往的。AutomataAutomata,suchasthelittlemMacyFoundationMeetings

1946–1953

梅西会议From1946to1953therewasaseriesofmeetingstodiscussfeedbackloopsandcircularcausalityinself-regulatingsystems.1946到1953，有一系列的会议在讨论自我调节系统中的反馈环与循环因果关系。Themeetings,sponsoredbytheJosiahMacy,Jr.Foundation,wereinterdisciplinary,attendedbyengineers,mathematicians,neurophysiologists,andothers.由梅西基金会赞助的会议是一个跨学科会议，集中了工程师、数学家、神经生理学家以及其他许多领域的专家。MacyFoundationMeetingsMacyFoundationMeetings

1946Thechairmanofthesemeetings,WarrenMcCulloch,wrotethatthesescientistshadgreatdifficultyunderstandingeachother,becauseeachhadhisorherownprofessionallanguage.这些会议的主席，WarrenMcCulloch，写道这些科学家很难彼此理解，因为每个人都在用自己的专业语言。ProfessionalsSpeakDifferentLanguagesThechairmanofthesemeetingsTherewereheatedargumentsthatweresoexcitingthatMargaretMead,whowasinattendance,oncedidnotevennoticethatshehadbrokenatoothuntilafterthemeeting.会议的讨论非常激烈，以至于MargaretMead在一次会议之后才发现她在会上把自己的一颗牙咬坏了。MargaretMeadBreaksAToothTherewereheatedargumentsthThelatermeetingswentsomewhatmorecalmlyasthemembersdevelopedacommonsetofexperiences.后来的会议就较为平和了，因为大家有了一系列共同的经验，语言趋同一致，可以互相理解了。MeetingsCalmwithCommonExperiencesThelatermeetingswentsomewhThesemeetings,alongwiththe1948publicationofNorbertWiener'sbooktitled'Cybernetics,'servedtolaythegroundworkforthedevelopmentofcyberneticsasweknowittoday.这些会议，与1948年NorbertWiener的《事理学》一书一起，奠定了我们今天所知的事理学的基础。LayingtheGroundworkforCyberneticsThesemeetings,alongwiththeHereisaphotographtakeninthe1950softhefourprominentearlycyberneticiansthatyouhavealreadymet.Fromlefttorighttheyare:RossAshbyofhomeostatfame;WarrenMcCulloch,organizeroftheMacyFoundationmeetings;GreyWalter,creatorofElsie,thetortoise;andNorbertWiener,whosuggestedthatthefieldbecalled‘Cybernetics.'下图为1950年代拍摄的4位著名的事理学家。从左至右为：内稳态模拟器的RossAshby，梅西会议的组织者WarrenMcCulloch，乌龟Elsie的创造者GreyWalter，及将学科名称建议为事理学的NorbertWiener。ProminentEarlyCyberneticiansHereisaphotographtakeninNeurophysiology神经生理学

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Mathematics数学

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Philosophy哲学WarrenMcCullochwasakeyfigureinenlargingthescopeofcybernetics.Althoughapsychiatristbytraining,McCullochcombinedhisknowledgeofneurophysiology,mathematics,andphilosophytobetterunderstandaverycomplexsystem...WarrenMcCulloch是扩大事理学范畴上的一位重要人物。作为一位经过训练的精神病专家，他将自己在神经生理学、数学与物理的知识结合起来以更好地理解复杂系统。Neurophysiology,Mathematics,andPhilosophyNeurophysiology神经生理学

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Mathem

...thehumannervoussystem.…和人类的神经系统。TheHumanNervousSystem...thehumannervoussysteHebelievedthatthefunctioningofthenervoussystemcouldbedescribedinthepreciselanguageofmathematics.他相信神经系统的功能能够用非常精确的数学语言来描述。HumanNervousSystemandMathematicalEquationsHebelievedthatthefunctioniForexample,hedevelopedanequationwhichexplainedthefactthatwhenacoldobjectsuchasanicecubetouchestheskinforabriefinstant,paradoxicallyitgivesthesensationofheatratherthancold.例如，他开发出一个方程式，用来解释了这样一个事实，就是当一个冰块在短暂的时间内碰触到皮肤的时候，皮肤会很荒谬地感觉到热而不是冷。Cold=HotForexample,hedevelopedaneNeurophysiology神经生理学

