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Unit4Lesson1What'sSoFunny?第一课有趣的小故事StoryA故事AAfamousartcollectorwaswalkingthroughthecitywhenhenoticedadirtycatlappingmilkfromasaucerinthedoorwayofastore.Hedidadoubletake.一个著名的艺术品收藏家在穿过城市时看见一只脏猫在一家商店门口舔饮浅碟中的牛奶。他惊讶地又看了一眼。Henoticedthatthesaucerwasanantiqueandveryvaluable,sohewalkedcasuallyintothestoreandinnocentlyofferedtobuythecatfor20dollars.收藏家注意到浅碟是件古董,很值钱,于是他漫不经心地走进店里,假装不知情的样子,提出要花20美元买那只猫。Thestoreownerreplied,“I'msorry,butthecatisn'tforsale.”收藏家注意到浅碟是件古董,很值钱,于是他漫不经心地走进店里,假装不知情的样子,提出要花20美元买那只猫。Thecollectorsaid,“Please,Ineedahungrycatwithagoodappetitearoundthehousetocatchmice.I'llpayyou200dollarsforthatcat.”收藏家说:“拜托了,我正需要一只又饿、胃口又好的猫帮我抓屋里的老鼠呢,我可以出200美元买那只猫。”Theownersaid“sold”andhandedoverthecat.店主说了声“成交”,就把猫给了他。Thecollectorcontinued,“Hey,forthe200dollarsIwonderifyoucouldthrowinthatoldsaucer.Thecat'susedtoitandit'llsavemefromhavingtogetadish.”收藏家接着说:“嘿,200美元的话能不能把那个破碟子也送给我。毕竟这猫已经习惯了用它,这样也省得我再去买猫食盆了。”Andtheownersaid,“Sorrymyfriend,butthat'smyluckysaucer.SofarthisweekI'vesold68cats.”店主说:“对不起,朋友,那可是我的幸运碟。到现在为止,这周我已经卖出去68只猫了。”StoryB故事BSherlockHolmesandDr.Watsonwentonacampingtrip.Afteragooddinnerandabottleofwine,theyretiredforthenight,andwenttosleep.夏洛克福尔摩斯和华生医生去野营。他们吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐,喝了瓶酒,就准备休息,去睡觉了。Somehourslater,Holmeswokeupandaskedhisfaithfulfriend,“Watson,lookupattheskyandtelwlhamtyousee.”几小时后,福尔摩斯醒了,问他忠实的朋友:“华生,抬头看看天空,告诉我你看到了什么。”“Iseemillionsandmillionsofstars,Holmes,”repliedWatson.“福尔摩斯,我看到无数的星星,”华生回答。“Andwhatdoyoudeducefromthat?”“那你从中推断出什么?”Watsonthoughtforaminute.华生想了一会儿。“Well,accorditnogthestudiesonastronomy,ittellsmethattherearemillionsofgalaxiesandpotentiallybillionsofplanets.AccordingtothepositionsofthestobservethatSaturnisinLeo.Accordingtothescientificmeasurementoftime,Ideducethatthetimeisprobablyaquarterpastthree.Accordingtothecurrentatmosphere,Iforecastthatwewillhaveabeautifuldaytomorrow.Whatdoesittellyou,Holmes?”“嗯,根据天文学研究推断,现在天空中有数百万的星系,可能还有数十亿颗行星。根据星星的位置判断,现在土星在狮子座。根据科学计时测算,我推断现在大概是三点一刻。根据目前的大气条件,我预测明天天气会很好。福尔摩斯,你推断出了什么?”Holmeswassilentforamoment.“Watson,”hesaid,“someonehasstolenourtent!”福尔摩斯沉默了一会儿。“华生,”他说,“有人偷了我们的帐篷!”StoryC故事cAmiddle-agedmanwasfeelingverydown.Everythinghadbeengoingwrongforhim.Hehadhadproblemsatworkandhiswifehadlefthimforanotherman.So,afterhehadbeenfeelingdepressedforoveramonth,hedecidedtogotothedoctor.Hehadtowaitforwhatseemedlikeagesinthedoctor'ssurgery.Thebleedingmannexttohimwaslookingathiswatchnervously;awomanwascoughingandsneezingbadly;andababywasscreaming.Finally,afterhehadbeenwaitingforabouthalfanhour,hewascalledinforhisconsultatiThedoctorwaswritinganoteatherdeskwhenhecamein.“Sorirsyh,inIg'mjustfinsomething.I'mafraidwe'vebeenverybusythismorning.”Shethenturnedtotheman.“So,what'stheproblem?”sheasked.一个中年男子觉得非常沮丧。最近他诸事不顺。他在工作上遇到了问题,妻子又跟别的男人跑了。在沮丧了一个多月后,他决定去看医生。他在诊室里等着,像是等了几个世纪。旁边的男人在流血,紧张地看着手表;一个女人使劲咳嗽、打喷嚏;还有个婴儿在哭闹。等了半小时后,终于叫到他了。