新视野大学英语综合教程4的Book4-unit1-2答案

UnitOne✧raw:adj.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzedTheeventtookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.Rawmaterialsarethenaturalsubstancesfromwhichindustrialproductsaremade.✧Launch:vt.1)startBeginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobestoexploreotherplanets.2)send(sth.)onitscourseOnOctober4,1957,Sovietscientistslaunchedtheworld’sfirstartificialsatellite,calledSputnik.Collocation:launchanattacklaunchamassivecampaignlaunchacompany开一家公司launchthreatsatsb.发动一场大规模的运动launchinto（积极有力地）开始launchout（精力充沛或戏剧性地）开始Helaunchedintoalongspeechaboutthedangeroftakingdrugs.Shewantstobemorethanasingerandislaunchingoutintofilms.✧campaign:n.aseriesofmilitaryoperationsorplannedactivitieswithaparticularaimThegovernmentislaunchingamassivecampaignagainstcorruption.✧efficient:adj.workingwell,quicklyandwithoutwasteTocutbackonfossilfuels,weshouldbuildmoreefficientcars.Itisnotefficienttohirepoorlytrainedworkers.✧conquest:n.conquering,defeatTheyear1939hadwitnessedtheconquestofPolandbyGermany.✧retreat:v.movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficultyAfterafiercebattle,thetroopsretreatedsouthward.retreat的反义词是advance，例如：toadvanceagainst(on,to,toward)朝…前进toretreatfrom从…撤退toretreatto撤退到✧engage:vt.1)beginfightingwithsb.Thecommanderorderedthesoldierstoengagetheenemyimmediately.2)drawinto;involveWetriedtoengagehiminourconversation,butinvain.3)attractsb.’sinterestHisgoodnatureengageseveryone.他善良的性情吸引每个人。4)occupyStudyingengagesmostofaseriousstudent’stime.Pattern:engage(sb.)insth.:(causeto)takepartinsth.Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.Collocation:engageasengageinengagewith使聘为…从事；使参加与…啮合✧befacedwith:havetodealwithThelibrarianswerefacedwiththehugetaskoflistingallthebooks.✧crucial:adj.veryimportant(followedbyto)Improvedconsumerconfidenceiscrucialtoeconomicrecovery.CF:crucial,critical&decisive这三个词都是形容词，都有“紧要的、紧迫的、重要的”之意。crucial意为“决定性的、极重要的”，指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求，紧急情况或危急转折关头。critical意为“决定性的”，与crucial相似，但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计。在转折关头时比crucial表现出更大的严重性。decisive意思是“决定性的、果断的”，具有重要、特殊或决定性效果。例如：Ourairforcesweredecisiveinwinningthewar.✧takeagamble:takeariskThecompanytookagamblebycuttingthepriceoftheirproducts,anditpaidoff.✧presson/ahead:continuedoingsth.inadeterminedway(usedinthepattern:presson/ahead(withsth.))Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.✧bideone’stime:waitpatientlyforachanceHispoliticalrivalsarebidingtheirtimeforanattackonhispolicies.✧minus:prep.belowzero;madelessby;slightlylowerthanthemarkstatedTomorrow’stemperaturewillbeaslowasminustendegreesCentigrade.20minus10is10.IgotBminusinthefinalexamination.1)minus的反义词是plus（加上）。例如：3plus6is9.2)minus还可以作形容词，意为“负的；减去的”。例如：aminusquantity负数；minuselectricity负电。此外，minus还可用作名词，意为“负号，减号；负数”。3)dragon:moveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediously✧dragon:moveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediouslyHowmuchlongeristhemeetinggoingtodragon?