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TheAtomandthe
PeriodicTableTheAtomandthe
PeriodicTab1AtomsEverythingintheUniverseismadeofstuff(alsoknownasmatter).Thebuildingblocksarethesame,whetherwearelookingatStarsorStarbursts.jakehowlett/tuckshop/wrappers/sweets/fruits//12659/media/solar_system/sun/sun.jpgAtomsEverythingintheUnivers2AtomsMatterismadeupofAtoms.Atomsarethesmallestparticleofanelement.Theyaresosmallthat:1sheetofpaper=10,000atomsthick1dropofwaterhas2trillionatomsofoxygenand4trillionatomsofhydrogen.Thethreepartsofanatomare:ProtonsNeutronsElectronsAtomsMatterismadeupofAtom3Atoms–ProtonsTherearethreetypesofparticlesthatmakeupatomsThefirsttypeofparticleiscalledthePROTON.Protonsarefoundinthenucleusofanatom.Protonshaveapositive(+)charge.Protonshaveamassof1a.m.u.Atoms–ProtonsTherearethree4Atoms-NeutronsAnotherparticleistheNEUTRON.Neutronsarealsofoundinthenucleusofanatom.Neutronshavenocharge.Wecallthisneutral.Neutronshaveamassof1a.m.u.Neutronsactlikethegluethatholdsthenucleustogether.Atoms-NeutronsAnotherpartic5Atoms-ElectronsElectronsarethethirdtypeofparticleinsideofanatom.Theyareverysmall,andexistoutsideofthenucleusintheelectronscloudsorshells.Electronshaveanegativecharge(-)andhavealmostnomassatall.Atoms-ElectronsElectronsare6AtomicStructureAtomsaremadeupofthreesubatomicparticles:Subatomic=smallerthananatomLivewhere?Havemass?Whatcharge?ProtonsNeutronsElectronsInnucleusInnucleusOutsidenucleus1a.m.u1a.m.uNo,negligible+-noneAtomicStructureAtomsaremade7AtomicStructureVideoAtomicStructureVideo8Elements SubstancesmadeofonlyonetypeofatomIdentifiedbyatomicnumber(protons!!!)CannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesElements Substancesmadeofon9ElementSymbolsShorthandnameoftheelementMostarebasedontheLatinnameEx:Gold=AuThesymboliseither:Onecapitalletter-ex:Carbon=CTwoletters…onecapitol,onelowercase-ex:Krypton=KrElementSymbolsShorthandname10AtomicNumberTopNumberindicatesAtomicNumberAtomicNumber=NumberofProtonsHydrogen:AtomicNumber1=1protonMagnesium:AtomicNumber12=12protonsLead:AtomicNumber82=82ProtonsIFYOUCHANGETHENUMBEROFPROTONSOFANATOM,YOUCHANGEITSIDENTITY!!!!!!!!1H12Mg82PbAtomicNumberTopNumberindica11AtomicMassBottomNumberindicatesAtomicMassAtomicMass=TotalMass(NumberofProtons+NumberofNeutrons)Hydrogen:1(Protons+Neutrons)Magnesium:24(Protons+Neutrons)Lead:207(Protons+Neutrons)IfwetaketheAtomicMassandsubtracttheAtomicNumber,wecanfigureoutthenumberofneutrons.Pb–(AtomicMass)207–(AtomicNumber)82=125H1Mg24Pb207AtomicMassBottomNumberindic12AtomicStructure(cont.)AtomicMassAveragemassofanelement,basedonamountofeachisotopefoundinnatureNotawholenumberbecauseitisanaverageAtomicnumberNumberofprotonsinanelementAlso,numberofelectronswhenitisneutral(hasnocharge)7N14.011AtomicStructure(cont.)Atomic13AtomicStructure(cont.)Foralithium(Li)atom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicmass?Howmanyneutrons?3336.939roundedto7Usually4AtomicStructure(cont.)Fora14AtomicStructure(cont.)PracticeProblem#1 Forasodiumatom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicweight?Howmanyneutrons?11111122.99roundedto23Usually12AtomicStructure(cont.)Practi15AtomicStructure(cont.)PracticeProblem#2 Foraboronatom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicweight?Howmanyneutrons?55510.811roundedto11Often6AtomicStructure(cont.)Practi16PeriodsTheelementsarearrangedontheperiodictableofelementsGoinghorizontalacrossthetablearethePERIODSStartingfromtheleft,theperiodsgofrommetalsmetalloidsnonmetalsPeriodsTheelementsarearrang17ThePeriodicTableOrganizedbytrendsandpatterns“periodic”meansrepeatingThisallowsyoutomakepredictionsabouttheatoms’behaviorbasedonwheretheyareonthetableThePeriodicTableOrganizedby18TheAtomandthePeriodicTable原子与元素周期表课件19MetalsLoseelectronstoformpositiveionsDuctile&MalleableWhatdothesewordsmean?
