英国文学选读复习资料

英国文学选读复习资料PartITheMiddleAgeChapter1theAnglo-Saxonperiod(449-1066)1.Beowulf（贝奥武甫）:England’snationalepic.（第⼀部民族史诗）2.artisticfeature:①usingalliteration②usingmetaphorandunderstatementChapter3GeoffreyChaucer(ca1343-1400)1.GeoffreyChauceristhefatherofEnglishpoetryandoneofthemostgreatestnarrative（叙事）poetsofEngland.2.⾸创双韵体.tonico-syllabicverse.运⽤Londondialect.3.writingstyle:wisdom,humor,humanity.4.代表作：TheCanterburyTales-----Inthisbook,Chaucercreatedastrikinglybrilliantandpicturesquepanoramaofhistimeandhiscountry.InthispoemChaucer’srealism,trenchantironyandfreedomofviewsreachedsuchahighlevelofpowerthatithadnoequalinalltheEnglishliteratureuptothe16thcentury.ButChaucerwasnotentirelydevoidofmedievalprejudices.[乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出⼀幅⽣机勃勃⽽⼜充满诗情画意的社会百态图。在他的这部现实主义诗歌中，他将⾃⼰的讽刺艺术和宽⼴视野展现的淋漓尽致，使该作品在16世纪前的英国独树⼀帜。但是没能脱离中世纪的偏见。PartIITheRenaissance（⽂艺复兴）1.时期：duringthe16thcentury（1550---1642）2.国家：GreekandRoman.AlsoEnglandindrama.3.定义：ThetermRenaissanceoriginallyindicatedarevivalofclassicalartsandscienceafterthedarkagesofmedievalobscurantism.4.类型：dramaandcanto（诗章）.5.keywork:①humanism---admirehumanbeautyandhumanachievement.②ThomasMore---Utopiain1516.③FrancisBacon---thegreatEnglishscientistandphilosopher.④ChristopherMarlowe---thegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama⑤EdmundSpenser(埃德蒙·斯宾塞)----TheFaerieQueene（仙后）Chapter5WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)1.HeisthegreatestofEnglishauthors,theworld’spre-eminentdramatist.2.Oneofthefirstfoundersofrealism.3.Amasterhandatrealisticportrayalofhumancharactersandrelations.4.四⼤悲剧:①Hamlet②Othello③KingLear④TheTragedyofMacbeth.5.创作阶段:①comedy:1590-1600②tragedy:1601-1608③tragicomedies:1609-161222年写了37plays,2narrativepoems,154sonnets.6.Hamlet:ItistheprofoundestexpressionofShakespeare’shumanismandcriticismofcontemporaryworld.ThecharacterofHamlet.1.Ahumanist,freefromprejudicesandsuperstitions.Lovingtheworldinsteadoftheheaven.2.Treatpeoplewithlove.Disgustedwithuncle’sdrunkenness.Shockedbymother’sshallowness.3.Intellectualgenius.Closeobserver.“Denmarkisaprison”.4.ThemelancholyofHamlet—thekeynoteofHamlet’scharacter.Heistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.ContrastisanimportantstructuralprincipleinHamlet.Shakespeare’splaysaregenerallywell-organized,withharmonyandorderdisbalancedatthebeginning,socialconflictssharpenedinthemiddleandharmonyandorderrestoredattheend.Themes:Hypocrisy,treacheryoftheroyalcourtandofthesocietyasawhole.Revengetheme(Justicebyviolence)Lackoffaithv.loveThedoomofambitionThetragedyofHamlet:Anindividualv.mightyevilforceofthewholesociety7.ThemerchantofVeniceisnottragedy.8.sonnet18ShallIcomparethee(你)toasummer’sday?①1-4起，5-8承，9-12转，13-14合.②simile,rhetoricquestion,alliteration,personification,couplet(对偶).③Themessageisthatinthisworldnobeauty(inNature)canstayexceptpoetryorart;andyourbeautycanonlylastifIwriteitdowninmypoetry.Alsonoticetheloveplay.Apparentlythepoetisaddressingamanofhisheart,thewooingsoundsmorelikeagameplaythananythingrealandsincere.Thelovehereistooconditionaltobegenuine.④Structure:Proposal(line1-2)Argument(line3-12)Conclusion(line13-14)Chapter6FrancisBacon---essayist1.Bacon’sworksmaybedividedintothreeclasses.ThemostimportantaretheEssays.①thephilosophical---theadvancementoflearning②theliterary---essays③theprofessionalworks---maximsofthelawandreadingonthestatuteofuses.2.TheessaysofBaconaresohighlyesteemed.3.”GreatPlace”istheBacon’sworldly—wisephilosophy.4.OfStudies’mainidea:①thetextisthatof1;.652editions.②usesandbenefitsofstudyanddifferentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies.5.writingstyle:brevity,compactness,powerfulness,well-arranged.PartIIITheperiodofRevolutionandRestoration（资产阶级⾰命与王政复辟）1.The17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous(动荡)periodsinEngland.2.⽂学特点：①ThePuritanAgewasoneofconfusion,duetobreakingupofoldideas.②Intheabsenceofanyfixedstandardofliterarycriticismtherewasnothingtopreventtheexaggerationofthe“metaphysical”poets(⽞学派)。Poetrytooknewandstartlingform.Afterthatprosebecamesomber(忧郁).JohnMilton---theindomitablePuritanspiritfounditsnoblestexpression.(约翰·弥尔顿充分体现了清教徒不屈不挠的精神)③Restoration(王政复辟)createdaliteratureofitsown,whichwasoftenwitty(机敏)andclever,butonthewholeimmoral(颓废)andcynical(愤世嫉俗).Themostpopularworkwascomedywhosechiefaimwastoentertainthelicentiousaristocrats(贵族).JohnDryden,critic,poetandplaywrightwasthemostdistinguishedliteraryfigureofthattime.Chapter8JohnMilton1.ParadiseLostpresentstheauthor’sviewinanallegoricreligiousform(宗教讽喻的形式)，andreaderswilleasilydiscernitsbasicidea---theexposure(揭露)ofreactionary(反⾰命)forcesofhistimeandthepassionateappealforfreedom.2.Itconsiststwelvebooks.Itismarkedforitsintricate(结构复杂)andcontradictorycomposition.PartIVTheAgeofEnlightenment(启蒙运动)---prose（散⽂时代）背景：1.TheRevolutionof1688,markedtheendofthelongstruggleforpoliticalfreedominEngland.Theyhavetwoparties:theliberalWigs(⾃由派辉格党)andtheconservativeTories(保守派托利党).2.TheEnlightenmentwasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressiveclassofbourgeoisie(资产阶级)againstfeudalism(封建主义).Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality(阶级不平等)，stagnation(停滞)，prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.3.Theenlightenersrepudiate(颠覆)thefalsereligiousdoctrinesabouttheviciousness(邪恶)ofhumannature,andprovethatmanisbornkindandhonest,andifhebecomesdepraved(腐败),itisonlyduetotheinfluenceofcorruptedsocialenvironment.流派：thereignofso–calledClassicism(古典主义)、therevivalofromanticpoetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、thebeginningsofthemodernnovel(刚启萌的现代派⼩说).主要⼈物：①AlexanderPope,hiscontributiontothetheoryandpracticeofprosody:elaboratedcertainregulationsforthestyleofpoeticalworks(精⼼设计诗歌格式)andmadepopulartheheroiccouplets(英雄双韵体诗歌)---fivefootiambicsrhymedincouplets(五步抑扬格对偶句)②DanielDefoe----RobinsonCrusoe(1719),itwasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.③HenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmollet-----therealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovel.④SamuelRichardson--Pamela--Themethodofpsychologicalanalysis(⼼理分析的⽅法)⑤JonathanSwift-----themostoutstandingpersonalityoftheepochofEnlightenmentinEngland.Heruthlesslyexposedthedirtymercenaryessenceofbourgeoisrelationships.⑥Themiddleofthe18thcenturyinEnglandcameanewliterarycurrent--sentimentalism⑦Thelatterhalfofthe18thcenturywastheso-calledpre-romanticism(前浪漫主义).IthadareactionagainsttheEnlightenment,mostlyin“Gothicnovel”(哥特式⼩说)⑧ThemysteriouselementplaysanenormousroleintheGothicnovel,itissorepletewithbloodcurdlingscenesandunnaturalfeelingsthatitisjustlycalled“anovelofhorrors”.Chapter10DanielDefoe1.Heisoftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel.(开创了现代派⼩说的先河)2.RobinsonCrusoe---headthelistofmodernfiction---anadventurestory.3.60岁因鲁滨逊漂流记⾛红。4.works:①CaptainSingleton,DuncanCampbell,MemoirsofaCavalier---1720②ColonelJack,MollFlanders,AJournalofthePlagueYear(amazingrealistic)---1722③ThePoliticalHistoryoftheDevil---1726Chapter11JonathanSwift1.thetaleofatub(⽊桶的故事)andGulliver’sTravels(格列弗游记)----thegreatestsatiresintheEnglishlanguage.2.thetaleofatub---asatireonthevariouschurchesoftheday.1704publishedwithTheBattleoftheBooks(书战)。