他进去时医生正在办公桌上写便条。“抱歉,我刚忙完别的事,今天上午很忙。”之后她转向中年人问道,“你怎么了?”“Well,I'vebeenhavingabitofacrisis,youknow,lotsofproblems,”repliedtheman.“AndI'vebeendoingalotofwork.”“是这样的,我最近遭遇了一点危机,嗯,是出现了很多问题,”那人回答道,“而且我工作一直很忙。”“Mmm,you'relookingverypale.”Thedoctorstartedtoexaminehim.“Well,everythingisworkingOK,”sheannouncedafterwards.“Youhaveslightlyhighbloodpressureandyou'rebreathingquiteheavily,butotherwiseeverything'sfine.”“嗯,你脸色很苍白。”医生开始给他检查。“不过一切正常,”她检查后说道。“除了血压有点高,呼吸有些沉重,其他方面都正常。”“SowhatcanIdo?”askedtheman.“I'mgoingonatripsoon.IwillbeworkingintheUnitedStatesforthreemonths.Thistimenextweek,I'llbearrivinginNewYork.”“那我该怎么办?”那人问道。“我很快就要出差了,要在美国连续工作三个月。下星期的这个时候,我就去纽约了。”Thedoctorthoughtforawhile.“Ithinkwhatyouneedisagoodlaugh.Thatwoulddoyoualotofgood.Acircusisperformingintown.Whydon'tyougotoseeit?Ihearthere'sanamazingclownwho'llreallymakeyoulaugh.Hisname'sGrock.”医生想了一会儿。“我觉得你需要开怀大笑,笑出来对你很有好处。城里刚好有马戏团表演,你怎么不去看看呢?我听说马戏团里有个很棒的小丑,叫格罗克,他肯定能逗笑你。”“IamGrock,”repliedthemansadly.“可我就是格罗克,”那人悲伤地回答。Lesson3MyFavouriteComedian第三课我最喜欢的喜剧演员TEXT1MrBean憨豆先生MrBeanisaninternationallyrecognisedcomedycharacterinfilmsandTVseries.Hehasareputationforconstantlyencounteringawkwardsituations,whichgreatlyamusesaudiencesofallnationalitiesandcultures.Hishumourisalwaysmadeclearthroughaseriesofsimpleandfunnyactsthatrelypurelyonbodylanguagethatisuniversal.憨豆先生是一个国际知名的影视喜剧人物。他的著名之处在于总是遇到尴尬的情境,使来自不同国家、不同文化背景的观众都觉得非常好笑。憨豆先生的幽默总是通过一连串简单、可笑的动作清晰地表达出来,完全依靠肢体语言这一全世界都能理解的方式。OneofmyfavouriteepisodeswasMrBeaninafancyrestaurant.Afterbeingseatedathistable,MrBeantakesoutacard,writesafewwordsonit,putsitinanenvelopeandplacesitonthetable.Afteramoment,helooksbackattheenvelopebutthistimehelookssurprised,asifhedidnotknowitwasthere.Heopensittofindabirthdaycardandveryhappilyputsitonthetableforeveryonetosee.我喜欢的一集是憨豆先生在一家高档餐厅用餐的故事。在餐厅里安排就座后,憨豆先生拿出一张卡片,在上面写了几个字,塞进信封,放在桌子上。过了一会儿,他再看那信封,露出惊讶的表情,好像完全不知道它在那里。打开信封后,发现是张生日贺卡,他便高兴地把贺卡放在桌上向大家炫耀起来。Whenhelooksatthemenu,anastonishedlookquicklyappearsonhisface.Hetakesallthemoneyoutofhiswallet,countsitandputsitinasaucer.Hethenlooksfromthemenutothemoneywithconcernuntilhefindsonethingthatmakeshimsmile.Thenheordersadishcalled“steaktartare”.Whenthedisharrives,heisshockedtodiscoverthat“steaktartare”isactuallyrawhamburger.Hemakesanattempttoeatit,butitisclearfromthelookonhisfaceasheischewingthathefindsthetastetrulyawful.Hecannothidehisfeelings,exceptwhenthewaitersaskifeverythingisallright.Whenthishappens,hesmilesandnods,indicatingthateverythingisfine.Whenthewaitersarenotlooking,however,hebusieshimselfhidingtherawmeatanywherehecanreach—thesugarbowl,thetinyflowervase,insideabreadrollandunderaplate.Hebecomessodesperateintheendthatheevenhidessomeinsidethepurseofawomansittingnearhimandthrowssomedownthetrousersoftherestaurant'sviolinist!看菜单时,憨豆先生脸上立刻露出震惊的表情。他把钱包里所有的钱都拿出来,数了数,放进碟子里。他担心地一会儿看看菜单,一会儿看看钱,最终找到了一种食物,脸上露出了微笑。然后他点了一道“鞑靼牛肉”。可上菜的时候,憨豆先生惊讶地发现“鞑靼牛肉”其实就是生肉馅。他尝了尝,从他那咀嚼的表情就能看出,这东西一点都不好吃。