托福作文写作范文详解tentiVIP

托福作文写作范文详解题目:Successfulsportsprofessionalscanearnagreatdealmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessions.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedwhileothersthinkitisunfair.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.话题和题型分类工作类；双边讨论题型题目分析运动员收入高是否公平思路提示A.公平运动员年轻的时候体力消耗大，年老后患有职业病没有一技之长，退役后很难找工作为国家做贡献，给青少年起着榜样作用B.不公平工资的高低应有所承担的社会责任来决定对第一个现象L和R的争论。先复述L的观点，骨头中的细小通道里的生物体可能是由于细菌死亡的原因。随即说明，这些个生物体不是R中说的由于血管留下的。此段结构：此段为分分结构。作者先写L对发现残留生物体的解释，从发现到解释之间的想法，然后再说明同样的发现R是怎么解释的。Paragraph3Second,thereadingassumesthereddishspheresfoundintheboneareredbloodcells,citingtheircolorandsize.Butotherfossilsofprimitiveorganismsinthesamegeneralareaalsocontainsimilarreddishspheres.Withtheknowledgethatsuchprimitiveorganismscouldnotyethaveevolvedredbloodcells,thereisgoodreasontobelievethatthesespotsareonlyreddishmineraldeposits,andnotbloodcells.Thereadingagainmakesanimprudentconclusionhere.此段功能：对第二个现象，发现红色球状体，L和R分别进行了解释。R觉得这些红色球的形状和大小意味着他们可能是骨头里的血红细胞。L觉得这样不对，因为在一些原始生物体(Primitiveorganism)的化石上，也有这样大小颜色的红色球，但这些原始生物根本没有血红细胞。所以对于红色球更合理的解释是，他们是红色矿物质的沉积。L还说R的这种解释太不谨慎了。此段结构：此段为总分结构，作者在第一句中用R的结论做总，然后接下来的L的两句话，先补充现象再补充结论，推翻了R的结论。Paragraph4Third,notasinglesampleofcollagenfoundtothisdateisolderthan100thousandyearsinage.Thecollagenfoundatthesitespokenofinthepassage,however,islocatedinaseventymillionyear-olddinosaurfossil.Sincethistissuecanhardlysustainsuchalonghistory,itssourcemaynotbeaprehistoricanimal,butrathertheskinofresearchers.Hence,thefinalconclusionofthereadingiscastindoubt.此段功能：在第三个现象的争论上，同样是发现了骨胶原组织。L说现在证据表明存在任何大于100,000年骨胶原组织，更何况一个70,000,000年的恐龙化石。对于骨胶原组织出现的合理释，不是R所说的史前动物留下的，更有可能是近代学者留下的，比如皮肤。所以R的结论十分值得怀疑。此段结构:此段为了达到最后证明R的结论不靠谱，L先列举了组织可能是骨胶原的条件，然后说发现的组织完全不符合这个条件，所以只能尝试用新的观点去解释他。最后达到怀疑R结论的目的。三、范文全篇总评1、逻辑结构全文遵从总分结构，开头段表明L的主要逻辑是怀疑和立出新解释，这篇文章里L并不是一个全盘否定的态度，更多的是遵从证据尝试做出更完整更合理的解释。随后三段依照3个分论点依次展开。一个观点的确立有3步骤：发现证据或现象，合理解释现象（解释最好带有普遍性），最后确立观点。为了推翻一个观点，对第一步，第二步都可以进行攻击。在第一，第二分论点中，作者说明L没有怀疑R发现的证据，只是作出了不同解释。在第三论点中，L对R发现的证据都觉得不合理，自然不同意R的结论。2、语言表达文中并没有涉及太多有难度的连接词，单词难度主要来自专业名词。可以借鉴的句式有:Thelecturerextendspossibleexplanationsbeyondtheconclusions（旧的结论）madeonthenewlydiscovered（新的现象和证据）andsuggeststhatthe（新的结论）同学们觉得L和R没有强烈的对抗情绪，而L是打算对R做出进一步解释可以用这样的句式。Imprudent：不谨慎的，不明智的/Careless/Unthoughtful/Itisimprudentofyoutolendmoneytoastranger.Castindoubt:有疑问的/Suspectful/Undetermined/Theoldtheoryhascastindoubtbysomenewlyfoundevidence.科学家和国家领导人的贡献比运动员更大SampleAnswerAsaresultofconstantmediaattention,sportsprofessionalshavebecomestarsandcelebrities,andthoseatthetoparepaidhugesalaries.Somepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedforsuccessfulsportsprofessionalstoearnmuchmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessionswhileotherholdanoppositeviews.Iaminfavoroftheviewthatitisfairforsportsprofessionalstoearnagreatdealofmoney.（首段开篇摆明观点:成功的运动员获得巨额的收入是合乎情理的）Manypeoplefindtheirrewardsunfair,especiallywhencomparingthesesupersalarieswiththoseoftopsurgeonsorresearchscientists,orevenleadingpoliticianswhohavetheresponsibilityofgoverningthecountry.However,athletes'salariesarenotdeterminedbyconsideringthecontributiontosocietyapersonmakes,orthelevelofresponsibilityheorsheholds.Instead,theyreflectthepublicpopularityofthesportingeneralandthelevelofpublicsupportthatsuccessfulstarscangenerate.Sothenotionof“fairness“isnottheissue.（文章第二段从作者观点的反面切入，再进行正面论述，使得论述更加客观辩证）Thosewhofeelthatsportsstars'salariesarejustifiedmightarguethatthenumberofprofessionalswithrealtalentisveryfew,andthemoneyisrecognitionoftheskillsanddedicationapersonneedstobesuccessful.Competitionisconstantandaplayeristestedeverytimetheyperformintheirrelativelyshortcareer.ThepressurefromthemediaisintenseandthereislittleprivacyoutofthespotlightThusallofthesefactorsmayjustifythehugeearnings.（本段是文章第三段列出三个论据论证作者观点）Personally,Ithinkthattheamountofmoneysuchsportsstarsisjustifiednotonlybecauseoftheburdenfrommediaandthepublic,butalsobecauseoftheintensityoftrainingandcompetition.Thehugesalaryalsoindicatesthatoursocietyplacesmuchvalueonsport（最后一段总结全文突出观点）满分要素剖析：语言表达本文的语言简洁明了观点清晰，文中一系列的连接词使得文章更加连贯:however,so,instead,thus,butoSomepeoplethinkthisisfullyjustifiedforsuccessfulsportsprofessionalstoearnmuchmoremoneythanpeopleinotherimportantprofessionswhileotherholdanoppositeviews.Iaminfavoroftheviewthatitisfairforsportsprofessionalstoearnagreatdealofmoney.