法律英语第一课资料课件

Lesson

one

Legal

system

2022/12/21法律英语Lesson

one

Legal

system202Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。

美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W

2022/12/22法律英语EverylawhasnoatomofstrenBackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)2022/12/23法律英语BackgroundTwoperiodsoflega2022/12/24法律英语2022/12/14法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例2022/12/25法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegText——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年轻又古老的国家2022/12/26法律英语Text——Part

OneThe

United

Stateit

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

与其他国家相比2022/12/27法律英语it

is

constantly

being

renewed

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old2022/12/28法律英语

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。公元1440～1448年，德国人谷登堡创造的活版印刷术，在铅合金活字，脂肪性油墨，以及印刷机的制造方面，都取得了巨大的成功，从而奠定了现代印刷术的基础。被各国学者公认是现代印刷术的创始人2022/12/29法律英语The

whole

of

its

history

belofor

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded2022/12/210法律英语for

events

such

as

those

thatAnd

the

American

record

Comprehensive

复杂Immense

繁多2022/12/211法律英语And

the

American

record

CompreRecord

of

the

colonial

era

殖民时代的记载Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776国家从1776年开始的记载Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

当前50个州的记载The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载2022/12/212法律英语Record

of

the

colonial

era

202The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编2022/12/213法律英语The

reports

of

the

United

StaThe

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。2022/12/214法律英语The

reader

who

wants

to

traceNo

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。2022/12/215法律英语No

one

document,

no

handful

ofWhen

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。2022/12/216法律英语When

hundreds

and

thousands

oThe

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

2022/12/217法律英语The

American

legal

system,

likCivillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法2022/12/218法律英语CivillawlegalsystemCommonl

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。2022/12/219法律英语

Most

fields

of

private

law

sKnowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology2022/12/220法律英语Knowledge

Technique

central

iThe

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。2022/12/221法律英语The

common

law

is

historicallyenforcement强制执行；

claim请求；

action诉讼行为；

writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法2022/12/222法律英语enforcement强制执行；2022/12/12Theenforcement

ofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。2022/12/223法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpr

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。2022/12/224法律英语

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。2022/12/225法律英语

This

system

became

inflexibleThe

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。2022/12/226法律英语The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。2022/12/227法律英语衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。2022/12/228法律英语“Equity”——doing

equity2022/12/In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。2022/12/229法律英语In

the

fifteenth

century,

howe普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。2022/12/230法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law2022/12/231法律英语Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fi1.relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特定履行的救济方式

特定履行是对需要履行合同义务的合同当事人发出的一种命令。只有存在需要履行的合同，才能取得特定履行的命令。

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：2022/12/232法律英语

Special

characteristics

of

eq2.the

injunction

禁令：临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令禁制令是法院作出的裁定。指示一人或数人不要做某项具体的事或者做某项具体的事：但后一种指示较少。

禁制令只能为强制执行或保护一种普通法上或衡平法上的权利，才能做出。2022/12/233法律英语2.the

injunction2022/12/133法律英3.the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭

衡平法不允许有错误存在而没有救济（Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutremedy）；

求助于衡平法者自身必须公正行事（Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity）；

求助于衡平法者自身必须清白（Hewhocomestoequitymustcomewithcleanhands）；

衡平法注重意图而不重形式（Equitylooksattheintentratherthantheform）…………2022/12/234法律英语3.the

development

of

so

calledHowever,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。2022/12/235法律英语However,

equitable

relief

reg甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如数归还，但出于对朋友的信任，甲未要求乙当面归还借据，而是请乙将借据撕掉。事实上，乙一时大意，并未撕掉借据。

又过了一年，甲乙两人反目成仇，乙持甲的那张借据向法院起诉，要求甲还钱。按照普通法，法院依法只能判决甲（再次）偿还乙100英镑，因为按照当时的诉讼规则，法院惟一接受的证据，就是那张应当撕掉却没有撕的借据！

但是，如果按照衡平法审理，枢密大臣可以发布命令，要求乙将借据交给甲，命令乙不得就欠款一事向普通法院起诉；如果乙已经起诉，并且普通法院已经作出了乙胜诉的判决，大法官可以命令乙不得执行判决。同样地，如果损害赔偿不是适当的救济，大法官可以命令当事人将原物返还，或者禁止当事人采取一定的行动。2022/12/236法律英语甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如As

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接受

or

through

express

statutory

provision明确的成文法条款2022/12/237法律英语As

the

common

law,

equity

law

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式2022/12/238法律英语

Today,

both

legal

systems

hav美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。2022/12/239法律英语美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.