GoodconductorsofheatandelectricityMOSTaresolidatroomtemperatureMetalsLoseelectronstoformp20NonmetalsGainelectronstoformnegativeionsBrittleGoodinsulatorsFoundassolid,liquid,orgasatroomtempNonmetalsGainelectronstofor21Metalloids(semi-metals)Founddirectlyoneithersideofside-steplineExceptAl(thisisametal!!!)PropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetalsLessconductivethanmetals,butpoorerinsulatorsthannonmetalsElectronsheldmoretightlythanmetals,butcanbefreedwithheatMetalloids(semi-metals)Found22PeriodicTable-HistoryDimitryMendeleevwasaRussian(actuallySiberian)scientistthatlivedinthelate19thCentury.PeriodicTable-HistoryDimitr23PeriodicTable-HistoryWhenMendeleevarrangedthembyAtomicMass,hewasabletopredictthepropertiesofelementsthathadnotyetbeendiscovered.ThisisthebasisofthePeriodicTablethatweusetoday.PeriodicTable-HistoryWhenM24PeriodicTable-HistoryNowthePeriodicTablethatweuseisarrangedbyAtomicNumberinsteadofMass.HenryMoseleyreorderedthePeriodicTablebyAtomicNumberPeriodicTable-HistoryNowth25GroupsandFamiliesThecolumnsontheperiodictablearecalledgroupsandfamilies.Thegroupsarethenumbers;thefamiliesarethenamesTheyareorganizedbythenumberofvalenceelectronsGroupsandFamiliesThecolumns26AlkaliMetalsGroup1AOnlyonevalenceelectronVERYreactive!!!!HydrogenisNOTincludedAlkaliMetalsGroup1A27AlkalineEarthMetalsGroup2ATwovalenceelectronsNotasreactiveasthealkalimetalsNamedbecauseofwheretheyarefoundonEarthAlkalineEarthMetalsGroup2A28TransitionMetalsFoundinthemiddleofthetableInthe“BGroups”CanchangetheirnumberofvalenceelectronsBottomRowsarealsoknownastheRareEarthMetals!!!TransitionMetalsFoundinthe29HalogensGroup7ASevenvalenceelectronsVERYreactive!!!!HalogensGroup7A30NobleGasesGroup8A8valenceelectrons—outerenergylevelisfullVeryUNREACTIVE—whatdotheyneedtobeNobleGasesGroup8A31ElectronCloudsThedifferentlayersofcloudsholddifferentnumbersofelectrons1stcloud=22ndcloud=83rdcloud=8Thesecloudlayersconvenientlymatchtherowsontheperiodictable:1strow=2elements2ndrow=8elements3rdrow=8elements…AndthenitgetscomplicatedElectronCloudsThedifferentl32ElectronClouds(cont.)Todrawtheelectronclouds:FigureouthowmanytotalelectronsFillintheelectronsstartingwiththefirstcloudSulfurhas:16electronsElectronClouds(cont.)Todraw33ElectronClouds(cont.)PracticeProblemDrawtheelectroncloudsforanAlatomThisisWAYtoomuchwork…theremustbeasimplerway!ElectronClouds(cont.)Practic34LewisDotStructuresAsmartmannamedGilbertNewtonLewisfiguredoutaneasierway!ForLewisDotStructuresdrawonlythe
