包装技术基础

《包装技术基础》

FundamentalsofPackagingTechnology

编著：陈满儒教授Unitoneperspectiveonpackaging第一单元透视包装

Lesson1

AHistoryofPackaging

第1课包装发展史

WhatisPackaging?

1.AdefinitionofpackagingPackagingisbestdescribedasacoordinatedsystemofpreparinggoodsfortransport,distribution,storage,retailing,anduseofthegoods2.Themanythingsapackagemightbeaskedtodo-Packagingisacomplex,dynamic,scientific,artistic,andcontroversialbusinessfunction-Fundamentalfunctionofpackaging:containprotects/preservestransportsinforms/sells.WhatisPackaging?Packagingfunctionsrangefromtechnicalonestomarketingorientedones(Figure1.1).TechnicalFunctionsMarketingFunctionscontainmeasurecommunicatepromoteprotectdispensedisplaysellpreservestoreinformmotivateFigure1.1PackagingencompassesfunctionsrangingfromthepurelytechnicaltothosethataremarketinginnatureTechnicalpackagingprofessionalsneedscienceandengineeringskills,whilemarketingprofessionalsneedartisticandmotivationalunderstanding.

WhatisPackaging?3.Howpackagingchangestomeetsociety’sneeds-Packagingisnotarecentphenomenon.-Packagingisanactivitycloselyassociatedwiththeevolutionofsocietyand,canbetracedbacktohumanbeginnings.-Thenature,degree,andamountofpackagingatanystageofasociety’sgrowthreflecttheneeds,culturalpatterns,materialavailabilityandtechnologyofthatsociety.-Astudyofpackaging’schangingrolesandformsoverthecenturiesisastudyofthegrowthofcivilization.-Socialchangesareinevitablyreflectedinthewaywepackage,deliverandconsumegoods.WhatisPackaging?Untilthe1950s,motoroilwasdeliveredinbulktoservicestations,whichinturnmeasureditinto1-quartglassjars;premeasuredoilinmetalcans;-Now,milkdeliveryfromglassbottlestoavarietyofplainandasepticpapercartons,plasticbottlesandflexiblebags;-Tomorrow,howoilormilkwillbedelivered?-environmentallyacceptablepackaging(minimalwaste)-choicesofpetrochemicals,woodpulp,andmetalgoverned-thewaywebuyandconsumeoilormilk-milkdeliveredinrefillablealuminumcans?PrimitivePackaging

1.Theoriginsofpackaging-Wedon’tknowwhatthefirstpackagewas,butwecancertainlyspeculate.-Primitivehumans:nomadichunter/gatherers,livedofftheland.Socialgroupingsrestrictedtofamilyunits.-Theywouldhavebeensubjecttothegeographicalmigrationsofanimalsandtheseasonalavailabilityofplantfood.-Suchanextremenomadicexistencedoesnotencouragepropertyaccumulationbeyondwhatcanbecarriedonone’sback.PrimitivePackaging

-Primitivepeopleneededcontainmentandcarryingdevices,andoutofthisneedcamethefirst“package”.-awrapofleaves;-ananimalskin;-theshellofanutorgourd;-anaturallyhollowpieceofwood;-thefire-bearerandthe“packaging”offire.PrimitivePackaging