他无法掩饰自己的感觉,除了在服务员问他是否一切满意时。服务员问他的时候,他笑着点点头,装作一切都好的样子。然而,当服务员没有注意的时候,他却忙着把生肉藏到任何地方——糖碗、小花瓶、小面包卷里和盘子下面。最后他无计可施,居然把一部分生肉藏在旁边女士的钱包里,塞进餐厅小提琴手的裤子里!IliketowatchMrBeanonTVbutIwouldn'twanttomeetsomeonelikehiminreallife,andIcertainlywouldn'twanttohavedinnerwithhim!我喜欢看电视里的憨豆先生,却不希望在现实生活中遇到像他这样的人,更不想和他共进晚餐!TEXT2TheContemporaryChaplin当代卓别林RowanAtkinsonisanEnglishactor,comedianandscreenwriter.InBritain,MrAtkinsonismostlyfamousformanysuccessfulTVshowsbutinternationallyweknowhimbestastheawkward,clumsy,butalwaysamusingMrBean.IfyouthinkthatRowanAtkinsonisanythinglikehisfamouscreation,thenyouareinforasurprise.Onthecontrary,heisnothinglikeMrBean.罗温•艾金森,英国喜剧演员、编剧。艾金森先生在英国的名气主要源于他参演了很多著名影视剧。但在国际上,我们所熟悉的他是那个尴尬、笨拙,总能把人逗乐的憨豆先生。如果你认为罗温•艾金森和他扮演的憨豆先生角色一样,那你一定会感到惊讶。相反,他本人实际上一点也不像憨豆先生。Rowanwasbornon6January,1955.Hegrewuponafarmwithhisparentsandthreeolderbrothers.Hisfatherwasverystrictanddidnotbelieveinthevalueoftelevision.罗温出生于1955年1月6日,随父母在农场长大,家中有三个哥哥。他的父亲非常严厉,不相信电视的价值。Rowanhadaverysuccessfulacademiccareer.Attheageof13,hewasawardedascholarshiptoaboardingschool.Later,hestudiedatNewcastleUniversitywhereheattainedthehighestmarksinhisyear.AtOxford,heobtainedhismaster'sdegreeinelectricalengineering.Thismayexplainwhyhelovesfastcars,ofwhichhehasmany.罗温的学生生涯非常成功。他13岁就获得了一所寄宿学校的奖学金,之后就读于纽卡斯尔大学,并以专业第一名的优异成绩毕业。随后,他又取得牛津大学电机工程硕士学位。这也许是他为什么那么喜欢跑车,而且收藏了很多跑车的原因吧。WhenRowanwasyoung,hehadastutterandtomakehisspeechclearer,hebegantospeakverycarefully.Thismaybewhysomeofhischaractershaveunusualwaysofspeaking.罗温小时候有口吃的毛病,为了讲话更清楚,他说话格外仔细。这也是他所塑造的一些角色讲话方式与众不同的原因。Asearlyasprimaryschool,Rowanhadalreadyshownatalentforacting,butitwasonlylateratuniversitythathedecidedtobecomeanactor.Akeyeventoccurredonedayin1976whenhewasplayingaroundandpullingafaceinthemirror.“Idiscoveredmyface,”hesaidlater.早在小学时,罗温就表现出了表演天赋,但直到大学毕业,他才决定当一名演员。1976年的一天发生了一件关键的事情,闲玩之中他对着镜子做鬼脸。后来他说,“那天,我发现了自己的另一副面孔。”JohnLloyd,whoworkedasaproducerforBBCTelevision,saysthatonerarelymeetssomeonewithsuchgenius,andthatwhenheworkedwithAtkinsonhebecameconvincedthatRowanwouldbemorefamousthanCharlieChaplin.英国广播公司电视台的制片人约翰•劳埃德说,遇到这样的天才很难得,与罗温的合作使他相信罗温会比查理•卓别林更出名。Unit5Lesson1EnlighteningaMind第一课启迪心灵HelenKellerwasanexceptionallyspecialgirl.Bythetimeshewassevenyearsold,shestillcouldn'tspeak,readorwriteandneededtohaveeverythingdoneforher.Thiswasbecauseshecouldn'tseeorhear.Withthesesevererestrictionstohercommunication,Helen'sbehaviourwasoftenunbearable.Shewassometimestroublesome,stubbornandangry,andhadatendencytobreakthingswhennooneunderstoodher.海伦•凯勒是一个非常特殊的女孩。她七岁时,仍不会说话,不能读书也不会写字,一切都需要别人照顾。这是因为她看不见也听不见。这些严重的障碍限制了海伦的正常交流,也让她的行为常常令人难以忍受。海伦有时很烦人、很固执,而且很易怒。如果没有人能理解她的意思,她就会摔东西。Helen'sparentsgotasuperbteacherrecommendedtothem,awomannamedAnneSullivan.AnnewasateacherandformerstudentataschoolfortheblindinBoston.She'dhadeyesightproblemsearlyinlifeaswellsoshecouldrelatetoHelen'sdifficulties.海伦的父母经人推荐,聘请了一位名叫安妮•莎莉文的优秀老师。安妮曾是波士顿一所盲人学校的老师,也曾在那儿上过学。她小时候也视力有障碍,所以更能理解海伦所面临的困境。