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Mathematics数学

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Philosophy哲学McCullochusednotonlymathematicsandneurophysiologytounderstandthenervoussystembutalsophilosophy–ararecombination.Scientistsandphilosophersareoftenconsideredmilesapartintheirinterests–scientistsstudyreal,concrete,...WarrenMcCulloch不仅用数学与神经生理学来理解神经系统，他还用到了哲学，这是一种很少见的组合。科学家与哲学家通常被认为是风马牛不相及的学科，科学家研究真实的、具体的…Neurophysiology,MathematicsandPhilosophyNeurophysiology神经生理学

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Mathe

...physicalthings,likeplants,...…物质的事物，例如植物…Plants...physicalthings,likep

...animals,..…动物….Animals...animals,..Animals...andminerals,whilephilosophers,..…矿石，而哲学家们….Minerals...andminerals,whilephil...studyabstractthingslikeideas,thoughts,andconcepts.…研究的是抽象的东西，像想法、思想以及概念。AbstractIdeas,Thoughts,andConcepts...studyabstractthingsliEpistemology=StudyofKnowledge

认识论＝知识的学习McCullochcouldseethatthereisaconnectionbetweenthescienceofneurophysiologyandabranchofphilosophycalledepistemology,whichisthestudyofknowledge.WarrenMcCulloch能够发现在作为科学的神经生理学与哲学的一个分枝——认识论，也就是知识的学习——之间有一种联系。Epistemology=StudyofKnowledgeEpistemology=StudyofKnowleWhileknowledgeisusuallyconsideredinvisibleandabstract,McCullochrealizedthatknowledgeisformedinaphysicalorganofthebody,thebrain.…而知识通常被认为是不可见的，是抽象的，WarrenMcCulloch认识到知识是在人体的一个物理器官中形成的，即大脑。Knowledge–FormedintheBrainWhileknowledgeisusuallycon

Physical

Abstract

物质的 抽象的

BrainMind Knowledge

大脑 心灵 知识Themindis,infact,themeetingplacebetweenthebrainandanidea,betweenthephysicalandtheabstract,betweenscienceandphilosophy.心灵事实上是大脑与想法、物质的与抽象的，科学与哲学的交汇处。TheMind–TheMeetingPlaceBetweentheBrainandanIdea Physical Abstract

物质的 抽Philosophical哲学的Physical物理的ExperimentalEpistemology实验认识论McCullochfoundedanewfieldofstudybasedonthisintersectionofthephysicalandthephilosophical.Thisfieldofstudyhecalled'experimentalepistemology,'thestudyofknowledgethroughneurophysiology.Thegoalwastoexplainhowtheactivityofanervenetworkresultsinwhatweexperienceasfeelingsandideas.McCulloch根据自己对物理与哲学交集的研究建立了一个新的领域。他将此称为”实验认识论“，用神经生理学来研究知识。目的在于要解释神经网络的活动是怎样产生我们所体验的感觉与想法的。ExperimentalEpistemologyPhilosophicalPhysicalExperimenCybernetics=RegulationofSystems

事理学＝系统的调节WhyisMcCulloch'sworksoimportanttocyberneticians?Remember,cyberneticsisthescienceoftheregulationofsystems.McCulloch的工作为什么对事理学这么重要呢？要记住，事理学是系统的调节的科学。Cybernetics=RegulationofSystemsCybernetics=RegulationofSyThehumanbrainisperhapsthemostremarkableregulatorofall,regulatingthehumanbodyaswellasmanyothersystemsinitsenvironment.Atheoryofhowthebrainoperatesisatheoryofhowallofhumanknowledgeisgenerated.人类的大脑大概是所有的东西中最为非凡的调节器，调节着人的身体以及在自己环境中的许多其他系统。大脑是怎么运作的理论就是人类的知识是怎样产生出来的理论。HumanBrain–TheMostRemarkableRegulatorofAllThehumanbrainisperhapstheWhereasananti-aircraftgunandathermostataredevicesconstructedbypeopletoregulatecertainsystems,themindisasystemthatconstructsitselfandregulatesitself.Weshallsaymoreaboutthisphenomenoninafewminutes.高射防空炮与温度计是人造出来调节某些系统的，心灵是一个创立自己并调节自己的系统。我们马上就会更多地加以介绍。Mind–RegulatesItselfWhereasananti-aircraftgunaOtherConceptsinCybernetics