2.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-5000B.C.,domesticatedplantsandanimals.-areasonablefoodsupplyinagivenvicinity;-evolutionarystage:supportedlargersocialgroups,gavebirthtosmalltribalvillages;-storageandtransportcontainersneededformilk,honey,seedgrains,nuts,anddriedmeat;-villageswithaccesstodifferentresourcestradedwiththeirneighbors,requiringtransportcontainers;-About250B.C.,theGreekcity-stateperiod,lawthataffectedpackagingenactedPrimitivePackaging3.Earlypackagingmaterials-fabricatedsacks,baskets,andbags,madefrommaterialsofplantoranimalorigin;woodboxesreplacedhollowlogs;aclaybowl,thefire-driedclaypots(thepotteryandceramictrade).4.Thediscoveryofglass-By2500B.C.,ahardinertsubstanceinthefire’’sremains;glassbeadsandfiguresmadeinMesopotamia(today’’sIraq).-About1500B.C.,theearliesthollowglassobjectsappearedinMesopotamiaandEgypt.PrimitivePackaging-Glasscontainers,theancientpackagingmaterials,core-formedancientEgyptianglasscontainers(Figure1.2).Figure1.2FormingahollowglassvesselaroundacoreFromRomeToTheRenaissance1.Howpackagingchangedassocialstructureschanged-Manysocietalchangesleadingtothecorrespondingchangesinpackaging:mostlythequalityandquantityofexistingpackagingpractices.2.Theinventionoftheglassblowpipe,woodbarrels-TheRomansinabout50B.C.,theglassblowpipe；-Theblowpipe’sinventionbroughtglassoutofnoblehouseholdsandtemples;-ThefirstwoodenbarrelappearedpossiblyintheAlpineregionsofEurope，，oneofthemostcommonpackagingformsformanycenturies.FromRomeToTheRenaissance3.TheDarkAges-TheDarkAges:withtheRomanEmpire’scollapseinabout450A.D.,Europereducedtominorcity-statesmanyestablishedartsandcraftsforgottenorstagnant,the600yearsfollowingthefallofRomebeingsodevoidofsignificantchangethathistoriansrefertothemastheDarkAges.4.Thediscoveryofpaper-InChina,Ts’aiLuniscreditedwithmakingthefirsttruepaperfromtheinnerbarkofmulberrytrees.Thename“paper”giventotheChineseinventionmadeofmattedplantfibers.FromRomeToTheRenaissance5.Ancientprinting-In768,theoldestexistingprintedobjects(JapaneseBuddhistcharms);in868,theoldestexistingbook(theDiamondSutra)printed,foundinTurkistan.6.TheRenaissance-Inabout1100,theEuropeanawoken,neglectedcraftsrevitalized,theartsrevivedandtradeincreased,bythe1500s,theartofprintingborn.-Fundamentalsocialstructuresnotchangedsignificantly:-livedofftheland-typicallyasserfsFromRomeToTheRenaissance-atewhattheyraised,foundorcaught-consumerneeds:nonexistent-manufacturingwasstrictlyacustombusiness-packages:personallycrafted,valuableutensils,andrarelydisposableinthemannerofamodernpackage-sincetherebeingnoretailtrade,conceptsofmarketing,advertising,pricestructuresanddistributionbeingirrelevant-populationlevelsbeingnotlargeenoughtosupportmassproductionTheIndustrialRevolution1.TheI.R.definition-TheI.R.startedinEnglandinabout1700andspreadrapidlythroughEuropeandNorthAmerica.-TheIndustrialRevolution:thechangethattransformsapeoplewithpeasantoccupationsandlocalmarketsintoanindustrialsocietywithworld-wideconnections.-Thisnewtypeofsocietymakesgreatuseofmachineryandmanufacturesgoodsonalargescaleforgeneralconsumption.TheIndustrialRevolution2.CharacteristicsoftheIndustrialRevolutionRuralagriculturalworkersmigratedintocities,whereemployedinfactories.Inexpensivemass-producedgoodsavailabletoalargesegmentofthepopulation;theconsumersocietyborn.Factoryworkersneededcommoditiesandfood,previouslyproducedlargelyathome.Manynewshopsandstoresopenedtoselltothenewlyevolvingworkingclass.Bynecessity,someindustrieslocatedinnonagriculturalareas,requiringthatallfoodbetransportedintothegrowingurbansettings.TheIndustrialRevolution3.Thedramaticchangesinhowwelived-Thechangesincreasedthedemandforbarrels,boxes,kegs,baskets,andbagstotransportthenewconsumercommoditiesandtobringgreatquantitiesoffoodintothecities.