句型Iaminfavoroftheviewthat...可用于议论文开头提出观点。逻辑结构本文是总分总结构的议论文。开篇先陈述事实并表达观点，第二段从反面切入后转向正面,第三段继续从正面论述观点，使得论证更加客观严谨。第四段对全文进行总结，并重申自己的观点。ReadingAnimalfossilsusuallyprovideverylittleopportunitytostudytheactualanimaltissues,becauseinfossilstheanimals'livingtissueshavebeenlargelyreplacedbyminerals.Thus,scientistswereveryexcitedrecentlywhenitappearedthata70-million-year-oldfossilofTyrannosaurusrex(T.rex),adinosaur,mightstillcontainremainsoftheactualtissuesoftheanimal.ThediscoverywasmadewhenresearchersdeliberatelybrokeopentheT.rex'slegbone,therebyexposingitsinsidestorevealmaterialsthatseemtoberemainsofbloodvessels,redbloodcells,andcollagenmatrix.First,thebreakingofthefossilizedlegbonerevealedmanysmallbranchingchannelsinside,whichprobablycorrespondtohollowsintheboneswherebloodvesselswereoncelocated.Theexcitingfindingwasthepresenceofasoft,flexibleorganicsubstanceinsidethechannels.ThissoftsubstancemayverywellrepresenttheremainsoftheactualbloodvesselsofT.rex.Second,microscopicexaminationofthevariouspartsoftheinnerbonerevealedthepresenceofspheresthatcouldbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Testsshowedthatthespherescontainediron-amaterialvitaltotheroleofredbloodcellsintransportingoxygentotissues.Moreover,thesphereshaddarkredcenters(substanceswithirontendtobereddishincolor)andwerealsoaboutthesizeofredbloodcells.Third,scientistsperformedatestonthedinosaurlegbonethatshowedthatitcontainedcollagen.Collagenisafibrousproteinthatisamaincomponentoflivingbonetissue,inwhichitformsaso-calledcollagenmatrix.Collagen(oritschemicalderivatives)isexactlythekindofbiochemicalmaterialthatonewouldexpecttofindinassociationwithbonetissue.ListeningAsmuchaswewouldliketohavetheremainsofactualdinosaurtissue,therearesoundreasonsforbeingskepticaloftheidentificationsmadeinthereading.First,thesoft,flexiblesubstanceinsidethebonechannelsisn'tnecessarilytheremainsofbloodvessels.Itismuchmorelikelytobesomethingelse.L汰ewhat?Youmightsay.Well,longafteranorganismisdied,bacteriasometimescolonizehollows,emptyareasinbones,likethechannelsthatonceheldbloodvessels.Whenbacterialivedinsidebones,theyoftenleavebehindtracesoforganicmaterial.Whattheresearchersinthereadingareidentifyingasbloodvesselsmightjustbetracesofsoftandmoistresidueleftbybacteriacolonies.Allright.Whatabouttheiron-filledspheres?Well,theproblemisthatscientistsfoundidenticalreddishspheresinfossilsofotheranimalsfoundinthesameplace.Thatincludesfossilsofprimitiveanimalsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcellswhentheywerealive.Clearly,ifthesespheresappearinorganismsthatdidnothaveanyredbloodcells,thenthespherescannotbetheremainsofredbloodcells.Thespheresprobablyhaveaverydifferentorigin.Theyareprobablyjustpiecesofreddishmineral.Third,thecollagen.Theproblemisthatwehaveneverfoundcollageninanimalremainsthatareolderthanonehundredthousandyears.Collagenprobablycannotlastlongerthanthat.Findingcollagenfromananimalthatlivedseventymillionyearsagowouldreallycontradictourideasabouthowlongcollagencanlast.Itisjusttooimprobable.Themostlikelyexplanationforthepresenceofcollagenisthatitdoesn'tcomefromtheT.rex,butfromanothermuchmorerecentsource.Forexample,humanskincontainscollagen,sothecollagenmayhavecomefromtheskinoftheresearcherswhoarehandlingthebone.一、阅读听力要点概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:ArecentlyfoundT.rexfossilmightcontainactualtissuesofthedinosaur.Subpoint1:Smallchannelswithorganicsubstanceinsidelegbonecouldbebloodvessels.Subpoint2:Presenceofironspherescouldindicateredbloodcells.Subpoint3:Collagenmatrixbeingshowedafteratest.LectureAttitude:Skeptical.SubPoint1:Bonechannelscouldbecausedbysomethingelselikebacteria.(Bacterialeaveremains)SubPoint2:Ironfilledspheresmaynotindicateanyredbloodcells.(Onnobloodcellanimal,couldbemineral.)SubPoint3:Collage