换言之翻译第三章讲义西外李林波

换言之翻译第三章讲义西外李林波换言之翻译第三章讲义西外李林波换言之翻译第三章讲义西外李林波换言之翻译第三章讲义西外李林波编制仅供参考审核批准生效日期地址：电话：传真:邮编:5Textualequivalence:thematicandinformationstructuresText:Theverbalrecordofacommunicativeevent;aninstanceoflanguageinuseratherthanlanguageasanabstractsystemofmeaningsandrelations.(p111)Cohesion:衔接Anetworkoflexical,grammatical,andotherrelationswhichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext,andwhichorganizeandcreateatext;asurfacerelationwhichconnectstogethertheactualwordsandexpressionsthatwecanseeorhear.(p180)[Theconnectionbetweensuccessivesentencesintexts,conversations,etc.,insofarasitcanbedescribedintermsofspecificsyntacticunits.]Coherence:连贯Anetworkofrelationswhichorganizeandcreateatext;thenetworkofconceptualrelationswhichunderliethesurfacestructure.(p218)[Thewayinwhichthecontentofconnectedspeechortexthangstogether,orisinterpretedashangingtogether,asdistinctfromthatofrandomassemblagesofsentences.]Theme:Whattheclauseisabout.(p121)Rheme:Whatthespeakersaysaboutthetheme.(p122)Communicativedynamism（交际动力）:Theextenttowhichtheelementcontributestothedevelopmentofthecommunication.(p161).Partsofasentencerepresentinggiveninformationaresaidtohavethelowestdegreeofcommunicativedynamism(orCD),.theamountthat,incontext,theycommunicatetoaddresseesistheleast.AgeneraloverviewbasedontheHallidayanapproachtoinformationflow Thematicstructure:themeandrheme Theme:whattheclauseisaboutFunction:1)connectingbacktopreviousstretchesofdiscourse—orientation2)connectingforwardandcontributingtothedevelopmentoflaterstretches—departureRheme:whatthespeakersaysaboutthetheme—thegoalofdiscourse Themostimportant;whatthespeakerwantstoconveyThestructureofamessageineveryclause—Itsayssomething(therheme)aboutsomething(thetheme)(a)Thematicanalysiscanberepresentedhierarchically.(b)Someelementsarenotpartofthebasicthematicstructure.(c)Thedistinctionbetweenthemeandrhemeismoreorlessidenticaltothetraditionaldistinctionbetweensubjectandpredicate. Thematicstructure:grammaticalityvsacceptability Subject-predicate——grammaticality Theme-rheme——acceptability Thematicstructure:textorganizationanddevelopmentthematicpatterning Thematicstructure:markedvsunmarkedsequences◆Relationshipbetweenmeaning,choice,andmarkedness:1).Choice—Meaningiscloselyassociatedwithchoice,sothatthemoreobligatoryanelementis,thelessmarkeditwillbeandtheweakerwillbeitsmeaning.2).Expectedness—Thelessexpectedachoice,themoremarkeditisandthemoremeaningitcarries;themoreexpected,thelessmarkeditisandthelesssignificanceitwillhave.◆Thedegreeofmarkednessisdeterminedby:1)Frequency—Themorefrequentanelementinthemeposition,thelessmarkednessithas.2)Extentofmobility—Themoremobileanelementintheclause,themoremarkeditisasthetheme.(see‘Choice’)◆Thefunctionofmarkedtheme:Amarkedthemeisselectedspecificallytoforegroundaparticularelementasthetopicoftheclauseoritspointofdeparture.Localprominence(markedtheme)vsoveralldiscourseprominence(rheme) ◆ThreemaintypesofmarkedthemeinEnglish:(a)Frontedtheme (b)Predicatedtheme—itclause(implyingcontrast) (c)Identifyingtheme—wh-clause(implyingcontrast) AbriefassessmentoftheHallidayanpositionontheme ※Markedstructureandtranslation1）MarkedSV(VS)Beneaththeemblemonatablestoodabigbox.Translatedversion:标志下面有张桌子，上面立着一个大盒子。（unmarked：一个大盒子立在标志下面的一张桌子上。）2）MarkedSVO(OSV)Thisloveofbrightcolorsshegotfromme,alongwithherredhair.HislearningIadmire,buthischaracterIdespise.Translatedversion:这种对鲜艳颜色的爱好她是从我这里继承去的，还有她那一头的红发。