独立大法官法庭2022/12/240法律英语Only

few

States

continue

to

mReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要Itexplainstheoriginandsignificanceofmanycontemporarylegalconceptsthe

division

of

title

in

the

law

of

property财产法上的所有权分割2022/12/241法律英语Referencetothehistoricalde

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

decision

of

such

questionsReferencetothehistoricaldevelopmentisimportant

参考历史发展非常重要

a

right

to

a

trial

by

jury

陪审团的审判权2022/12/242法律英语

it

is

still

relevant

for

the

“ordinary”

common

law

relief

of

damages

普通法规定的赔偿金救济“extraordinary”

equity

remedy

of

specific

performance

衡平法规定的特定履行救济2022/12/243法律英语“ordinary”

common

law

relief

o"Case

law"

describes

the

entire

body

of

judge

made

law

and

today

includes

common

law

and

equity

precedents.

“判例法”指所有的法官定法，目前既包括普通法，也包括衡平法先例。2022/12/244法律英语"Case

law"

describes

the

entir

In

imprecise

and

confusing

usage

the

terms

"common

law"

and

"case

law"

are

often

used

synonymously,

with

the

term

“common

law”

in

thisusage

connoting

judge-made

law

in

general

as

contrasted

with

statutory

law.

普通法与判例法混用，被用作同义词，是指“法官定法”。是与成文法相对的概念。2022/12/245法律英语

In

imprecise

and

confusing

us"Case

law"

：always

connotes

judge

made

law判例法总是指法官定法"common

law"

：either

the

judge

made

law

in

common

law

subject

matters

or,

more

extensively,

all

judge-made

law.普通法既包括普通法意义上的法官定法，又包括更广义的所有的法官定法。2022/12/246法律英语"Case

law"

：always

connote重点词汇United

States

Supreme

CourtCommonlawlegalsystemCivillawlegalsystemCaselawStatutorylawclassical

Roman

law2022/12/247法律英语重点词汇United

States

Supreme

Courprivate

lawbindinginterpretationitinerant

judges

English

royal

courtEnforcement，claim，action，writwrit

upon

the

case2022/12/248法律英语private

law2022/12/148法律英语equity

lawequitycase

lawex

aequo

et

bonospecific

performance

injunctionequitable

reliefcommon

law

reliefcommon

law

damages2022/12/249法律英语equity

law2022/12/149法律英语civil

suitJurisdictions

titletrial

by

juryjudge-made

law

2022/12/250法律英语civil

suit2022/12/150法律英语2022/12/251法律英语2022/12/151法律英语Exercises1.Questionsaboutthetext2.Dictation3.Discussion2022/12/252法律英语Exercises1.Questionsaboutth法律英语第一课资料课件53Lesson

one

Legal

system

2022/12/254法律英语Lesson

one

Legal

system202Everylawhasnoatomofstrength,asfarasnopublicopinionsupportsit.

Wendellphillips,Americanleaderagainstslavery若是没有公众舆论的支持，法律是丝毫没有力量的。

美国废奴运动领袖菲力普斯W

2022/12/255法律英语EverylawhasnoatomofstrenBackgroundTwoperiodsoflegalhistory:ThePeriodoftheEnglishColoniesThePeriodoftheUnitedStatesOnMay14,1607,theVirginiaCompanyexplorerslandedonJamestownIslandtoestablishtheVirginiaEnglishcolonyTheRevolutionaryWarinAmerica(1775-1783)2022/12/256法律英语BackgroundTwoperiodsoflega2022/12/257法律英语2022/12/14法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegalsystem普通法系DecentralizationCaselawStaredecisis

遵从前例2022/12/258法律英语CharacteristicsCommonlawlegText——Part

OneThe

United

States

is

atoncea

very

new

nationa

very

old

nation既年轻又古老的国家2022/12/259法律英语Text——Part

OneThe

United

Stateit

is

constantly

being

renewed

by

the

addition

of

new

elements

of

population

and

of

new

States不断有新的人口成分和新州的加入It

is

a

new

nationComparedwithmanyothercountries

与其他国家相比2022/12/260法律英语it

is

constantly

being

renewed

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"

nations

—the

first

one

to

be

made

out

ofan

Old

World

colony.

