现代后备及经产母猪育种技术课件

现代后备及经产母猪育种技术MODERNGILTANDSOWBREEDINGTECHNOLOGY美国大豆协会中国办事处畜禽技术主任PhilipMcKinnon,Ph.DLivestockTechnicalDirectorASAChina根据2001年9月美国大豆协会养猪高级研讨班

FrankAherne博士讲稿改编AdaptedfromDr.FrankAhernepresentationsatASAAdvancedSwineSeminar,September,2001Managingthebreedingherd

繁殖猪群的管理Objective目标Consistentlyproduceatargetssupplyofgoodqualityweanedpigsatlowcost(valuemaximization)持续地生按计划产出低成本的优质断奶仔猪(价值最大化)Decreasedcostperpigshipped降低每头出售仔猪的成本Morepredictableproduction-reducedvariation能较好地预测生产状况，减少变异Interrelationshipsbetweenfactorsinfluencingweanedpigoutput影响断奶仔猪产量各因素之间的关系WeanedPigOutput/Year断奶仔猪年产量Sow/GiltInventory(Capacity)母猪/小母猪存栏数(能力)No.PigsWeaned/Female/Year(Efficiency)每头母猪年产断奶仔猪数(效率)No.ServiceGroups配种群数No.Females/Farrowing/Group每个配种群的分娩母猪数No.PigsWeaned/Litter每窝断奶仔数No.Litter/Female/Yr每头母猪年产窝数No.BornAlive窝产活仔数PigletMortality仔猪死亡率No.FemalesServed/Group每群中配种母猪数FarrowingRate,%母猪分娩率AdaptedfromDial1996摘自：

Dial1996Requirementstomeetweanedpigtargets

实现断奶猪生产计划的条件Adequatesupplyofservicereadygilts

足够数量作好配种准备的小母猪Adequatesupplyofweanedsowsingoodbodycondition,returningtoestruswithin6daysofweaning足够的体况良好且在断奶后6天内发情的断奶母猪Awelltrained,dedicatedstaff

训练有素认真负责的人员Properlydesignedfacilities

猪场设施设计恰当Goodfeedingandmanagementprogram

良好的饲养管理方案Supplyofmaturevasectomizedboars(v.boars)ofhighlibido

成熟的、高性欲的输精管结扎公猪Relativeimportanceoffactorsinfluencingthenumberofpigsweanedperweek

5%Mortalityofpigsbornalive活产仔数死亡率5%Numberbornaliveperlitter窝产活仔数30%Farrowingrate分娩率60%Numberofsowsserved已配母猪数量影响每周断奶仔猪产量各因素的相对重要性Numberoffemalesbredperweekisdependenton3subpopulations

每周配种母猪数取决于三个因素Numberofweanedsowsavailable可供配种的断奶母猪数量Numberofgiltsavailable可供配种的小母猪数量Numberofopportunitysowsavailable(skips,aborted,activecullsows)其它可用母猪的数量(可在下一个情期供利用的母猪,流产母猪,将予以主动淘汰的母猪)NumberofSowsAvailableandGiltsRequiredonaWeeklyBasis每周可用母猪数和所需小母猪数周数配种计划的%Giltlittersconstitutethelargestparitygroup

在所有各胎次的母猪中,头胎母猪占的比例最大

average21%(range15–30%)

平均约占21%(15-30%)So,ifgiltsperformsuboptimally,herdPerformancewillbecompromised所以,如果头胎母猪性能欠佳,

猪群性能就会打折MESSAGE:STARTWITHAFERTILEGILT启示：要从饲养具有高繁殖力的新母猪着手断奶到配种间隔天数窝产活仔数分娩率(%)Commonsituationwithgiltreplacement

后备母猪通常的体况标准Giltsselectedonfarmat145–155daysofageweighing95to105kgandwith11to13mmP2backfat小母猪到达繁殖猪场时应为145-155日龄,届时体重应为95-105千克，P2背膘厚应为11-13毫米Performanceandbodycompositionofgiltsatpuberty

初情期小母猪的性能和躯体成分7.9-9.48.7ProteinMass:surfacearea(kg/m2)蛋白质含量/体表面积(千克/平方米)0.66-1.130.90GrowthRate(kg/d)日增重(千克)12.3-21.716.7ProteinMass(kg)蛋白质含量(千克)9.1-34.816.6Backfat(mm)背膘厚(毫米)79.6-155.2111.0Weight(kg)体重(千克)131-201158.2Age(d)日龄Range范围Average平均N=219统计猪数219Patterson,UniversityofAlberta(2001)资料来源：Patterson,加拿大Alberta大学(2001)Pubertycanbeinducedby:

可通过以下方法进行初情诱导：Mixing混群Relocation换圈ExposuretoMatureBoar接触公猪AdvantagesofEarlyBoarExposure

提早接触公猪有何好处Loweraverageageatpuberty提早初情期的到来Allowsidentificationofmostfertilegilts可发现最有繁殖力的新母猪Formationofapoolofcyclicgilts形成已在发情的小母猪群ReducedNPD减少非生产天数Moregiltsbredatthirdestrous有较多的小母猪可在第三情期配种Giltselectioncompletedbeforemarketweightissurpassed可在超过上市体重之前完成对小母猪的选择。BoarExposure-PubertyInduction

接触公猪——初情诱导Giltmustbeoldenough>140days>95kg.小母猪应大于140日龄，其体重应大于95千克Boarmustbeoldenough>10monthsofage,withhighlibido,goodlegsandfeet.公猪必须大于10月龄,必须具有高性欲和健壮的肢蹄Moveboartogiltspen.Feedboarsbeforemovement.Giltpensmustbesuitableforincreasedactivity(floors,feeders,drinkers,space).Specializedmatingareasarepreferable.将公猪赶入小母猪圈,驱赶前应饲喂,小母猪圈必须适于大活动量(地板、饲槽、饮水器、空间)Physicalcontactisessential,fence-linecontactismuchlesseffective.必须与公猪发生躯体接触，隔栏接触不太有效。BoarExposure公猪刺激Rotationofboarsonadailybasisisnotmoreeffectivethanusingasingleboar每天轮换使用多头公猪并不比只用一头公猪更有效Usevasectomizedboars(v.boar)forstimulation...要用输精管结扎的公猪进行刺激。Allowv.boartoservegiltstomaintaininterestandwillincreasegiltperformancer让输精管结扎的公猪与小母猪交配，可保持小母猪的兴趣并可提高小母猪的性能。Percentofgiltsreachingpubertyeachweekafterinitialexposuretoaboar

首次接触公猪后每周达到初情的小母猪比例Ageatexposure首次接触时日龄WK12345678%gilts小母猪比例135days日龄517182116667Cumulative%累计比例%522406177838996160days日龄28152911664-Cumulative%累计比例%28437283899599-开始接触后周数Holderetal.1995.175939%farrowing5litters

产5胎比例.028.120.8WSI断奶至配种天数NS8.58.5#Weaned窝断奶仔数NS14.314.1Ovulationrate排卵率.04144158Ageatpuberty(d)

初情日龄PEarly早成熟Control对照Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母猪的性能4–6mm毫米RequiredP2gainingiltpool在小母猪群内的增长16–17P2atbreeding配种时3–4P2gainingestation妊娠期增长11–13Giltatarrival进入繁殖群时19–20Atfarrowing分娩时P2(mm)P2背膘厚(毫米)

P2requirementforGilts对后备母猪P2背膘厚的要求Fromtimeofselectionthefeedingandmanagementprogramshouldbebasedonageandbackfatlevelattimeofselectionwiththeobjectiveofhavinggiltswith16to18mmP2backfatattimeofbreeding

从选择的时候起，饲喂和管理方案就应根据选择时的日龄和背膘厚水平来制定，目标是使小母猪在配种时P2背膘厚达到16-18毫米

Forgiltsolderthan145daysand/ormorethan14mmP2backfatat115kg,feedadeveloperdietadlibitumuptobreeding对于体重115千克时大于145日龄以及/或者P2背膘厚大于14毫米的小母猪,应饲喂发育期日粮直到配种。GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)选择后的小母猪日粮(115千克体重到配种).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)钙(%).55.65Lysine(%)赖氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白质(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg

消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪强化日粮GiltDeveloper发育期日粮GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)选择后的小母猪日粮(115千克体重到配种).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)钙(%).55.65Lysine(%)赖氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白质(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪强化日粮GiltDeveloper发育期日粮