-Thefledglingpackagingindustryitselfhadtomechanize.-Necessarytodevisewaysofpreservingfoodbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife.TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles1.HowtheIndustrialRevolutionaffectedpackagingTheevolutionofsellingandinformingasvitalpackagingroles-Bulkpackagingwastherule,withthebarrelbeingtheworkhorseofthepackagingindustry.-Flour,apples,biscuits,molasses,gunpowder,whiskey,nailsandwhaleoiltransportedinbarrels.-Packagingservedprimarilytocontainandprotect.-IndividualpackagingbeingoflittleimportanceuntiltheIndustrialRevolutionspurredthegrowthofcities.2.Thefirstpackagedretailproducts-Medicines,cosmetics,teas,liquorsandotherexpensiveproducts;“apaperofpins”.TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles3.Theoriginoftheterm““brands”andhowitwastransferredtounitpackages,earlybrands,earlylabeling-Thefirstbrandnameswereinevitablythoseofthemaker.Yardley’s(1770),Schweppes(1792),Perrier(1863),SmithBrothers(1866)andColgate(1873).-Theevolvingprintinganddecoratingartsappliedto““upscale”packages,manyearlydecorationsbasedonworksofartornationalsymbolsorimages.-Earlylabels:picturesofpastorallife,barnyards,fruit,thegoldmedals.TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles4.QuakerOats--anewideainbranding-Apackagingmilestonein1877,theQuakerpersonage,the““persona””,adescriptionofthepackageorproductasifitwereaperson.-Between1890andabout1920,decorationfollowedtheartnouveaustyle,thisbeingfollowedbyaperiodofartdecographicsanddesigns.5.Thenewpackagingmaterial-plastics-Thefirstplastic(basedoncellulose),madein1856.TheEvolutionofNewPackagingRoles6.Changesinthewaywetraveledandshopped,changesintheretailstore-Thesmallcommunitygeneralstorewasnolongerenough.-Nationalrailroadsmadecoast-to-coasttransportareality.-Theautomobilefreedconsumers-firstfive-and-tenstore-Refrigerationwasbecomingcommonplace.7.Thepackage’smotivationalandinformationalrolesThepackagehadtoinformthepurchaser.Thepackagehadtoselltheproduct.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury1.Changesindemographics-Demographics,thestudyofpopulationstructureandtrends,universallyrealizedtobeanimportantfactorindesigningproductsandpackages.2.Fastfoodandotherinstitutionalmarkets-Fast-foodappearedandcreatedademandfordisposablesingle-servicepackaging.-Twofactorstoinfluencepackaging:publichealthcareandarapidlygrowingtrendtowardeatingoutratherthanathome.-TheHRI(hospital,restaurant,andinstitutional)market.-Petroleum-derivedplasticsaddedtothepackagedesigner’sselectionofpackagingmaterials.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury3.The““babyboom”andpackaging-Inthelate1960s,thecoming-of-agebabyboomerswasreflectedinamajoryouthorientationinpackagingandproducts.4.Legislatedchanges-Inthe1970sandearly1980s,manyaspectsinpackaginglegislated:-Child-resistanceclosuresmandatedforsomeproducts;-Tamper-evidentclosures;-Labelinglawsrequiredlistingofingredients;-InternationalagreementssignedtophaseouttheuseofCFCs;-Standardsfortheacceptanceofnewpackagingmaterialsraised.PackagingInTheLate20thCentury5.Theadventofmicrowaveovens,thevanishingdomestichousewife-Devisingproductsandpackagingspecificallyforthemicrowave.-Anewhealthawareness,changesinconsuminghabitsandnutritionallabeling.-Opportunitiesforentirenewfoodlines.-Yogurtbecamethe“in”food.-Therapidchangeinthelastdecadesofthe20thcenturyModernPackagingChangingNeedsandNewRoles.-Allhistoricalchangeshavehadanimpactonthewayproductsarebought,consumedandpackaged;-Thepackagingprofessionalsmustalwaysturntheirattentiontotheneeds,markets,andconditionsoftomorrow;-Mostofgoods,notessentialtosurvival,constitute““thegoodlife””;-Inthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theproliferationofgoodswassohighthatpackagingwasforcedintoanentirelynewrole:providingthemajorpurchasemotivationratherthanpresentingthegoodsitself.