第一个从旧大陆殖民地脱胎而出的国家the

oldest

written

constitution

the

oldest

continuous

federal

systemthe

oldest

practice

of

self-governmentIt

is

old2022/12/261法律英语

It

isthe

oldest

of

the

"new"The

whole

of

its

history

belongs

in

the

period

since

the

invention

of

the

printing

press.美国历史是印刷发明以后的历史。公元1440～1448年，德国人谷登堡创造的活版印刷术，在铅合金活字，脂肪性油墨，以及印刷机的制造方面，都取得了巨大的成功，从而奠定了现代印刷术的基础。被各国学者公认是现代印刷术的创始人2022/12/262法律英语The

whole

of

its

history

belofor

events

such

as

those

that

are

lost

in

the

legendary

past

of

Italy

or

France

or

England

are

part

of

the

printed

record

of

the

United

States

那些在意大利、法国或英国过去的传说中湮没的那些事件，是美国有文字记载历史的一部分。The

whole

of

its

history

is

recorded2022/12/263法律英语for

events

such

as

those

thatAnd

the

American

record

Comprehensive

复杂Immense

繁多2022/12/264法律英语And

the

American

record

CompreRecord

of

the

colonial

era

殖民时代的记载Recordof

the

Nation

since

1776国家从1776年开始的记载Recordof

the

present

fifty

States

当前50个州的记载The

intricate

network

ofrelationships

between

States

andNation

各州与联邦之间错综复杂关系的记载2022/12/265法律英语Record

of

the

colonial

era

202The

reports

of

the

United

States

Supreme

Court

fill

350

volumesThe

reports

of

some

States

are

almost

equally

voluminous.

联邦最高法院判例汇编州法院判例汇编2022/12/266法律英语The

reports

of

the

United

StaThe

reader

who

wants

to

trace

the

history

of

law

in

America

is

confronted

with

over

5,000

stout

volumes

of

legal

cases.想要探索美国法律历史的人面对的是5000多巨册的法律案例。2022/12/267法律英语The

reader

who

wants

to

traceNo

one

document,

no

handful

of

documents,

can

properly

be

said

to

reveal

the

character

of

a

people

or

of

their

government.

没有哪一个或者少数几个文件可以准确地揭示一国人民或政府的特征。2022/12/268法律英语No

one

document,

no

handful

ofWhen

hundreds

and

thousands

of

documents

strike

a

consistent

note，over

more

than

a

hundred

years,

we

have

a

right

to

say

that

is

the

keynote.当一百多年来成百上千的文件敲击出始终如一的音调时，我们可以说这就是基调。2022/12/269法律英语When

hundreds

and

thousands

oThe

American

legal

system,

like

the

English,

is

methodologically

mainly

a

caselaw

system.

判例法Part

Two

2022/12/270法律英语The

American

legal

system,

likCivillawlegalsystem大陆法系/罗马法系Commonlawlegalsystem普通法系Statutorylaw法国和德国为代表，还有瑞士、意大利、奥地利、比利时、卢森堡、荷兰、西班牙、葡萄牙、日本等Caselaw形成于英国，包括加拿大，澳大利亚，新西兰，爱尔兰，印度、巴基斯坦，马来西亚和新加坡，香港地区也采用英美法2022/12/271法律英语CivillawlegalsystemCommonl

Most

fields

of

private

law

still

consist

primarily

of

case

law

and

the

extensive

and

steadily

growing

statutory

continues

to

be

subject

to

binding

interpretation

through

case

law.

私法的大多数领域主要包括判例法，以及广泛的不断增加的成文法，这些成文法继续通过判例法受制于有约束力的法律解释。2022/12/272法律英语

Most

fields

of

private

law

sKnowledge

Technique

central

importancefor

an

understanding

of

American

lawand

legal

methodology2022/12/273法律英语Knowledge

Technique

central

iThe

common

law

is

historically

the

common

general

law

——

with

supremacy

over

local

law

——which

was

decreed

by

the

itinerant

judges

of

the

English

royal

court.