Anne'stechniquetoteachHelenlanguagewassimpleandstraightforward.AnnespeltwordsbywritingonHelen'shandsothatHelencouldgetamentalpictureofthewords.Shestartedwiththeword“doll”.ShewouldletHelenplaywiththedoll,andthenspelltheletters“D-O-L-L”onherhand.Whentheyinitiallydidthis,Helenthoughtitwasagame.Shewroteaboutherexcitementlaterinherbook,TheStoryofMyLife:安妮教海伦学习语言的方法简单明了。她先在海伦手上拼写单词,使海伦联想到单词的画面。安妮给海伦拼写的第一个词是“doll”。她先让海伦和洋娃娃玩耍,然后在海伦的手上拼写“D-O-L-L”。刚开始海伦以为这是在玩游戏。后来在《我的人生故事》一书中,海伦描述了自己的兴奋之情:“Runningdownstairstomymother,Iheldupmyhandandmadethelettersfor‘doll'.IdidnotknowthatIwasspellingawordoreventhatwordsexisted;Iwassimplymakingmyfingersgoinmonkey-likeimitation.”"我跑下楼去见我母亲,举起手来,也给她拼写字母组成‘doll'。可我那时并不知道自己在拼写单词,甚至压根不知道词汇的存在。我仅仅是亦步亦趋地用手指模仿老师。”Whentheywereatthewelloneday,AnneputoneofHelen'shandsunderthestreamofwater.AsthewaterflowedoverHelen'shand,Annespeltout“W-A-T-E-R”intoHelen'sotherhand.AsAnnewroteonHelen'shand,Helensuddenlyrealisedthatthemovementofthefingersmeantthecoolliquidflowingoverherhand.Thispreciousknowledgegaveherhopeandjoy.Finally,shegottheworldofwordsopeneduptoher.一天,她们在井边,安妮把海伦的一只手放在水流下。水缓缓流过海伦的手掌,安妮在她的另一只手上拼写“W-A-T-E-R”。安妮在海伦手上写的时候,海伦突然意识到,手指的动作代表的是流过自己手掌的清凉的液体。这宝贵的知识给她带来希望和快乐。终于,她打开了语言世界的大门。NowthatHelengraspedthekeytolanguage,shewasveryeagertolearnmoreanduseitasmuchasshecould.Childrenwhocanseeandhearlearnlanguageeasily,butforHelen,itwasagradualandsometimespainfulprocess.However,becauseHelenwassoenthusiasticaboutlearning,theresultswereamazing.由于海伦理解了语言的关键,她非常渴望学习更多语言,并且尽可能运用它。正常的孩子能听、能看,学起语言来很容易。但对海伦来说,学习语言是个渐进的过程,有时会很痛苦。然而,因为海伦对学习极高的热情,学习成果令人吃惊。AsHelen'sknowledgeandvocabularyexpanded,sheaskedmoreandmorequestions.Thissoonledhertodiscovermorecomplexwordsandchangedherthinkingprocess.Tryingtolearntheword“love”wasanexperiencethatsherememberedwell.Thisishowshedescribeditinherbook:随着海伦知识和词汇量的不断扩大,她提出的问题也越来越多。这使她学会了更复杂的单词,从而改变了思维的过程。她很清楚地记得,学习“love”这个单词的难忘经历。在书中她这样描述道:“IrememberthemorningthatIfirstaskedthemeaningoftheword‘love'.ThiswasbeforeIknewmanywords.Ihadfoundafewearlyvioletsinthegardenandbroughtthemtomyteacher...MissSullivanputherarmgentlyroundmeandwroteonmyhand,‘IloveHelen.'‘Whatislove?'Iasked.Shedrewmeclosertoherandsaid,‘Itishere,'pointingtomyheart...HerwordspuzzledmeverymuchbecauseIdidnotthenunderstandanythingunlessItouchedit.”“我记得有一天早上,我第一次问‘love'这个词的含义。那时我的词汇量还很有限。我在花园里发现了早开的紫罗兰,摘下一些带给老师……莎莉文老师温柔地搂着我,在我的手上写着:‘我爱海伦。'‘什么是爱?'我问道。她把我拉到身边,指着我的心脏说,‘爱在这里。’……她的话令我非常困惑,因为以往我只有触碰到实际物体,才能理解它的意思。”AlthoughthemeaningoflovewasstillnotapparenttoHelen,shekeptontryingtounderstandit.“Ismeltthevioletsinherhandandasked,halfinwords,halfinsigns,aquestionwhichmeant,‘Islovethesweetnessofflowers?'‘No,'saidmyteacher.'尽管对海伦来说,爱的意义还不明确,但她一直试着理解。“我闻了闻她手里的紫罗兰,半拼写半比划地问了个问题,意思大概是‘爱是花朵的香味吗?'‘不,'我的老师回答道。”WhenHelenandAnnewereoutsideoneday,Helenfeltthewarmthofthesun'srays.Shepointedupandaskedifthatwaslove.Whenherteachersaidthatitwasn't,shewasconfusedanddisappointed.