✧atthecostof:withthelossofThelocalgovernmentdevelopeditseconomybutatthecostofenvironment.Collocation:Atanycost:不惜任何代价Atallcosts:不惜一切代价Atnocost:不需花代价✧Limp:1.vi.walkwithdifficulty,esp.whenonefootorlegishurtHelimpedoffthefootballfield.2.adj.lackingorhavinglostrigidity,asofstructureorsubstance;lackingstrengthorfirmness;weakorspiritlessalimphandshake无力的握手limpopposition微弱的反抗✧catchsb.offguard:takesb.bysurpriseTheinvitationtohisweddingcaughtmeoffguard.✧Instruct:vt.1)giveordersordirectionsto(sb.)ThefamilyhasinstructedsolicitorstosueThomsonforcompensation.Pattern:instructsb.todosth.instructsb.that2)teach(sb.)Theyinstructedmeinthebestwaysofdoingthejob.Pattern:instructsb.in/onsth.CF:instruct,direct&order这几个词都是动词，都有“吩咐、命令”之意。instruct指向人下命令或指示、指导等，还可指交待。例如：HewasinstructedtorepresenttheGovernment.direct一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等，对采取的行动有准确说明。例如：Theownersdirectedthatthefactorybeclosed.order是普通用语，往往带有强制性，语气较强。例如：Heorderedtheenemytolaydowntheirarms.✧render:vt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition(sameasmake)Thedrugwillrenderthetigerharmlessforuptotwohours.Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.Collocation:Renderinto:译成(某种语言)Renderup:做(祷告);放弃,交出Renderblowforblow:以牙还牙Rendergoodforevil:以德报怨✧casualty:n.apersonwhoiskilledorinjuredinwarorinanaccidentTheprecisenumberofcasualtiesinyesterday’sbombexplosionisnotknown.✧offensive:1.n.aggressiveaction,attackTheRedArmybroughtitswinteroffensivetoasuccessfulconclusion.Collocation:launch/mountanoffensive发动进攻carryout/undertakeanoffensive进攻ontheoffensive处于攻势assume/goon/goover/taketheoffensive进攻，采取攻势Ifallelsefails,I’llgoovertotheoffensive.如果其他方法都失败，那我将采取攻势。2.adj.oforaboutattack;causingoffense;unpleasantMyneighborisreallyanoffensiveperson.Healwaysplaysthepianodeepintothenight.✧thanksto:becauseofThankstotheirtirelessefforts,theperformancewasagreatsuccess.✧reckon:v.count;consider;thinkManypeoplereckonhimtobeagreatbasketballplayer.NB:常用的搭配bereckonedwith意为betakenintoconsiderationAlltheseproblemshadtobereckonedwithastheyarose.Theyreckonthebookasoneofhisbestworks.他们认为这本书是他最优秀的作品之一。✧Toll1.n.thenumberofpeopleoranimalskilledorinjuredinparticularcircumstancesThedeathtollrosefrom270in1952to5,000in1954.2)moneypaidfortheuseofabridge,road,etc.Eachcarmustpayatolltocrossthebridge.Collocation:charge/exact/imposeatoll征收（道路、桥梁等的）通行费levytollonsb.向某人收费（或征税）wartoll战争伤亡人数takeaheavytoll造成重大伤亡（或损失）Theearthquaketookaheavytollonseveralvillages.takea/itstoll造成损失（或危害、伤亡等）Thefloodtookatollof3,000,000lives.2.v.sound(alargebell)slowlyatregularintervalsUnitTwo✧lucrative:ducingmuchmoney;profitableThisisalucrativebusiness.✧manufacture:vt.1.makegoodsonalargescaleusingmachineryThisfirmmanufacturescars.2.invent;makeupYou’llhavetomanufacturesomekindofexcuse.✧approximately:adv.moreorlessexactlyapproximate:adj.fairlycorrectoraccuratebutnotcompletelysoTheapproximatenumberofdemonstratorsinfrontofthemunicipalofficebuildingwas900.