-theonlymethodofdifferentiatingwasthepackageitself;ModernPackaging1.Thetrendtowardmoreintensivemarketing-marketersaimedatlifestyles,emotionalvalues,subliminalimages,features,andadvantagesbeyondthebasicproductitself;-thepackagehasbecometheproduct,andoccasionallypackaginghasbecomeentertainment.2.Globalization-Providingincreasedtonnagesofhigh-qualityfoodtomassivecitycomplexesataffordablepriceschallengespackagers;-Anewconcernistheremovalofthedebrisgeneratedbyaconsumersocietyandtheimpactthattheseconsumptionrateshaveontheplanet’secology;ModernPackagingPackagingandtheModernIndustrialSociety1.Whypackagingisimportanttoourfoodsupply-Foodisorganicinnature(ananimalorplantsource);-Onecharacteristicofsuchorganicmatteristhatithasalimitednaturalbiologicallife.2.Freedomfromgeographicalandseasonalfoodproduction-Mostfoodisgeographicallyandseasonallyspecific.ModernPackaging-Inaworldwithoutpackaging,wewouldneedtoliveatthepointofharvesttoenjoytheseproducts,andourenjoymentofthemwouldberestrictedtothenaturalbiologicallifespanofeach.-Itisbyproperstorage,packagingandtransporttechniquesthatweareabletodeliverfreshpotatoesandApplesderivedfromthem,throughouttheyearandthroughoutthecountry.-Wearenolongerrestrictedinourchoiceofwheretolive.wearefreeofthenaturalcyclesoffeastandfaminethataretypicalofsocietiesdependentonnaturalregionalfood-producingcycles.ModernPackaging3.Advantagesofcentralprocessingandprepackagedfood-Centralprocessingallowsvaluerecoveryfromwhatwouldnormallybewasted.-By-productsoftheprocessed-foodindustryformthebasisofothersub-industries4.Packagingandmassmanufactureofdurablegoods-Theeconomicalmanufactureofdurablegoodsalsodependsonsoundpackaging;-Aproduct’’scostisdirectlyrelatedtoproductionvolume;-Distributionpackagingisakeypartofthesystem;-Someindustriescouldnotexistwithoutaninternationalmarket.irradiationequipmentandthesafepackaging.ModernPackagingWorldPackaging-Humankind’’sglobalprogressissuchthatvirtuallyeverystageinthedevelopmentofsocietyandpackagingispresentsomewhereintheworldtoday.1.Packagingindevelopedcountries-Toagonizeoverchoiceofpackagetype,hireexpensivemarketinggroupstodevelopimagestoenticethetargetedbuyerandspendlavishlyongraphics.ModernPackaging2.Packaginginless-developedcountries-Attheextreme,consumerswillbringtheirownpackagesorwillconsumefoodonthespot,justastheydid2,000yearsago;-Packagersfromthemore-developedcountriessometimeshavedifficultyworkingwithless-developednations;.a.theyfailtounderstandthattheirrespectivepackagingprioritiesarecompletelydifferent.b.developingnationstryingtosellgoodstoNorthAmericanmarketscannotunderstandtheirpreoccupationwithpackageandgraphics.ModernPackaging3.TheUnitedNationsandpackaging.-Theless-developedcountriesdonothaveadequatelandtoraiseenoughfood.-Foodgoesbeyonditsnaturalbiologicallife,spoils,islost,isinfestedwithinsectsoreatenbyrodents,getswetintherain,leaksawayorgoesuneatenfornumerousreasons,allofwhichsoundpackagingprinciplescanprevent.-Inapooreconomythatcanaffordnowaste,noindustriesrecoversecondaryvaluefromfoodby-products.-Packagingisperceivedtobeaweaponagainstworldhunger.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues1.Thesourcesofwastematerial-Adiscussionofpackagingtodaymeanseventuallyturningtoenvironmentalissues.-Aperception:ifonlythepackagingindustrywouldstopdoingsomethingor,conversely,startdoingsomething,allourlandfillandpollutionproblemswouldgoaway.-Ampleevidencesuggeststhatgoodpackagingreduceswaste.-Theconsumerseespackagingasthatpartofshoppingtripthatgetsthrownaway.Hence,packagingisgarbage.