“Ithoughtitstrangethatmyteachercouldnotshowmelove.”一天和老师在室外,海伦感受到了阳光的温暖。她指了指太阳,问老师那是不是爱,老师说不是,海伦感到更困惑了,而且有些失望。“我觉得很奇怪,因为我的老师不能给我表示什么是爱。”Theword“think”wasalsoadifficultoneforHelenbecauseitissuchanabstractconcept.However,onedayasshewasworkingonasimpletask,shehadabreakthrough.ShewasmakingnecklaceswiththehelpofAnnewhenshenoticedthatshehadmadesomemistakes.Becauseshewasuncertainhowtofixthem,shestoppedtothinkcarefully.Asshedidthis,AnnetouchedHelen'sforeheadandwrotetheword“think”onherhand.“InaflashIknewthatthewordwasthenameoftheprocessthatwasgoingoninmyhead.”“think”这个词对海伦来说也很难理解,因为它很抽象。然而有一天,在做一项简单的任务时,她取得了突破。她正在安妮的帮助下做项链,这时她发现自己犯了一些错。海伦不确定该如何解决,便停下来认真思考。在她思考的时候,安妮点了点海伦的额头,在她的手上写“think”这个词。"瞬间我就明白了,我头脑中进行的活动就是这个词的意思。”ItwasthefirsttimeHelenhadunderstoodsuchacomplexword—awordforsomethingshecouldn'ttouch.Atthatmoment,hermindreturnedtotheword“love”.Asshethoughtaboutitsmeaningagain,thesuncameout.Shepointedtothesunandaskedherteacheragainifthatwaslove.AnneansweredHelenbyexplainingthatlovewaslikethesunandcloudsinaway.那是海伦第一次明白复杂词语的意思,她触摸不到的抽象词语。这时,海伦又想起了“love”。她再次思考“love”是什么意思,恰巧这时太阳出来了。海伦指着太阳又问老师那是不是爱。安妮解释道,爱在某种程度上就像太阳和云彩。“Youcannottouchtheclouds,youknow;butyoufeeltherain...Youcannottouchloveeither;butyoufeelthesweetnessthatitpoursintoeverything.Withoutloveyouwouldnotbehappyorwanttoplay.”"你知道吗,你摸不到云彩,但是你能感觉到雨你也触摸不到爱,但是你能感觉到爱给万物带来的甜蜜。没有爱,你就不会快乐,也不会想玩耍。”Inthatvividmoment,Helenfinallyunderstoodthebeautifultruthoftheword“love”.就在那个动人的时刻,海伦终于明白了“love”这个词语蕴含的美丽的真谛。Lesson3Understanding第三课认识世界Itseemsobviousnowhowweacquireknowledgeandunderstanding.Tostartwith,weneedquestions.Then,tofindanswers,weobservetheworldaroundusandstudythefacts.Afterthat,weconsiderpossibleanswersandtesteachtofindtherightones.AlthoughtodaywearemoreusedtotypingafewkeywordsintoasearchengineandwaitingfortheInternettogiveusananswer,modernscientistsandthinkersarestillsolvingtheworld'sproblemswiththistypeofanalysis—luckilyforus.今天,如何获取知识、认识世界,人人皆知。首先,我们需要问题。然后,为了寻找答案,我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后,我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证,以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词,等待互联网为我们提供答案,但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。However,inthe17thcenturywhenFrancisBacon(1561-1626)suggestedthatthistypeofthinkingwasthewaytogainknowledge,hewasgoingagainsttheviewsoftheday.AlthoughBaconheldanimportantrankinKingJames'royalcourtofEngland,histrueinterestwasnottheday-to-day,slowandinefficientworkingstyleofthegovernment,buttheworthysearchforknowledge.Thiswascertainlynottheinterestofmostpeopleinhisdays.Atthattime,peoplebelievedmoreinthechurchthaninfacts,andpeoplelikeGalileoGalilei(1564-1642),whoprovedtheideathat“theEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse”,wereoftenpunishedbythechurchwithnoonecomingtotheirdefence.Thechurchandmanypeopletendedtoignorethefactsanddidn'twanttochallengewhattheyhadalwayscomfortablybelieved.Infact,whenGalileiprovedthattheEarthwasnotthecentreoftheuniverse,insteadofbelievinghim,peoplechosetobelieveviewsthatwerealmost2,000yearsold!17世纪时,弗朗西斯•培根(1561—1626)提出用这种思考方式获取知识时,他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重,但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风,而是那些值得探索的知识。