Forgiltsthatarenottobebreduntiltheirthirdestrusor210daysofageormorearestrictedfeedingprogrammaybeused对于要到第三情期或210日龄以上才首次配种的小母猪，可实行限饲Feedgiltsat85%ofadlibitumusingaphasefourfinishingdiet对小母猪饲喂第四期肥育日粮自由采食量的85%Restrict-fedgiltsshouldbeadlibitumfor10to12daysbeforebreeding(flushfeeding)实行限饲的小母猪应在配种前自由采食10-12天

(催情饲喂)Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight2.46Avg平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50Wt.(kg)体重(千克)McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosph.磷Calcium钙Lysine赖氨酸Protein蛋白质Feed/d(kg)日采食(千克)后备母猪到115千克活重的建议饲喂方案Whentobreed??何时配种??Ourrecommendation我们的建议Preferredage/weightatbreeding

配种时适宜的日龄和体重>190days大于190日龄120to130kg体重120-130千克16to18mmP2backfat

P2背膘厚16-18毫米secondestrus第二情期Decisionwhentobreedgiltsshouldbe

basedonmanyfactors:

何时配种，应根据很多因素来确定Requirementsforservice-readygiltstomeetbreedingtargetsandoptimizefacilityuse为满足配种计划和优化设施利用而对适配新母猪的需要程度theeffectsofage,weightandbackfatlevelattimeofbreedingoncullingrateandlifetimeperformanceofbreedingfemales小母猪配种时的日龄、体重和背膘厚对其淘汰率和终生性能的影响TherelativeimportanceofNonProductiveDaysonparitydistributionandsowlongevity非生产天数、胎次分布和母猪利用年限的相对重要性Numberofpigletsweaned/sow/lifetimewasnotaffectedbyageatfirstfarrowing(35631matings)

一头母猪一生所产的断奶仔猪数量不受首次分娩时日龄的影响(35631份统计)Ageat1stfarrowing首次分娩时日龄317334345355364376Parityatculling淘汰前已产窝数5.05.15.05.04.94.8Pigsweaned/sow/year年产断奶仔猪数19.719.619.519.319.218.9Pigsweaned/lifetime终生所产仔猪数47.047.747.547.146.746.3Cozleretal.,1998Theeffectsofageatbreedingonlongevityandperformance2357records,L42PICsows(AlbertaPigCompany2000)PIC42系母猪,2357份记录2313039490782083#animals母猪头数2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removedparity淘汰时已产窝数34.037.841.244.843.341.5Totalliveborn/lifetime终生活产仔数12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Totalliveborn/litter终生平均窝产活仔数82.546.6453528.825.7Entrytoconception(d)入群至受胎天数296268238209183158Aveserviceage(d)平均首配日龄217215197176160141Entryage(d)入群日龄286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Rangeinserviceage(d)首配日龄范围首配日龄对利用年限和性能的影响Arelationshipbetweenbodycomposition,ageorweightatfirstmatingandlongevityorlifetimeperformancereflectsthenutritionandmanagementprogramonthefarm

首次配种时体况、日龄或体重，与利用年限或终生性能之间的关系反映了猪场中的营养和管理情况

Theseassociationsthereforearenotonlyfarmandgenotypespecificbutareactuallygiltspecific

因此,这些方面之间的关系不仅因猪场和猪种的不同而异，而且还因个体的不同而异。CostofdelayingmatingDirectcostsofextraNPDwillbeabout1.3Xdailyfeedcosts增加非生产天数的直接成本约为每天饲料成本的1.3倍。Indirectcosts(lostopportunitycosts)willbeabout1.4piglets间接成本(丧失机会成本)约为1.4头仔猪24p/s/yequals0.06p/s/d每头母猪每年少产24头仔猪，相当于每天少产0.06头。0.06×21天d=1.4头仔猪pigsForincreasingshort-termpigletproduction,delayedbreedingisusuallynotjustified为了增加短期内的仔猪产量而延迟配种是不值得的非生时间的代价PerformanceGoals性能目标40Annualreplacementrate%

年更新率5Lifetimelitters一生所产窝数10.8Firstlittersize(totalborn)头胎窝产仔数(总数)90%cyclingwithin28dofentry入群后28天内开始发情的比例190–210dMeanageatfirstmating

首配平均日龄170–180dMeanageatpuberty

初情平均日龄140–150dAgeatstartofpubertystimulation开始初情诱导时的日龄InfluenceofseveralbreedingmanagementpracticesonreproductiveperformancePoorpost-inseminationhandling