（她从我这里继承了这种对鲜艳色彩的爱好，还有她那一头的红发。）他的学识，我佩服；但他的人格，我鄙视。3）MarkedattributeAndIstainedthewaterclear.(theclearwater)荷塘四面，长着许多树，蓊蓊郁郁底（朱自清《荷塘月色》）Translatedversion:我玷污了这水的纯洁。Aroundthepondgrowsaprofusionoftrees,lushandluxuriant.4）MarkedadverbialNotforadayhasheneglectedhisduty.在银幕上，她是一名观众熟悉的演员；在文坛上，她又是一位享有盛誉的作家。Translatedversion:他没有玩忽职守，一天也没有。（他一天也没有玩忽职守）Onthescreen,sheisawell-knownactress;inliterarycircles,sheisacelebratedwriter.5）Markedcomplex/compoundstructure今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。（朱自清《荷塘月色》）Translatedversion:Butonthisparticularevening,ithadacheerfuloutlook,thoughthemoonwaspale.Chinese:Topic-prominent（话题占突显地位）English:Subject-prominent（主语占突显地位）Asubject-prominentlanguageisalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguageisoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.English:Theme-rheme主位-述位ModernEnglishsentences:83%--97%SVOTheme=PsychologicalSubject≈SubjectInformationstructure:givenandnew ◆Theme-rhemedistinction—speaker-oriented Given-newdistinction—hearer-oriented ◆Given-before-newprinciple—end-focusprinciple—end-weightorganization Howaregivenandnewsignalledindiscourse ◆Spokenlanguage—stress◆Writtenlanguage—context;definiteness(given)/indefiniteness(new);grammaticalsubordination(given);inherentgivenness;cleft/pseudo-cleftstructures;lexicalstress;punctuation Howisgivennessdetermined ◆ConsciousnessHowlongcananelementbeassumedtoremainintheaddressee’sconsciousnessTwovariables:thenumberofinterveningsentences;changeofscene MarkedvsunmarkedinformationstructureSpoken—tonicaccentWritten—typographyorpunctuation Markedinformationstructureandmarkedrhemehighlightingtherhemeby:deletingthethemeand/orusingpunctuationThePragueSchoolpositiononinformationflow: ◆Communicativedynamism(CD)Theme/non-theme(transition+rheme)Oldinformation—context-dependent—foundation-laying—lowdegreeofCD(DCD)Newinformation—context-independent—core-constituting—highdegreeofCD Theme—lowDCD Transition—low(lowest)DCD Rheme—highDCD LineararrangementandthematicstatusinFSP ◆Communicativedynamismisachievedbytheinterplayof: Linearmodification Semanticstructure Context ◆LowDCD—Theme HighDCD—Rheme Eg.Aheavydewhadfallen.Aheavydew—highdegreeofCD—rhemeFallen—lowdegreeofCD—theme LineararrangementandmarkedstructuresinFSP Eg.Well-publicizedthebookwas.Frontedtheme+rheme——HallidayRheme+theme——Pragueschool Thetensionbetweenwordorderandcommunicativefunction:aproblemintranslation ◆Functionsofwordorder: (a)syntactically—indicatingtherolesofsubject,object,etc; (b)semantically—indicatingrolessuchasactor,patient,beneficiary; (c)communicatively—indicatingtheflowofinformation ◆Wordorderdetermines/partlydetermines/doesn’taffecttoomuchcommunicativefunctions Freerwordorder—lesstensionMorefixedwordorder—moretension ◆English-Chinesetranslation—freerwordorder→morefixedwordorder “Inatopic-prominentlanguagelineararrangementfollowsthescaleofCDfarmorecloselythanitdoesinasubject-prominentlanguage.”Thus,thewordorder(lineararrangement/syntax)hastobeadjustedorchangedforbetterrealizationofcommunicativefunction. Suggestedstrategiesforminimizinglineardislocation 1.voicechangeCommunicationsatellitesareusedforinternationallivetransmissionthroughouttheworld. 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。 Shewasaskedtenquestionsintheoralexaminationandansweredeveryoneofthemcorrectly. ※2.changeofperspective正在热闹哄哄的时节，只见那后台里，