当然,探索知识并不是那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实,像伽利略•伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了"地球不是宇宙中心”的人物,往往会被教会惩罚,也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和多数人一样往往忽视事实,不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。事实上,当伽利略证明地球不是宇宙的中心时,人们没有选择相信他,而宁愿相信2000年前的陈旧观点!ItisnotsurprisingthatpeoplewantedtobelievetheseprimitiveideasastheyhadbeenputforwardbythegreatphilosopherAristotle(384-322BCE).HesaidthattheEarthmustbethecentreoftheuniversebecauseitfeltliketheEarthwasstandingstill.Galileidisagreed.Atfirst,peopleapprovedofhisstudiesandurgedhimtocontinue,butlaterwhenheprovedAristotlewrong,theygrewangryandputhiminprison.Theydidn'twanttoabandonwhatthey'dalwaysthoughtastrue.Andthisisstilloftentruetoday.Peoplemaketheassumptionthatifsomeoneimportantandrespectedsaysthatsomethingisright,thenitmustbeso.ButeventhoughAristotlewasagreatmanwhoinspiredmanygreatscientistsandphilosophersafterhim,hewaswrongattimes.AndGalileialsomademistakes.HeisnowknownasthefatherofastronomybuthebelievedthattheEarthmovedroundthesuninaperfectcircle.Hewaswrong.人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点,这一点并不奇怪。亚里士多德坚信地球是宇宙的中心,因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。但伽利略却不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果,催促他继续研究,但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时,人们生气了,并把他送进监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。如今这种现象也很常见。如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的,那么人们就会认为这件事一定是对的。但即使是亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了无数科学家和哲学家的伟大人物,有时也会犯错误。伽利略自己也犯过错误。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父,但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。Therefore,ourunderstandingoftheworldaroundusisconstantlygrowingandchanging.Inotherwords,welearnmoreeverydayandnoneofuscaneversitbackandsay,“Weknowitall.”Weneedtothankthegreatmenofthepastfortheirwisdom.Theyunderstoodthatwedon'tknoweverythingandprobablyneverwill,asthiswouldmeanaworldwithquestions.因此,我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说,我们每天都在学习更多的知识,谁也不能停止学习并且说:“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道,人不可能什么都懂,而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情,也就是说世界总是充满问题的。WeowesomuchofourknowledgeandunderstandingoftheworldtopeoplelikeBaconandGalilei,whowerebraveenoughtostepoutfromtheshadowsofconventionalthoughtinordertofindthekingdomofknowledgethattoday'scivilisationisbuiltupon.Thesemenknewthatknowledgeandunderstandingarethingstofightfor;morevitaltoaman,andmorebeneficialtomankind,somemightsay,thanallthemoneyintheworld.