修辞学与写作考试复习重点

修辞学与写作考试复习重点Simile明喻:Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingislikenedtoanotherinsuchawaytoclarifyandenhanceanimage.Itisanexplicitcomparisonrecognizablybytheuseofthewordlikeasimplicit一事物被比作另一事物的修辞格。Ametaphor,likeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,comparisonis含蓄的；暗示）ratherthanstated（规定的；阐明的）.Ametaphor,then,isinasenseacondensed（）simile,differingfromthelatteronlyinformartistry.Itisahigherform,though,andnotallmetaphorscanberecastassimiles.Metaphor暗喻：Afigureofspeechinwhichonethingisdescribedintermofanother. Aconventionalmetaphorisametaphorthatiscommonlyusedineverydaylanguageinaculturetostructuretosomeportionofthatculture’sconceptualsystem.Analogy类比:isaspecialformofcomparisonwhichdrawsparallelsimilaritiesbetweentwounlikethings(orthetwounlikethingshaveseveralsimilarproperties).Personification拟人:Afigureofspeechinwhichathing,quality,orideaisrepresentedasaperson.Zoosemy拟物:是把人当成物来描写，包括描写成动物、植物、无生命物、抽象概念等。Amandiesthewayalampgoesout.人死如灯灭。Plantification拟植物：Givingmanorthingsplant-likecharacters.Parody仿拟：Incontemporaryusage,itisaworkcreatedtomock,commenton,ormakefunatanoriginalwork,itssubject,author,style,orsomeothertarget,bymeansofhumorous,satiricorironicimitation.Onomatopoeia拟声Adevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyanobject(animateorinanimate),orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestiveofsomeactionormovement.指用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感。Catspurr.猫咪喵喵 Monkeyschatter.猴子唧唧Cowsmoo.母牛哞哞Sheepbaa.绵羊咩咩Ducksquack.鸭子嘎嘎Dovescoo.鸽子咕咕 Pigssqueal.猪仔尖叫Horsesneigh.马儿嘶鸣 Chickenscluck.小鸡咯咯Lionsroar.狮子咆哮Frogscroak.青蛙呱呱Bearssnore.大熊呼噜Cricketscreak.蟋蟀嘎嘎Micesqueak.老鼠叽吱Hyperbole夸张:afigureofspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggerated. 一种比喻中发言的是言其实fromancientGreek,meaningexcessorexaggeration)isafigureofspeechinwhichstatementsareexaggerated.Itmaybeusedtoevokestrongfeelingsortocreateastrongimpression,butisnotmeanttobetaken夸张（发音/h pə：rbəli/）由古希腊语，意思是过多或夸张，是一个言语中发言被夸大了的数字。它可用于激发出强烈的感情或创建一个强烈的印象，但并不意味着将要采取字面上。Understatement低调陈述:Afigureofspeechwhichcontainsanunderstatementofemphasis,andthereforetheoppositeofhyperbole.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberatelyunderstandingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.,故意通过轻描淡写或缩小事物加深人们对某事物的印象。Euphemism委婉:Apolitewordorexpressiontoreplacetheonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Meioss弱陈法isaeuphemisticfigureofspeechthatintentionallyunderstatessomethingorimpliesthatitislesserinsignificanceorsizethanitreallyis.Metonymy（转喻）:afigureofspeechwhichinvolvesa“changeofname”.Itexpressesthenameofonethingintermsofanotherwhichiscloselyassociatedwithit.指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称换喻，或借代。Antonomasia(换称):Afigureofspeechthatinvolvestheuseofanepithetortitleinplaceofaname,andalsotheuseofapropernameinplaceofacommonnoun.用专有名词代替普通名词的修辞手法叫做换称。提喻）:Asynecdocheisafigureofspeechthatinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewholeorthewholeforthepartandthesubstitutionofthespeciesforthegenusorthegenusforthespecies,andalsothesubstitutionoftheconcretefortheabstractortheabstractfortheconcrete.定义：用局.Pun双关语:isaplayonwords,suchasrepeatingawordintwodifferentmeaningsorusingwordsthatsoundalikebuthavedifferentmeanings.Heisalwaysgame(=brave)foranygame.Syllepsis一笔双叙Definition:Afigureofspeechbywhichawordreferstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Zeugma:共轭双规n:awordisusedtomodifyorgoverntwoormorewordsalthoughitsuseisgrammaticallyorlogicallycorrectwithonlyone.(yokinginGreek,强拉硬套在一块)Irony反语:Amethodofhumorousorsubtlysarcasticexpressioninwhichtheintendedmeaningofthewordsusedisthedirectoppositeoftheirusualsense.Sarcasm讽刺:awayofspeakingorwritingthatinvolvessayingtheoppositeofwhatyoureallymeaninordertomakeanunkindjokeortoshowthatyouareannoyedINNUENDO（暗讽）amildirony:anallusiveremarkconcerningapersonorthing,especiallyofadepreciatorykind.ItisafigureofspeechinwhichmoderateandallusivewordsandtoneareusedtomakecommentsorpasscriticismsuponapersonorthingParadox似非而是的隽语puttingself-contradictoryinthesentence.:afigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthe faceofitseemsself-contradictionary,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudy,mayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.理，意味深长Oxymoronputtingself-contradictoryinaphrase矛盾修饰法phrasecombinestwocontradictorywordstocreateaspecialoridea.警句式的修辞效果。Contrast对照:tocompareinordertoshowunlikenessordifferences;notetheoppositenatures,purposes.Antithesis对比：意义相反或相对的语言单位排列在平行、对称的结构里,以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感（更严格）Epigram格言:Anepigramisashort,wittystatementproverbsareoftenepigrams.TransferredEpithe移就Atransferredepithetis,asits nameimplies,aofspeechwhereanepithet(anadjectiveordescriptivephrase)is