importantelectrons…arecalledtheouter,orvalence,electronsJustdrawtheouterelectronsaroundtheatomicsymbolSLewisDotStructuresAsmartma35LewisDotStructures(cont.)PracticeProblem#4DrawLewisDotStructuresfor:ACalciumatomAChlorineatomAnOxygenatomCaOClLewisDotStructures(cont.)Pr36OctetRuleNoblegasesarewhatallelementsaspiretobelikeelectronicallyTheseelementshave8electronsinhighestenergylevel8isGREATOctetRuleNoblegasesarewhat37LewisDotStructures(cont.)Allelementswanttobefullofelectrons:SotheygainorloseelectronsuntiltheyarefullThisgivestheatomachargeNegativechargeiftheygainelectronsPositivechargeiftheyloseelectronsChargedatomsarecalledions:cationsiftheyarepositiveandanionsiftheyarenegativeLewisDotStructures(cont.)Al38AtomicNumberContinuedAlsoequaltonumberofelectronsiftheatomhasnochargeIftheElementhasapositivechargeTaketheatomicnumberandSubtractthechargetofind#ofelectronsK(AtomicNumber)19 -(Charge)1=18ElectronsCa?IftheelementhasanegativechargeTaketheatomicnumberandAddthechargetofindthenumberofelectronsCl17+1=18Electrons+1K+2Ca-1ClAtomicNumberContinuedAlsoeq39IonsHowmanyvalenceelectronsinLi?Isiteasiertogainorlosetobecomefull?Howmanywillitgainorlose?Whatchargewillitbecome?1lose1+1IonsHowmanyvalenceelectrons40IonsHowmanyvalenceelectronsinO?Isiteasiertogainorlosetobecomefull?Howmanywillitgainorlose?Whatchargewillitbecome?6gain2-2IonsHowmanyvalenceelectrons41IonsMagnesium-24+2Sulfur-33-2Phosphorus-34-3NameSymbolAtomic#Mass#ProtonsNeutronsElectronsChargeIonsMagnesium-24+2Sulfur-33-2P42AtomicTablesRulesNameComesfromPeriodicTableWITHMassNumberSymbolComesfromPeriodicTableAtomicNumberTopNumber,SameasnumberofProtonsMassNumberEqualtoNumberofProtons+NumberofNeutrons(UsuallyBottomNumberofPeriodicTableRounded)AtomicTablesRules43AtomicTablesContinuedProtonsEqualtoAtomicNumber(Top)Neutrons=MassNumber–NumberofProtonsElectronsIfNoChargeEqualtoNumberofProtonsIfHasaPositiveChargeSubtractChargefromNumberofProtonsIfHasaNegativeChargeAddChargetoNumberofProtonsAtomicTablesContinuedProtons44PracticeProblemsNameSymbolAtomicNumberMassNumberProtonsNeutronsElectronsCharge10030260Na23+11616-2Nitrogen-1510Neon-20Ne122656261020101018FeIron-56Sodium-23111110Sulfur-32S32167N1578-3PracticeProblemsNameSymbolAto45TheAtomandthePeriodicTable原子与元素周期表课件46TheAtomandthe
PeriodicTableTheAtomandthe
PeriodicTab47AtomsEverythingintheUniverseismadeofstuff(alsoknownasmatter).Thebuildingblocksarethesame,whetherwearelookingatStarsorStarbursts.jakehowlett/tuckshop/wrappers/sweets/fruits//12659/media/solar_system/sun/sun.jpgAtomsEverythingintheUnivers48AtomsMatterismadeupofAtoms.Atomsarethesmallestparticleofanelement.Theyaresosmallthat:1sheetofpaper=10,000atomsthick1dropofwaterhas2trillionatomsofoxygenand4trillionatomsofhydrogen.Thethreepartsofanatomare:ProtonsNeutronsElectronsAtomsMatterismadeupofAtom49Atoms–ProtonsTherearethreetypesofparticlesthatmakeupatomsThefirsttypeofparticleiscalledthePROTON.Protonsarefoundinthenucleusofanatom.Protonshaveapositive(+)charge.Protonshaveamassof1a.m.u.Atoms–ProtonsTherearethree50Atoms-NeutronsAnotherparticleistheNEUTRON.Neutronsarealsofoundinthenucleusofanatom.Neutronshavenocharge.Wecallthisneutral.Neutronshaveamassof1a.m.u.Neutronsactlikethegluethatholdsthenucleustogether.Atoms-NeutronsAnotherpartic51Atoms-ElectronsElectronsarethethirdtypeofparticleinsideofanatom.Theyareverysmall,andexistoutsideofthenucleusintheelectronscloudsorshells.Electronshaveanegativecharge(-)andhavealmostnomassatall.Atoms-ElectronsElectronsare52AtomicStructureAtomsaremadeupofthreesubatomicparticles:Subatomic=smallerthananatomLivewhere?Havemass?Whatcharge?ProtonsNeutronsElectronsInnucleusInnucleusOutsidenucleus1a.m.u1a.m.uNo,negligible+-noneAtomicStructureAtomsaremade53AtomicStructureVideoAtomicStructureVideo54Elements SubstancesmadeofonlyonetypeofatomIdentifiedbyatomicnumber(protons!!!)CannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstancesElements Substancesmadeofon55ElementSymbolsShorthandnameoftheelementMostarebasedontheLatinnameEx:Gold=AuThesymboliseither:Onecapitalletter-ex:Carbon=CTwoletters…onecapitol,onelowercase-ex:Krypton=KrElementSymbolsShorthandname56AtomicNumberTopNumberindicatesAtomicNumberAtomicNumber=NumberofProtonsHydrogen:AtomicNumber1=1protonMagnesium:AtomicNumber12=12protonsLead:AtomicNumber82=82ProtonsIFYOUCHANGETHENUMBEROFPROTONSOFANATOM,YOUCHANGEITSIDENTITY!!!!!!!!1H12Mg82PbAtomicNumberTopNumberindica57AtomicMassBottomNumberindicatesAtomicMassAtomicMass=TotalMass(NumberofProtons+NumberofNeutrons)Hydrogen:1(Protons+Neutrons)Magnesium:24(Protons+Neutrons)Lead:207(Protons+Neutrons)IfwetaketheAtomicMassandsubtracttheAtomicNumber,wecanfigureoutthenumberofneutrons.Pb–(AtomicMass)207–(AtomicNumber)82=125H1Mg24Pb207AtomicMassBottomNumberindic58AtomicStructure(cont.)AtomicMassAveragemassofanelement,basedonamountofeachisotopefoundinnatureNotawholenumberbecauseitisanaverageAtomicnumberNumberofprotonsinanelementAlso,numberofelectronswhenitisneutral(hasnocharge)7N14.011AtomicStructure(cont.)Atomic59AtomicStructure(cont.)Foralithium(Li)atom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicmass?Howmanyneutrons?3336.939roundedto7Usually4AtomicStructure(cont.)Fora60AtomicStructure(cont.)PracticeProblem#1 Forasodiumatom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicweight?Howmanyneutrons?11111122.99roundedto23Usually12AtomicStructure(cont.)Practi61AtomicStructure(cont.)PracticeProblem#2 Foraboronatom:Whatistheatomicnumber?Howmanyprotons?Howmanyelectronssinceitisneutral?Whatistheatomicweight?Howmanyneutrons?55510.811roundedto11Often6AtomicStructure(cont.)Practi62PeriodsTheelementsarearrangedontheperiodictableofelementsGoinghorizontalacrossthetablearethePERIODSStartingfromtheleft,theperiodsgofrommetalsmetalloidsnonmetalsPeriodsTheelementsarearrang63ThePeriodicTableOrganizedbytrendsandpatterns“periodic”meansrepeatingThisallowsyoutomakepredictionsabouttheatoms’behaviorbasedonwheretheyareonthetableThePeriodicTableOrganizedby64TheAtomandthePeriodicTable原子与元素周期表课件65MetalsLoseelectronstoformpositiveionsDuctile&MalleableWhatdothesewordsmean?