我们对世界的认识和理解,很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人,正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影,才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。这些伟人懂得,知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的;正如一些人所言,和全世界的金钱相比,这些对个人而言更重要,对全人类而言更有益。文中名言:Whoquestionsmuch,shalllearnmuch,andremembermuch.—FrancisBacon多问,多学,多得。一一弗朗西斯・培根Alltruthsareeasytounderstandoncetheyarediscovered;thepointistodiscoverthem.—GalileoGalilei所有的真理一旦被发现,都很容易理解。最难的是发现真理。——伽利略•伽利莱Unit6Lesson1FromPagetoScreen第一课从纸书到屏幕Readingabookandwatchingafilmaretwoverydifferentexperiences,butit'snormaltohavehighexpectationswhenafilmofafavouritebookismade.TherearemanytimesIhavebeenpessimisticorevendisappointedbyafilmofabookIlove.Althoughhighlyregardedbooksdonotalwaysmakegoodfilms,itissafetosaythatgreatfilmsmaybemadefromnotparticularlygoodbooks.(TheGodfatherimmediatelyspringstomind.)读书和看电影是两种截然不同的体验。如果人们最喜欢的书籍被翻拍成电影,他们对电影的期待值自然更高,这种现象很正常。不止一次,我喜欢的书籍拍成电影,我都不看好,甚至很失望。尽管高质量的书并不总是能拍出好看的电影,优秀的电影也可能来自不是那么好的书,说的倒是没错。(这让我马上想到《教父》。)Thesourcematerialforafilmmaybetakenfromclassicnovels,shortstories,comicbooksandstageplays,aswellasnon-fictionsuchasbiographiesandautobiographies,eventhosewrittenbyghostwriters.Allcanworkwell,butwhydomanyadaptationsandindeedremakesfailwithbothcinemaaudiencesandcritics?Andwhydosomeadaptationsgetlowerratingsthanothers?一部电影可以取材自经典小说、短篇小说、漫画书、舞台剧,也可以取自传记、自传等非小说作品,甚至是代笔人写的作品。这些素材都可以拍出很棒的作品,但为什么许多改编、翻拍的电影没能受到电影观众与评论家的好评呢?为什么有些改编作品的评分比其他作品低呢?Akeyquestionisobviouslyhowclosetotheoriginalthefilmis.Sinceatypicalfilmisonlyaroundtwohourslong,itbecomesaquestionforscreenwriterstodecidewhatisappropriateforthescreenandwhattoleaveout.Screenwriterstakecreativelibertyandsometimestheremaybechangestotheplot,additions,andevendifferentendingstopleaseproducers,directorsandtestaudiences.I,likemanypeople,haveoftenleftthecinemafeeling“thefilmisnotlikethebook”.显而易见,一个关键的问题在于这部电影与原作接近程度如何。电影通常只有两小时左右,在有限的时间里,编剧要决定书中哪部分适合银幕,哪部分不适合。对此编剧有一定的创作自由度,有时为了迎合制片人、导演、观众,会改动部分情节,甚至演绎不同结局。和很多人一样,我也经常在看完电影后感叹“这部电影和原作不一样”。Anotherproblemareaisthecast.Findingactorsacceptabletofilmaudiencescanmeanthedifferencebetweensuccessandfailure.Readersofthebookusetheirimaginationstovisualisecharactersandhaveverydefiniteideasabouthowcharactersshouldlookandsound.ThisiswhereIthinkmanyfilmadaptationsfalldown.另一个问题是演员阵容。找到电影观众所接受的演员,有时决定着电影的成败。读者会通过自己的想象,将书中的人物形象化,角色的外貌、声音他们都有明确的想法。我认为选择的演员不符合他们的想象,成为很多电影改编失败的原因。Somebooksarejusttoodifficulttobeadaptedfortechnicalreasons,althoughfilmslikeTheLifeofPiarechangingthisidea.CGI(ComputerGeneratedImage)technologyhashadahugeimpactonthefilmindustry.Itallowedthepreviouslyunfilmabletobecomeareality.一些书由于技术原因很难拍成电影,虽然《少年派的奇幻漂流》等电影的出现正在改变这一问题。电脑生成动画技术对电影产业有重大影响,让以前无法拍摄的内容成为现实。