宇宙的起源英语

宇宙的起源英语悬赏分：30-解决时间：2021-3-2915:40需要做一个课件帮助找一篇文章，关于宇宙的起源，“BigBang〞theory以及地球早期的形成不用很长，大概600-1000词即可谢谢问题补充：感谢1L的朋友但是不用这么详细稍微范一点就好不用太多专业术语，扯点霍金之类的只是大致的介绍...最好能给几个问题，就当给出的文章是英语阅读..再出几个问题〔3-5个〕谢谢提问者：wuzihao94-高级魔法师五级最正确答案TheBigBangisthecosmologicalmodeloftheinitialconditionsandsubsequentdevelopmentoftheuniversesupportedbythemostcomprehensiveandaccurateexplanationsfromcurrentscientificevidenceandobservation.[1][2]Asusedbycosmologists,thetermBigBanggenerallyreferstotheideathattheuniversehasexpandedfromaprimordialhotanddenseinitialconditionatsomefinitetimeinthepast,andcontinuestoexpandtothisday.ThescientistandRomanCatholicpriestGeorgesLemaîtreproposedwhatbecameknownastheBigBangtheoryoftheoriginoftheUniverse,althoughhecalledithis"hypothesisoftheprimevalatom".TheframeworkforthemodelreliesonAlbertEinstein'sgeneralrelativityandonsimplifyingassumptions(suchashomogeneityandisotropyofspace).ThegoverningequationshadbeenformulatedbyAlexanderFriedmann.AfterEdwinHubblediscoveredin1929thatthedistancestofarawaygalaxiesweregenerallyproportionaltotheirredshifts,assuggestedbyLemaîtrein1927,thisobservationwastakentoindicatethatallverydistantgalaxiesandclustershaveanapparentvelocitydirectlyawayfromourvantagepoint:thefartheraway,thehighertheapparentvelocity.[3]Ifthedistancebetweengalaxyclustersisincreasingtoday,everythingmusthavebeenclosertogetherinthepast.Thisideahasbeenconsideredindetailbackintimetoextremedensitiesandtemperatures,andlargeparticleacceleratorshavebeenbuilttoexperimentonandtestsuchconditions,resultinginsignificantconfirmationofthetheory,buttheseacceleratorshavelimitedcapabilitiestoprobeintosuchhighenergyregimes.Withoutanyevidenceassociatedwiththeearliestinstantoftheexpansion,theBigBangtheorycannotanddoesnotprovideanyexplanationforsuchaninitialcondition;rather,itdescribesandexplainsthegeneralevolutionoftheuniversesincethatinstant.Theobservedabundancesofthelightelementsthroughoutthecosmoscloselymatchthecalculatedpredictionsfortheformationoftheseelementsfromnuclearprocessesintherapidlyexpandingandcoolingfirstminutesoftheuniverse,aslogicallyandquantitativelydetailedaccordingtoBigBangnucleosynthesis.FredHoyleiscreditedwithcoiningthephrase"BigBang"duringa1949radiobroadcast,asaderisivereferencetoatheoryhedidnotsubscribeto.[4]Hoylelaterhelpedconsiderablyintheefforttofigureoutthenuclearpathwayforbuildingcertainheavierelementsfromlighterones.Afterthediscoveryofthecosmicmicrowavebackgroundradiationin1964,andespeciallywhenitsspectrum(i.e.,theamountofradiationmeasuredateachwavelength)sketchedoutablackbodycurve,mostscientistswerefairlyconvincedbytheevidencethatsomeBigBangscenariomusthaveoccurred

4答复者：tiffancen-助理四级

2021-3-2821:16我来评论>>提问者对于答案的评价：谢谢相关内容•宇宙的起源

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2021-10-23•基督上帝在创造万物后,在第六天造人,但为什么宇宙的起源比人类早了不知道多少亿年?