GoodconductorsofheatandelectricityMOSTaresolidatroomtemperatureMetalsLoseelectronstoformp66NonmetalsGainelectronstoformnegativeionsBrittleGoodinsulatorsFoundassolid,liquid,orgasatroomtempNonmetalsGainelectronstofor67Metalloids(semi-metals)Founddirectlyoneithersideofside-steplineExceptAl(thisisametal!!!)PropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetalsLessconductivethanmetals,butpoorerinsulatorsthannonmetalsElectronsheldmoretightlythanmetals,butcanbefreedwithheatMetalloids(semi-metals)Found68PeriodicTable-HistoryDimitryMendeleevwasaRussian(actuallySiberian)scientistthatlivedinthelate19thCentury.PeriodicTable-HistoryDimitr69PeriodicTable-HistoryWhenMendeleevarrangedthembyAtomicMass,hewasabletopredictthepropertiesofelementsthathadnotyetbeendiscovered.ThisisthebasisofthePeriodicTablethatweusetoday.PeriodicTable-HistoryWhenM70PeriodicTable-HistoryNowthePeriodicTablethatweuseisarrangedbyAtomicNumberinsteadofMass.HenryMoseleyreorderedthePeriodicTablebyAtomicNumberPeriodicTable-HistoryNowth71GroupsandFamiliesThecolumnsontheperiodictablearecalledgroupsandfamilies.Thegroupsarethenumbers;thefamiliesarethenamesTheyareorganizedbythenumberofvalenceelectronsGroupsandFamiliesThecolumns72AlkaliMetalsGroup1AOnlyonevalenceelectronVERYreactive!!!!HydrogenisNOTincludedAlkaliMetalsGroup1A73AlkalineEarthMetalsGroup2ATwovalenceelectronsNotasreactiveasthealkalimetalsNamedbecauseofwheretheyarefoundonEarthAlkalineEarthMetalsGroup2A74TransitionMetalsFoundinthemiddleofthetableInthe“BGroups”CanchangetheirnumberofvalenceelectronsBottomRowsarealsoknownastheRareEarthMetals!!!TransitionMetalsFoundinthe75HalogensGroup7ASevenvalenceelectronsVERYreactive!!!!HalogensGroup7A76NobleGasesGroup8A8valenceelectrons—outerenergylevelisfullVeryUNREACTIVE—whatdotheyneedtobeNobleGasesGroup8A77ElectronCloudsThedifferentlayersofcloudsholddifferentnumbersofelectrons1stcloud=22ndcloud=83rdcloud=8Thesecloudlayersconvenientlymatchtherowsontheperiodictable:1strow=2elements2ndrow=8elements3rdrow=8elements…AndthenitgetscomplicatedElectronCloudsThedifferentl78ElectronClouds(cont.)Todrawtheelectronclouds:FigureouthowmanytotalelectronsFillintheelectronsstartingwiththefirstcloudSulfurhas:16electronsElectronClouds(cont.)Todraw79ElectronClouds(cont.)PracticeProblemDrawtheelectroncloudsforanAlatomThisisWAYtoomuchwork…theremustbeasimplerway!ElectronClouds(cont.)Practic80LewisDotStructuresAsmartmannamedGilbertNewtonLewisfiguredoutaneasierway!ForLewisDotStructuresdrawonlythe
importantelectrons…arecalledtheouter,orvalence,electronsJustdrawtheouterelectronsaroundtheatomicsymbolSLewisDotStructuresAsmartma81LewisDotStructures(cont.)PracticeProblem#4DrawLewisDotStructuresfor:ACalciumatomAChlorineatomAnOxygenatomCaOClLewisDotStructures(cont.)Pr82OctetRuleNoblegasesarewhatallelementsaspiretobelikeelectronicallyTheseelementshave8electronsinhighestenergylevel8isGREATOctetRuleNoblegasesarewhat83LewisDotStructures(cont.)Allelementswanttobefullofelectrons:SotheygainorloseelectronsuntiltheyarefullThisgivestheatomacharg
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