Onemaythinkthatitisthebookwriterwhoisinthebestpositiontodofilmadaptations.Infact,sometimesauthorsareveryinvolvedintheprocessandmayevenbethescreenwriter.Thiscanactuallybeadisadvantagebecausetheymaybetooclosetothematerialandfinditdifficulttoadapttoanewform.Atothertimestheyarenot,andthereareinstanceswherewritershavebeenveryunsatisfiedwiththefilmversionsoftheirwork;StephenKingisanexampleofthis.EvenmoreextremewasnovelistJ.D.Salinger,whomadesurenofilmversionsofhispopularnovelACatcherintheRyecouldeverbemade.Inthissituation,itisclearthatviewerswillnotbedisappointed!Forme,anyway,itisalwaysabadideatowatchafilmofabookyoulove.人们可能会认为,最适合改编电影的人应该是书籍作者本人。事实上,作者有时的确会参与改编,甚至可能担任电影编剧。但这其实有局限性,因为作者本人可能过于忠于书中内容,很难将其改编成一种新的形式。有时作者本人并不是电影编剧,于是出现了作者对自己作品所拍摄的电影版本非常不满意的情况。史蒂芬•金就是这样。小说家杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格更为极端,他永远不准自己广受欢迎的小说《麦田里的守望者》被拍成电影版本。如果是这样,读者就永远不会失望!不管怎样,我认为去看自己钟爱的书籍翻拍成的电影不会是个好主意。Despitethechallenges,therehavebeensomehighlysuccessfulfilmsmadefrompopularbooks.Forme,Jaws,HarryPotterandTheLordoftheRingsallfitthiscategory.AndpossiblythebestproofofasuccessfuladaptationistheJamesBondseries,themajorityofwhichhasbeenadaptedfromthe007novelsoflanFleming.Perhapsunusually,audiencesseemtoacceptthattheactorswhohaveplayedJamesBondhavechangedsooften,althougheveryoneseemstohavetheirfavourite.IknowIdo.尽管挑战重重,还是有一些改编自畅销书的电影取得了极大成功,例如《大白鲨》《哈利波特》和《指环王》都是成功的案例。可能最好的例子是詹姆斯•邦德系列,该系列的大部分作品都改编自伊恩•弗莱明的《007》系列小说。系列影片中詹姆斯•邦德的扮演者经常换人,但观众们似乎也能接受,这让人难以相信。但我相信每位观众和我一样,都有自己最喜欢的那个扮演者。Lesson3TheAdvertisingGame第三课广告竞赛Theadvertisingindustrystartedwiththefundamentalpurposeofpromotingandsellinggoodstopeoplewhomightneedthem.Advertisingagencieswouldcreateabasictypeofadvertisementknownasacommercialadvertisement.Suchadvertisementshavegonethroughaprocessofchangeovertheyearsalongwithsocial,economicandtechnologicaldevelopments.广告业的根本目的是向潜在消费者推销商品。广告代理公司创造出一种基本的广告形式,也就是我们所熟知的商业广告。与社会、经济和技术发展过程同步,多年来这些广告经历了一个变化的过程。Classicadvertisementsusedtogiveinformationaboutfindingcertainproducts.Itwaslikelytobethenameofacompany,partofwhichmightincludethenameoftheplacefromwhichtheproductoriginated.Forexample,itcouldbe“ShanghaiSewingMachines”,or“TsingTaoBeerCorporation”.Fromthenameyouwouldknowwhatthecompanysells,wheretheyarelocated,andthenameoftheproduct.以前,经典的广告会给出识别产品的信息。这些信息可能是公司名,其中一部分可能包含产品的原产地,比如,“上海缝纫机厂”或“青岛啤酒公司”。一看名字,你就知道这些公司销售的具体产品、所在地点以及产品名称。Advertisingagenciesusedtocreatethiskindofadvertisinganditcouldbeveryeffective.Butthentheyrealisedthatitmightnotbesuitableforamarketplacewhereproductsandservicesareindirectcompetitionwitheachother.Particularlynow,inmoderntimes,advertisementsneedtoattractandholdtheattentionofthepublic.Forthisreason,it'snownormaltoseeadvertisementsthatconsistofpicturesorwordsfromexpertstoshowpeoplehowgoodtheproductis.Otherstrytocreateadvertisementsthatpeoplesimplyenjoylookingat.Aspresent-dayadvertisersoftenhavelargebudgets,hugeamountsofmoneyarespentonapplyingmoderndesigntechniquestomaketheseadvertisementsasvisuallyattractiveaspossible.However,eventhisisoftennotenoughtobenoticedinamoderncity.广告代理公司过去常制作这种广告,而且效果很好。但后来他们意识到,在产品与服务直接竞争的市场上,这种广告类型可能不太适合。特别是在

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