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2021-8-19•html?fr=qrl&cid=951&index=3&fr2=query"宇宙的起源是没有粒子的，爆炸后才出现的粒子。

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2021-8-19•理论上人类通过仪器是否能看到宇宙的起源？

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2021-7-1•佛教如何解释宇宙的起源和结构？

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2021-3-12

更多关于英文宇宙的问题>>查看同主题问题：宇宙的起源A2%D3%EF&fr=rtag&cid=951&index=2&fr2=query"英语其他答复

共1条Theproblemoftheoriginoftheuniverse,isabitliketheoldquestion:Whichcamefirst,thechicken,ortheegg.Inotherwords,whatagencycreatedtheuniverse.Andwhatcreatedthatagency.Orperhaps,theuniverse,ortheagencythatcreatedit,existedforever,anddidn'tneedtobecreated.Uptorecently,scientistshavetendedtoshyawayfromsuchquestions,feelingthattheybelongedtometaphysicsorreligion,ratherthantoscience.However,inthelastfewyears,ithasemergedthattheLawsofSciencemayholdevenatthebeginningoftheuniverse.Inthatcase,theuniversecouldbeselfcontained,anddeterminedcompletelybytheLawsofScience.Thedebateaboutwhether,andhow,theuniversebegan,hasbeengoingonthroughoutrecordedhistory.Basically,thereweretwoschoolsofthought.Manyearlytraditions,andtheJewish,ChristianandIslamicreligions,heldthattheuniversewascreatedinthefairlyrecentpast.Forinstance,BishopUshercalculatedadateoffourthousandandfourBC,forthecreationoftheuniverse,byaddinguptheagesofpeopleintheOldTestament.Onefactthatwasusedtosupporttheideaofarecentorigin,wasthattheHumanraceisobviouslyevolvingincultureandtechnology.Werememberwhofirstperformedthatdeed,ordevelopedthistechnique.Thus,thearguementruns,wecannothavebeenaroundallthatlong.Otherwise,wewouldhavealreadyprogressedmorethanwehave.Infact,thebiblicaldateforthecreation,isnotthatfaroffthedateoftheendofthelastIceAge,whichiswhenmodernhumansseemfirsttohaveappeared.Ontheotherhand,somepeople,suchastheGreekphilosopher,Aristotle,didnotliketheideathattheuniversehadabeginning.TheyfeltthatwouldimplyDivineintervention.Theypreferedtobelievethattheuniverse,hadexisted,andwouldexist,forever.Somethingthatwaseternal,wasmoreperfectthansomethingthathadtobecreated.Theyhadananswertotheargumentabouthumanprogress,thatIdescribed.Itwas,thattherehadbeenperiodicfloods,orothernaturaldisasters,whichrepeatedlysetthehumanracerightbacktothebeginning.Bothschoolsofthoughtheldthattheuniversewasessentiallyunchangingintime.Eitherithadbeencreatedinitspresentform,orithadexistedforever,likeitistoday.Thiswasanaturalbeliefinthosetimes,becausehumanlife,and,indeedthewholeofrecordedhistory,aresoshortthattheuniversehasnotchangedsignificantlyduringthem.Inastatic,unchanginguniverse,thequestionofwhethertheuniversehasexistedforever,orwhetheritwascreatedatafinitetimeinthepast,isreallyamatterformetaphysicsorreligion:eithertheorycouldaccountforsuchauniverse.Indeed,in1781,thephilosopher,ImmanuelKant,wroteamonumental,andveryobscurework,TheCritiqueofPureReason.Init,heconcludedthattherewereequallyvalidarguements,bothforbelievingthattheuniversehadabeginning,andforbelievingthatitdidnot.Ashistitlesuggests,hisconclusionswerebasedsimplyonreason.Inotherwords,theydidnottakeanyaccountofobservationsabouttheuniverse.Afterall,inanunchanginguniverse,whatwastheretoobserve?Inthe19thcentury,however,evidencebegantoaccumulatethattheearth,andtherestoftheuniverse,wereinfactchangingwithtime.Ontheonehand,geologistsrealizedthattheformationoftherocks,andthefossilsinthem,wouldhavetakenhundredsorthousandsofmillionsofyears.ThiswasfarlongerthantheageoftheEarth,accordingtotheCreationists.Ontheotherhand,theGermanphysicist,Boltzmann,discoveredtheso-calledSecondLawofThermodynamics.Itstatesthatthetotalamountofdisorderintheuniverse(whichismeasuredbyaquantitycalledentropy),alwaysincreaseswithtime.This,liketheargumentabouthumanprogress,suggeststhattheuniversecanhavebeengoingonlyforafinitetime.Otherwise,theuniversewouldbynowhavedegeneratedintoastateofcompletedisorder,inwhicheverythingwouldbeatthesametemperature.Anotherdifficultywiththeideaofastaticuniverse,wasthataccordingtoNewton'sLawofGravity,eachstarintheuniverseoughttobeattractedtowardseveryotherstar.Sohowcouldtheystayataconstantdistancefromeachother.Wouldn'ttheyallfalltogether.Newtonwasawareofthisproblemaboutthestarsattractingeachother.InalettertoRichardBentley,aleadingphilosopherofthetime,heagreedthatafinitecollectionofstarscouldnotremainmotionless:theywouldallfalltogether,tosomecentralpoint.However,hearguedthataninfinitecollectionofstars,wouldnotfalltogether:fortherewouldnotbeanycentralpointforthemtofallto.Thisargumentisanexampleofthepitfallsthatonecanencounterwhenonetalksaboutinfinitesystems.Byusingdifferentwaystoadduptheforcesoneachstar,fromtheinfinitenumberofotherstarsintheuniverse,onecangetdifferentanswerstothequestion:cantheyremainatconstantdistancefromeachother.Wenowknowthatthecorrectproceedure,istoconsiderthecaseofafiniteregionofstars.Onethenaddsmorestars,distributedroughlyuniformlyoutsidetheregion.Afinitecollectionofstarswillfalltogether.AccordingtoNewton'sLawofGravity,addingmorestarsoutsidetheregion,willnotstopthecollapse.Thus,aninfinitecollectionofstars,cannotremaininamotionlessstate.Iftheyarenotmovingrelativetoeachotheratonetime,theattractionbetweenthem,willcausethemtostartfallingtowardseachother.Alternatively,theycanbemovingawayfromeachother,withgravityslowingdownthevelocityofrecession.Despitethesedifficultieswiththeideaofastaticandunchanginguniverse,nooneintheseventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenthorearlytwentiethcenturies,suggestedthattheuniversemightbeevolvingwithtime.NewtonandEinstein,bothmissedthechanceofpredicting,thattheuniverseshouldbeeithercontracting,orexpanding.OnecannotreallyholditagainstNewton,becausehewastwohundredandfiftyyearsbeforetheobservationaldiscoveryoftheexpansionoftheuniverse.ButEinsteinshouldhaveknownbetter.YetwhenheformulatedtheGeneralTheoryofRelativitytoreconcileNewton'stheorywithhisownSpecialTheoryofRelativity,headdedaso-called,``cosmologicalconstant''.Thishadarepulsivegravitationaleffect,whichcouldbalancetheattractiveeffectofthematterintheuniverse.Inthisway,itwaspossibletohaveastaticmodeloftheuniverse.Einsteinlatersaid:Thecosmologicalconstantwasthegreatestmistakeofmylife.Thatwasafterobservationsofdistantgalaxies,byEdwinHubbleinthe1920's,hadshownthattheyweremovingawayfromus,withvelocitiesthatwereroughlyproportionaltotheirdistancefromus.Inotherwords,theuniverseisnotstatic,ashadbeenpreviouslythought:itisexpanding.Thedistancebetweengalaxiesisincreasingwithtime.Thediscoveryoftheexpansionoftheuniverse,completelychangedthediscussionaboutitsorigin.Ifyoutakethepresentmotionofthegalaxies,andrunitbackintime,itseemsthattheyshouldallhavebeenontopofeachother,atsomemoment,betweentenandtwentythousandmillionyearsago.Atthistime,whichiscalledtheBigBang,thedensityoftheuniverse,andthecurvatureofspacetime,wouldhavebeeninfinite.Undersuchconditions,alltheknownlawsofsciencewouldbreakdown.Thisisadisasterforscience.Itwouldmeanthatsciencealone,couldnotpredicthowtheuniversebegan.Allthatsciencecouldsayisthat:Theuniverseisasitisnow,becauseitwasasitwasthen.ButSciencecouldnotexplainwhyitwas,asitwas,justaftertheBigBang.Notsurprisingly,manyscientistswereunhappywiththisconclusion.TherewerethusseveralattemptstoavoidtheBigBang.Onewastheso-calledSteadyStatetheory.Theideawasthat,asthegalaxiesmovedapartfromeachother,newgalaxieswouldforminthespacesinbetween,frommatterthatwascontinuallybeingcreated.Theuniversewouldhaveexisted,andwouldcontinuetoexist,forever,inmoreorlessthesamestateasitistoday.TheSteadyStatemodelrequiredamodificationofgeneralrelativity,inorderthattheuniverseshouldcontinuetoexpand,andnewmatterbecreated.Therateofcreationneededwasverylow:aboutoneparticlepercubickilometreperyear.Thus,thiswouldnotbeinconflictwithobservation.Thetheoryalsopredictedthattheaveragedensityofgalaxies,andsimilarobjects,shouldbeconstant,bothinspaceandtime.However,asurveyofextra-galacticsourcesofradiowaves,wascarriedoutbyMartinRyleandhisgroupatCambridge.Thisshowedthatthereweremanymorefaintsources,thanstrongones.Onaverage,onewouldexpectthatthefaintsourceswerethemoredistantones.Therewerethustwopossibilities:Either,wewereinaregionoftheuniverse,inwhichstrongsourceswerelessfrequentthantheaverage.Or,thedensityofsourceswashigherinthepast,whenthelightleftthemoredistantsources.NeitherofthesepossibilitieswascompatiblewiththepredictionoftheSteadyStatetheory,thatthedensityofradiosourcesshouldbeconstantinspaceandtime.ThefinalblowtotheSteadyStatetheorywasthediscovery,in1965,ofabackgroundofmicrowaves.Thesehadthecharacteristicspectrumofradiationemitedbyahotbody,though,inthiscase,theterm,hot,ishardlyappropriate,sincethetemperaturewasonly2.7degreesaboveAbsoluteZero.Theuniverseisacold,darkplace!Therewasnoreasonablemechanism,intheSteadyStatetheory,togeneratemicrowaveswithsuchaspectrum.Thetheorythereforehadtobeabandoned.Anotherideatoavoidasingularity,wassuggestedbytwoRussians,LifshitzandKhalatnikov.Theysaid,thatmaybeastateofinfinitedensity,wouldoccuronlyifthegalaxiesweremovingdirectlytowards,orawayfrom,eachother.Onlythen,wouldthegalaxiesallhavemetupatasinglepointinthepast.However,onemightexpectthatthegalaxieswouldhavehadsomesmallsidewaysvelocities,aswellastheirvelocitytowardsorawayfromeachother.Thismighthavemadeitpossiblefortheretohavebeenanearliercontractingphase,inwhichthegalaxiessomehowmanagedtoavoidhittingeachother.Theuniversemightthenhavere-expanded,withoutgoingthroughastateofinfinitedensity.WhenLifshitzandKhalatnikovmadetheirsuggestion,Iwasaresearchstudent,lookingforaproblemwithwhichtocompletemyPhDthesis.Twoyearsearlier,IhadbeendiagnosedashavingALS,ormotorneurondisease.IhadbeengiventounderstandthatIhadonlytwoorthreeyearstolive.Inthissituation,itdidn'tseemworthworkingonmyPhD,becauseIdidn'texpecttofinishit.However,twoyearshadgoneby,andIwasnotmuchworse.Moreover,Ihadbecomeengagedtobemarried.Inordertogetmarried,Ihadtogetajob.Andinordertogetajob,Ineededtofinishmythesis.视需要减点吧宇宙的起源的问题,是像旧的疑问一样的一点点:哪一个首先来了,小鸡,或蛋。换句话说,什么代理商产生了宇宙。而且什么产生了那代理商。或也许,宇宙或产生了它,永远地存在了的代理商,和做不需要是产生。向上的到最近,科学家有倾向到害羞离开从如此的疑问,感觉他们属于形而上学或宗教,并非对科学。然而，在最近几年内，它有出现科学的法律可能把握甚至从最初的地方宇宙。在情况,宇宙可能是自己的包含,和坚决的完全地藉由科学的法律。针对是否的辩论,和如何,宇宙开始,有继续进行到处记录的历史。根本上，有想法的二所学校。多数早的传统和犹太人者，基督徒和回教的宗教,拿着宇宙是产生在非常最近的过去内。为例证,主教引导员有方案的一日期四千零四西元前,为宇宙的创造,藉由增加在那上面年龄人在旧的圣约中。一被用了的事实到支持最近起源的主意,是人类显然地进化的在文化和技术。我们记得谁第一运行行为,或开展了这技术。因此,争论奔跑,我们不能有是在附近所有的长。另外，我们会已经已经促进了比我们有的更多。事实上,那圣经的日期为创造,是不远的走开那日期那结束那最后的冰年龄,哪一个是当现代的人类似乎第一到有出现。另一方面,一些人,像是希腊人哲学家,亚里斯多德,做不同类主意宇宙有一开始。他们毛毡哪一会暗示神学家干预。他们偏爱相信宇宙,有存在了,而且会存在,永远地。永恒的某事,是更完美的超过必须是的某事产生。他们有对关于人类的争论一个答案进步,我描述。它是,已经有周期性的洪水,或其他的天灾,重复地组人类正确地反面到那开始。想法的学校两者拿着宇宙本质上正在不变更在时间。任一它有是产生以它的现在形式,或它有存在永远地,像它是今天。这在那些时代内是天然的信念,因为人类生活,和,确实那全部记录历史,是如此短以便宇宙有不改变重要地在他们期间。在一静电,不变更宇宙,疑问是否宇宙有存在永远地,或是否它是产生在有限之物时间过去，真的一物质为形而上学或宗教:任一理论可以解释如此的宇宙。确实，在1781年，哲学家,以马内利Kant,写了纪念碑和非常微暗的工作,批评纯粹的理由。在它里面,他总结有相等有效的争论,两者的为有信仰的宇宙有一开始,和为相信它做不。当做他的名称建议,他的结论是根底的只是在理由之上。换句话说，他们没有采取关于宇宙的观察的任何的帐户。毕竟,在不变更宇宙,什么在那里观察?在19世纪内，然而，证据开始累积那地球和宇宙的其它局部,正在事实上变更与时间。在一方面,地质学者了解那形成那岩石,和化石在他们里面，会花数百或数以千计的百万年。依照Creationists,这遥远地比地球的年龄长。另一方面,德国人物理学者，Boltzmann,被发现那所谓的秒热力学的法律。它州那总数数量混乱在宇宙(是标准的被量呼叫热力学之函数),总是增加与时间。这,像关于人类的争论进步,建议宇宙能有去得只有为一有限的时间。另外,宇宙到如今会有退化进入一之内州完全的混乱,在哪一个每件事物会在相同的温度。另外的一种困难用主意一静电宇宙,是依照地心引力的牛顿法律，每个在宇宙以星状物装饰应该是吸引向每一其他的星。因此如何可以他们在来自彼此的常数距离的停留。不他们一起的整秋天。牛顿知道关于星吸引彼此的这一个问题。在一封给理查Bentley的信中,一领先哲学家那时间,他同意一有限的收集星无法保持不动:他们整会秋天一起,至一些中央的点。然而,他主张无限收集星,不秋天一起:因为会没有任何的中央点为他们到秋天到。这争论是陷阱的一个例子一能相会当一谈论无限系统。藉由使用不同的方法有道理那军队在每个星身上,从无限数字其他的星在宇宙,一能变得不同答案到那疑问:他们能保持在来自彼此的常数距离吗。我们现在知道那正确的pr