输精后处理不当Poorsemenquality精液质量不良Poorinseminationtechnique

输精技术不良Suboptimaltimingofmating配种时间不当Poorestrusdetection

发情检测不良#BornAlive活产仔数FarrowingRate分娩率某些不良的配种管理措施对繁殖性能的影响MatingManagement:SummaryGoodmatingmanagementstartswithproperestrusdetectionprocedures良好的配种管理始于正确的发情检测.Oneinseminationattherighttime(0to24hbeforeovulation)shouldresultinoptimalfertilization.However,becauseovulationtimeinvariable,mostsowsareinseminated/mated2or3times:在恰当的时间(排卵前0-24小时)输精一次就应导致最佳的受精；但因排卵时间的变异，多数母猪都输精2-3次。inseminationsshouldoccurbeforeovulation

输精应在排卵前.avoidlateestrusinseminations

应避免在发情期后期输精.Trainstafftoensurepropermating/inseminationprocedures要培训人员，以确保配种/输精操作正确。Remember:agoodmatingmanagementtakestime;bothforestrusdetectionandformating/insemination牢记：良好的配种管理要花费时间;要既搞好发情检测,又搞好配种/输精。配种管理：小结Estrusdetectionsummary:

发情检测小结：

Generalrecommendations

总的建议Estrus发情ensuredetectionstaffareawareofallphysicalandbehavioralaspectsofpigestrus确保检测人员熟悉发情母猪的体征和行为estrushasbeendetectedonlywhenastandingresponsehasbeenobserved(physicalchanges,egvulvalreddeningandswellingshouldnotbeusedtodefineestrus)只有观察到呆立反应才算检测到发情(体征变化,如阴户发红和肿胀,不能作为发情指征)。BoarUsage公猪使用detectestrustwicedailywithamatureboar,preferablywithanintervalbetweendetectionsofatleast8hours每天用成熟公猪二次检测发情，二次间最好至少相隔8小时。ensurehead-to-headcontactbetweenboarandgilts/sows确保公猪与母猪头对头接触.forstalledsows,alloweachboarcontactwithnomorethan5sowsatonetime母猪若养在限位栏内,则每头公猪每次最多接触5头。Housing房舍donothousegiltsorsowswithinameterofaboar母猪圈至少应离公猪圈1米以外。Durationofdetectedestrusdiffersamongfarms,thereforeoptimaltimeforinseminationalsodiffersbetweenfarmsandtherefore,optimalinseminationstrategiesdifferbetweenfarms

检测到的发情，其持续时间在不同的猪场是不同的，因而最佳输精时间也因猪场的不同而不同，从而最佳输精方案也应随猪场的不同而异。TimingofInsemination/Mating

Optimalnumberofinseminations?(2)

确定授精/配种时间，确定最佳输精次数(2)Witheveryinsemination,‘foreign’materialisbroughtintotheuterus.Duringalargepartofestrus,uterinecontractionsarequiteintenseandensureremovalofthismaterial.每次输精都会将“外来”物质带入子宫。发情期的大部分时间内子宫收缩都相当有力，从而确保驱除这些物质。However,afterovulation,uterinecontractionsdiminish.Asaconsequence,inseminationsafterovulationhaveahigherchanceofresultinginuterineinfectionsandconsequently,areductioninreproductiveperformance.然而，排卵之后，子宫收缩减弱，所以排卵后输精就有较大可能造成子宫感染从而降低繁殖性能。Also,theuterineimmuneresponseisgreaterduringearlytomidestrus.此外，在发情的早期和中期，子宫的免疫能力也较强。Timingofinseminationrelativetoovulation,farrowingrateandlittersize

输精时间同排卵、分娩率和窝产仔数的关系12.3760–12h小时Afterovulation排卵后13.2920–24h小时11.86824–36h小时Beforeovulation排卵前Littersize窝产仔数Farrowingrate(%)分娩率(%)InseminationTime输精时间Numberofservicesperestrus

每次发情配种次数20Threetimes三次70Twice二次10Once一次%Served配种的%Effectsofnumberofservicesonsowperformance

配种次数对母猪性能的影响PigTalesData24.322.519.3PSY

每头母猪年产仔数10.39.99.6BornAlive窝产活仔数827972Farrowingrate(%)分娩率(%)2.52.0<1.5Average#matings平均配种次数Ensurepigisingoodstandingestrus