事理学的其他概念Nowthatwehavetouchedonsomeofthekeypeople,theirinterests,andtheircontributions,weshalllookatafewadditionalconceptsincybernetics.我们介绍了一些主要人物、他们的兴趣及他们的贡献，我们还要看一些更多的概念。OtherCyberneticConceptsOtherConceptsinCybernetics

LawofRequisiteVariety

必要变异度定律Oneimportantconceptisthelawofrequisitevariety.Thislawstatesthatasasystembecomesmorecomplex,thecontrollerofthatsystemmustalsobecomemorecomplex,becausetherearemorefunctionstoregulate.Inotherwords,themorecomplexthesystemthatisbeingregulated,themorecomplextheregulatorofthesystemmustbe.一个重要的概念就是必要变异度定律。当一个系统变得越来越复杂的时候，系统的控制者一定也要变得更为复杂，因为有更多的功能需要调节。换言之，要调节的系统越复杂，系统的调节者就必须越复杂。LawofRequisiteVarietyLawofRequisiteVariety

必要变异度Let'sreturntoourexampleofathermostat.回到温度计的例子。ThermostatExample,RevisitedLet'sreturntoourexampleofIfahousehasonlyafurnace,thethermostatcanbequitesimple–sinceitcontrolsonlythefurnace.如果屋子只有炉子，那温度计就可以相对简单，因为它只要控制炉子就行了。Furnace=SimplicityIfahousehasonlyafurnace,However,ifthehousehasbothafurnaceandanairconditioner,thethermostatmustbemorecomplex–itwillhavemoreswitches,knobs,orbuttons–sinceitmustcontroltwoprocesses–bothheatingandcooling.如果房子里既有炉子也有空调，温度计就会更复杂些，更多的开关、按钮，因为它必须控制加热和制冷两个过程。Furnace+AirConditioner=ComplexityHowever,ifthehousehasbothThesameprincipleappliestolivingorganisms.Humanbeingshavethemostcomplexnervoussystemandbrainofanyoftheanimals.Thisallowsthemtoengageinmanydifferentactivitiesandtohavecomplexbodies.同样的原理适用于活器官。人类具备任何一种动物中最为复杂的神经网络与大脑。这使得人能够从事许多不同的活动，具备复杂的身体。Humans–MostComplexNervousSystemThesameprincipleappliestoIncontrast,someanimalssuchasthestarfish,...相反，某些动物，例如海星…StarfishSystemIncontrast,someanimalssuch...seacucumber,...海参…SeaCucumberSystem...seacucumber,...海参…S

...andseaanemonehavenocentralizedbrain,butonlyasimplenervenetwork,whichisallthatisrequiredtoregulatethesimplerbodiesandfunctionsoftheseseaanimals.Insummary,themorecomplextheanimal,themorecomplexthebrainneedstobe.…还有海葵就没有中心大脑，而只有简单的神经网络，要调节简单的身体及这些海洋生物的功能，有这些就足够了。总而言之，生物体越复杂，大脑就需要越复杂。MoreComplextheAnimal,theMorecomplextheBrain...andseaanemonehavenoThelawofrequisitevarietynotonlyappliestocontrollingmachinesandhumanbodies,buttosocialsystemsaswell.Forexample,inordertocontrolcrime,itisnotnecessaryorfeasibletohaveonepolicemanforeachcitizen,becausenotallactivitiesofcitizensneedregulation...必要变异度定律不只可运用于控制机器和人体，还可用于社会系统。例如，为了控制犯罪，不需要也不可能警察与公民的比例为1：1，因为警察并不需要管公民的所有活动。SocialSystemsThelawofrequisitevarietyn...justillegalones.Therefore,oneortwopoliceforeverythousandpeoplegenerallyprovidesthenecessarycapabilityforregulatingillegalactivities.…警察只需要管违法的行为就可以了。因此，每1000个公民有1－2名警察就可以控制违法行为了。CapabilitytoRegulate...justillegalones.ThereInthiscaseamatchbetweenthevarietyintheregulatorandthevarietyinthesystembeingregulatedisachievednotbyincreasingthecomplexityoftheregulator,butbyreducingthevarietyinthesystembeingregulated.Thatis,ratherthanhiringmanypolicemen,wesimplydecidetoregulatefeweraspectsofhumanbehavior.在这个例子中，调节者与被调节的系统之间的相互吻合不仅在于增加了调节者的复杂度，而且在于减少了被调节系统的复杂度。也就是说，我们不需要增加警察的数量，只要决定少量的需要管理的人的行为就可以了。Regulation–IncreaseComplexityofRegulatorandSystembeingRegulatedInthiscaseamatchbetweentSelfOrganizingSystems