3.Gulliver’sTravels---comprisetheextraordinaryadventuresofDoctorGulliver.Alsohasfantasticlandsvisitedbyhim,theirsocialsystems,waysandcustomsoftheirinhabitants.4.Thefeaturesofthisbook:novisiblesignofanger,norraisingthevoice;thetoneiscold,restrained,ironic,variedonlybysomeflashesoffoolingwhenSwift’ssenseoftheridiculourgetsthebetterofhim.(怒不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺⾟辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态.)5.AModestProposal---ismadetoEnglishgovernmenttorelievethepovertyofIrishpeople.Thebitterironyofthepamphletexpressesswift’sgreatsympathyfortheoppressedandhungrypeasantsofIrelandandhisangeratEnglishlandlord(地主)(强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰⼈民的剥削和压迫.)书p189Chapter13HenryFielding1.Heiscalled“FatherofEnglishnovel”.Hewasthefirsttowritea“Comicepicinprose”(散⽂体史诗),andthefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandstyle.2.JonathanWild(1743)---thestoryofaroguewhichsuggestedDefoe’snarrativeTheHistoryofTomJonesaFounding(1749)---hisbestworkAmelia(1751)---astoryofagoodwifeincontrastwithanunworthyhusband.PartVTheRomanticPeriodWiththepublicationofWilliamWordsworth’sLyricalBallads（《抒情歌谣集》）(1798)incollaborationwithSamuelTaylorColeridge（S·T·柯勒律治）.RomanticismbegantobloomandfoundafirmplaceinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.ItwasgreatlyinfluencedbytheIndustrialRevolution（⼯业⾰命）andtheFrenchRevolution（法国⼤⾰命）ItwasamidthesesocialconflictsthatRomanticismaroseasamainliterarytrend,whichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItbeganwiththepublicationofLyricalBalladsandendedwithWalterScott’sdeath(1832).（浪漫主义作为⼀股新的主流⽂学潮流兴起，并在1798-1832年间进⼊兴盛时期。1798年华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》的出版标志着浪漫主义⽂学的开始，1832年沃尔特·司各特的去世则标志着浪漫主义⽂学的中介）Chapter19WilliamWordsworthWilliamWordsworth(1770—1850)威廉·华兹华斯1.hislife：Hislovefornatureisboundless.Tohimnaturemeansmorethanrivers,trees,rocks,mountainsandlakes.Naturehasamoralvalueandhasitsphilosophicalsignificance.Natureisforhimtheembodiment（体现）oftheDivine（神圣的）Spirit.HebelievestheGodanduniverseareidentical.2,hiswork:Mostworksareaboutnatureandcountrylife.LinesComposedaFewMilesaboveTinternAbbey《延腾寺》Itisameditation思考onhismentalgrownup.SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWay《她住在⼈际罕见的路边》：悼亡露西ITravelledamongUnknownMen《我在陌⽣⼈中孤独旅⾏》IWonderedLonelyasaCloud《我好似⼀朵孤独的流云》：it’saboutthebeautyofnature.Thereisvividpictureofthedaffodilshere,mixedwiththepoet’sphilosophicalandsomewhatmysticalthoughts.Sonnet:ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802《在西敏寺桥上》Sonnet:London1802《伦敦，⼀⼋〇⼆年》TheSolitaryReaper《孤独的割麦⼥》：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的⾃然观，具有林秀之⽓和⾳韵之美。Chapter20GeorgeGordon,LordByronGeorgeGordonByron乔治·⼽登·拜伦爵⼠（1788-1824）Hisworks：WhenWeTwoParted《想从前我们俩分⼿》SheWalksinBeauty《她⾛在美的光彩中》SonnetonChillon《咏锡雍》ChildeHarold’spilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》DonJuan《唐·璜》Chapter21PercyByssheShelleyPercyByssheShelley(1792-1822)珀西·⽐希·雪莱Hewasrebellious（反抗的）fromaveryyoungage.Hewasapersonofextremepersonality.Hewroteabouttheuniverse,lark（宇宙）sky.Hisworks:Ozymandias《奥西曼迪亚斯》ASong:“ManofEngland”《给英格兰⼈的歌》OdetotheWestWind《西风颂》IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?（如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？）Thecloud《云》ToaSky-Lark《致云雀》Chapter22JohnKeatsJohnKeats约翰·济慈（1795—1821）Hisworks:OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer《初读查普曼译荷马诗有感》OdetoaNightingale《夜莺颂》OdeonaGrecianUrn《希腊古瓮颂》ToAutumn《秋颂》BrightStar《灿烂的星》Chapter24JaneAustenJaneAusten（1775-1817）简·奥斯丁JaneAustencompletedsixnovel,NorthangerAbbey《诺桑觉寺》,Senseandsensibility《理智和情感》,PrideandPrejudice《傲慢与偏见》,MansfieldPark(1814)《曼斯菲尔德公园》,Emma《爱