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues2.Thepercentageofwastethatispackaging-TheUniversityofTennesseeprovidesthefollowingbreakdownoftotallandfillwasteResidentialwaste:37.4%Industrialwaste:29.3%Commercialwaste:27.3%Othersources:6.0%WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssuesMaterialPackagingNonpackagingPaper12.7%19.6%Wood4.6%-----Metal2.0%5.7%Glass5.7%0.8%Plastic4.1%5.5%Othermisc.0.1%12.1%Foodwaste-----8.1%Yardwaste-----19.0%Totals29.2%70.8%Table1.1Materialsmixbyweightinresidentialsolidwaste3.ThematerialsinthewastestreamWasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues4.Consumerperceptionsofpackaging-NorthAmericanconsumershaveabasicdistrustofmanufacturers;tothem,manufactureisadirtybusiness.5.Jurisdictions-Mostwaste-managementissues:localjurisdictions;everystateorprovincecanpassitsownpackagingregulationsormandates.-IntheUnitesStates,thestatesaremostlyactingontheirown;CONEGandSSWMCarenotableexceptions.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues6.Possiblelawsandmandates·Recyclingmandates/laws·Materialreductionmandates/laws·Restrictionsonselectedmaterials/packagetypes·Materialbansorrestrictions(forexample,heavymetalsorPVC)·Bansonmaterialsacceptedaslandfill(suchasnotacceptingascorrugatedfiberboard)·Greenlabelingrequirements/prohibitions·Purchasingpreferencemandates·Taxincentives/penalties.·Depositlaws/advancedisposalfeesWasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues7.ThefourRshierarchyandwhatitmeans-Reduce:usetheminimumamountofmaterialconsistentwithfulfillingitsbasicfunction.-Reuse:containersorpackagingcomponentsshouldbereused.-Recycle:packagingshouldbecollectedandthematerialsrecycledforfurtheruse.-Recover:topossiblyrecoverothervaluefromthewastebeforeconsigningpackagingtoalandfill.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssuesTable1.2PercentofmunicipalsolidwasteincineratedinselectedcountriesCountryIncineratedWasteSwitzerland74%Japan66%Sweden50%France35%UnitedStates15%WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues8.Recyclingrealities-Thepublicmyths:1.Placingmaterialinablueboxconstitutesrecycling.Recyclingdoesnotoccuruntilsomeoneusesthematerialcollected.a)PCRmaterialsinimmediatecontactwithfoodneedtobeextensivelyinvestigated.b)Intheinstanceofpharmaceuticalpackaging,suchuseissimplynotallowed.c)Anotherimpedimentisaguaranteeofconsistentandreliablesupplyoftherecoveredmaterial.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues2.Recycledmaterialshouldbeeconomical.Inmanyinstances,recycledmaterialismorecostly,anditsuseneedstobesupportedinsomeway.a)ThecostoflandfillingMSWisstilllessthanrecyclinginmostareas.b)Revenuesgeneratedfromthesaleofrecyclablematerialsdonotalwaysrecovercollectingandrecyclingcosts.c)Theprocessofrecyclingcannotignoremarketeconomics.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssuesd)Environmentalistsmaintainthatrecyclingisanissueoftheenvironment,notofeconomics.Moneyexpendedtorecycleamaterialrepresentsaninvestmentinfuel,waterandotherresources.Whentheresourceinvestmenttorecoveramaterialexceedsthevalueofthematerialrecovered,thentheharmtotheenvironmentisgreater,notless.e)Theprocessofcollectingandregeneratingapackagingmaterialforfurtheruseisacomplexoneformostmaterials.WasteManagementandEnvironmentalIssues-significantinvestmentinsophisticatedequipment.-Whileglassisapparentlyreadilyidentifiable,individualglasscompositionsaswellasdifferentcolorsmakeitdifficulttogetuncontaminatedfeedstock.-Paperfiberqualitydeteriorateswitheveryrecycling,andsopapercannotberecycledindefinitely.-Plasticmaterialsposeanumberofseriousrecyclingproblems.Theplasticindustrydevelopedacodeforidentifyingthesixmostcommonlyusedpackagingplastics;itincludesan““other”selectionasaseve