自组织系统Theself-organizingsystemisanothercyberneticconcept,whichweallseedemonstrateddaily.Aself-organizingsystemisasystemthatbecomesmoreorganizedasitgoestowardequilibrium.RossAshbyobservedthateverysystemwhoseinternalprocessesorinteractionrulesdonotchangeisaself-organizingsystem.自组织系统是另一个事理学概念，我们每天都可以看到。一个自组织系统就是一个在走向平衡的过程中更有组织的系统。RossAshby观察到每一个系统，只要它的内在过程或者互动规律没有变化，这个系统就是一个自组织系统。SelfOrganizingSystemsSelfOrganizingSystems

自组织系统TForexample,adisorganizedgroupofpeoplewhoarewaiting...例如，一群散乱地站着在等车的人…WaitinginLineForexample,adisorganizedgr...totakeabuswillfallintoaline,becauseoftheirpastexperiencethatlinesareapractical,fairwaytoobtainservice.Thesepeopleconstituteaself-organizingsystem.…车来了，他们会自动排队，因为过去的经验告诉他们排队是一个让大家得到服务的实用而公平的方式。这些人就组成了一个自组织系统。TheLine–ASelf-OrganizingSystem...totakeabuswillfallEvenamixtureofsaladoilandvinegarisaself-organizingsystem.Asaresultofbeingshakenasshownhere,themixturechangestoahomogeneousliquid–temporarily.即使一瓶混合的沙拉油也是一个自组织系统。摇动一会儿后，这瓶油暂时就混合成一种稳定的液体了。OilandVinegar–aSelf-OrganizingSystemEvenamixtureofsaladoilanAsthesaladdressingisallowedtogotoequilibrium,themixturechangesitsstructureandtheoilandvinegarseparateautomatically.Wecouldsaythatthemixtureorganizesitself.当沙拉油趋于平衡后，混合液体的结构发生了变化，油醋自动分离。我们说混合液体组织了自身。OilandVinegar-EquilibriumAsthesaladdressingisallowTheideaofself-organizationleadstoageneraldesignrule.Inordertochangeanyobject,puttheobjectinanenvironmentwheretheinteractionbetweentheobjectandtheenvironmentchangestheobjectinthedirectionyouwantittogo.Let'sconsiderthreeexamples...自组织原理导致了一个普遍的设计原理。为了改变一个物体，将物体放入到一个环境中，其中物体与环境的互动改变物体，成为你所想要的。我们来看三个例子…SelfOrganizationLeadstoaGeneralDesignRuleTheideaofself-organizationFirst,inordertomakeironfromironoreweputtheironoreinanenvironmentcalledablastfurnace.Inthefurnace,cokeisburnedtoproduceheat.Inthechemicalandthermodynamicenvironmentoftheblastfurnace,ironoxidesbecomepureiron.第一个，为了从铁矿中分离出铁，我们把铁矿放置在高炉中，其中煤被燃烧产生热。在高炉这个化学和热力的环境中，铁矿氧化物变成了纯铁。SelfOrganizationLeadstoaGeneralDesignRuleFirst,inordertomakeironfAsasecondexampleconsidertheprocessofeducatingachild.Thechildisplacedinaschool.第二个例子，对孩子的教育。孩子在学校中。EducatingChildrenAsasecondexampleconsidertAsaresultofinteractingwithteachersandotherstudentsintheschool,thechildlearnstoreadandwrite.作为老师与其他学生在学校互动的结果，孩子学会了读和写。EducatingChildren,cont.AsaresultofinteractingwitAthirdexampleistheregulationofbusinessbygovernment.ToregulatetheiraffairsthepeopleoftheUnitedStatesadoptedaConstitutionthatestablishedthreebranchesofgovernment.Bypassinglaws,CongresscreatesanenvironmentoftaxincentivesandlegalpenaltieswhichareenforcedbytheExecutiveBranch.第三个例子。政府对商人的管理。美国人用宪法建立了三权分立的机制。要通过法律的话，议会要建立一个由政府强迫的具备税收优惠与法律惩罚的环境。RegulationofBusinessbyGovernmentAthirdexampleistheregulatTheseincentivesandpenalties,whichareadjudicatedbythecourts,encouragebusinessmento