✧eliminate:vt.remove,esp.sb./sth.thatisnotwantedorneeded;getridofShehasbeeneliminatedfromtheswimmingrace.Pattern:eliminatesth.fromsth.Canweevereliminatehungerfromtheworldoneday?✧intheair:intheearth’satmosphere;uncertain,notyetdecidedHundredsofbirdssuddenlyroseintheair.Ourplansarestillintheair.我们的计划尚未确定。✧startup:beginorbeginworking,running,happening,etc.Putthekeyintheignitionandturnittostartthecarup.✧alert:1.vt.warnsb.thattheremaybedanger,trouble,etc.Thepolicemanalertedmetothedanger.2.adj.attentive;watchfulPattern:bealerttodangerThesquirrelsarequitealerttodangers.Pattern:alertsb.tosth.CF:alert指思维敏捷而高度集中，注意着可能发生的事件，尤其是危险的、恐怖的事件，并迅速做出反应。例如：Ahunting-dogmustbealert.attentive强调能够把注意力集中于某事上而不分心、不走神。例如：Iwishyouwouldbemoreattentivetowhatyourteacherhastoldyou.3.n.aconditionorperiodofheightenedwatchfulnessorpreparationforactionPattern:onthealertThehuntersareonthealertforwolves.✧prototype:n.thefirstmodelordesignofsth.fromwhichotherformsarecopiedordevelopedprototypeequipmentprototypemodelNB:proto-前缀，表示“最初的，原始的”，例如：protocluster原星团(cluster丛)protogalaxy原星系(galaxy星系,银河)protovirus原始病毒(virus病毒)✧monotonous:adj.dullandneverchangingorvarying;constantandboringTheteacher’svoicewassomonotonousthatitsentmetosleep.✧hazard:n.athingthatcanbedangerousorcausedamage;adangerorriskTherearemanyhazardsinajourneyacrossAfrica.Collocation:atallhazards不顾一切风险;在任何情况下inhazard在危险中,受到威胁byhazard偶然,碰运气beonthehazard在危险中✧vibrate:v.(causesth.to)moverapidlyandcontinuouslybackwardsandforwards;shakeTom’sheavyfootstepsupstairsmadetheoldhousevibrate.frequency:n.therateatwhichsth.happensorisrepeated,usu.measuredoveraparticularperiodoftimeThisradiosignalhasafrequencyof800,000cyclespersecond.convert:v.changefromoneformorusetoanotherpattern:convertsth.to/intosth.IwanttoconvertsomeHongKongdollarsintoAmericandollars.Coalcanbeconvertedtogas.✧correlate:vt.haveamutualrelationshiporconnection,inwhichonethingaffectsordependsonanotherResearchworkersfindithardtocorrelatethetwosetsoffigures.Pattern:correlatesth.withsth.Theyaretryingtofindoutifthesebehaviorpatternscorrelatewithparticularchangesindiet.✧drastically:adv.inadrasticwaydrastic:adj.havingastrongorviolenteffectDrasticmeasuresareneededtoimprovetheperformanceofthecompany.✧application:n.theactionoraninstanceofputtingatheory,discovery,etc.topracticaluseTheapplicationofnewscientificdiscoveriestoindustrialproductionmethodsusuallyincreasesefficiency.✧bepoisedtodo:bereadytotakeactionatanymomentTheautomobilecompanyispoisedtolaunchitsnewadvertisingcampaign.✧mount:v.fix(sth.)inpositionforuse,displayorstudy;put(sth.)intoplaceonasupportMountingtheengineinthiswaywasinimprovement.Shemountedthephotographonthebackofherdiarybook.她把照片裱贴在她的日记本上。✧magnetic:adj.1.havingthepropertiesofamagnetTheironhaslostitsmagneticforce.Cottonisnotmagnetic.2.havinganunusualpowerorabilitytoattractHehasmagneticpersonality.他有吸引人的个性。✧takecontrolof:controlThenewmanagerdidn’tknowhowtotakecontrolofhiscompany.✧bunch:1.v.gr