普通法在历史上是普通综合法，由英国皇家法院的巡回法官颁布的普通综合法地位高于地方法。2022/12/274法律英语The

common

law

is

historicallyenforcement强制执行；

claim请求；

action诉讼行为；

writ法院令状；

classicalRomanlaw古罗马法2022/12/275法律英语enforcement强制执行；2022/12/12Theenforcement

ofaclaimpresupposedtheexistenceofaspecialformofaction,awrit,withtheresultthattheoriginalcommonlawrepresentedasystemof‘action’similartothatofclassicalRomanlaw.某项诉讼请求的强制执行是以法院令状这种特殊诉讼形式的存在为前提的，而这就使最初的普通法表现为由类似于古罗马法的“诉讼行为”所构成的体系。2022/12/276法律英语Theenforcementofaclaimpr

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

claim

could

be

enforced;

有法院令状，诉讼请求就要强制执行；there

was

no

recourse

for

a

claim

without

a

writ,

the

claim

did

notexist.

没有法院令状为前提的诉讼请求，就没有追索权，因而该诉讼请求也就不存在。2022/12/277法律英语

If

a

writ

existed

(in

1227)

a

This

system

became

inflexible

when

the

"Provisions

of

Oxford"

(1258)

prohibited

the

creation

of

new

writs,

except

for

the

flexibility

which

the

"writ

upon

the

case"

allowed

and

which

later

led

to

the

development

of

contract

and

tort

law.

这一制度在（1258年）“牛津条例”禁止新令状产生以后变得固定下来；除非“本案令状”允许了灵活性的例外，后者后来发展成合同与侵权法。2022/12/278法律英语

This

system

became

inflexibleThe

narrow

limits

of

the

forms

of

action

and

the

limited

recourse

they

provided

led

to

the

development

of

equity

law

and

equity

case

law.

诉讼形式的限制及其提供的有限追索权导致了衡平法和衡平判例法的产生。2022/12/279法律英语The

narrow

limits

of

the

forms衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避免过分重视令状和程序方面的技术性问题，而集中考虑案情的理据得失，最终发展出有别于普通法的法律规范，就是衡平法。2022/12/280法律英语衡平法由英国衡平法法院的大法官在处理专门的申诉案件时，为避“Equity”——doing

equity公平——行为公平deciding

ex

aequo

et

bono决定公平且善良（拉丁语）was

first

granted

by

the

King,

and

later

by

his

Chancellor

as

"keeper

of

the

King's

conscience",

toaffordreliefinhardshipcases.首先由国王，以后由作为“国王良知守护人”的大法官作出，以便对难以解决的案例提供救济。2022/12/281法律英语“Equity”——doing

equity2022/12/In

the

fifteenth

century,

however,

equity

law

and

equity

case

law

developed

into

an

independent

legal

system

and

judiciary

(Court

of

chancery)which

competed

with

the

ordinary

common

law

courts.

15世纪，衡平法和衡平判例法发展成独立的法律制度和司法制度（大法官法庭），大法官法庭与普通法法庭并列存在。2022/12/282法律英语In

the

fifteenth

century,

howe普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐形成的适用于全英格兰的一种判例法。而衡平法是指英国在14世纪后对普通法的修正和补充而出现的一种判例法。2022/12/283法律英语普通法衡平法普通法专指英国在11世纪后由法官通过判决形式逐渐Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fixed

and,

to

a

degree,

inflexible

as

in

any

legal

system.

衡平法的规则和原则逐渐确定，与任何法律制度一样，具有一定程度的固定性。equity

law2022/12/284法律英语Its

rules

and

maxims

became

fi1.relief

in

the

form

of

specific

performance

特定履行的救济方式

特定履行是对需要履行合同义务的合同当事人发出的一种命令。只有存在需要履行的合同，才能取得特定履行的命令。

Special

characteristics

of

equity

law：2022/12/285法律英语

Special

characteristics

of

eq2.the

injunction

禁令：临时或最终的采取或不采取某种行为的命令禁制令是法院作出的裁定。指示一人或数人不要做某项具体的事或者做某项具体的事：但后一种指示较少。

禁制令只能为强制执行或保护一种普通法上或衡平法上的权利，才能做出。2022/12/286法律英语2.the

injunction2022/12/133法律英3.the

development

of

so

calledmaxims

of

equity

law形成所谓的衡平法座右铭

衡平法不允许有错误存在而没有救济（Equitywillnotsufferawrongtobewithoutremedy）；

求助于衡平法者自身必须公正行事（Hewhoseeksequitymustdoequity）；

求助于衡平法者自身必须清白（Hewhocomestoequitymustcomewithcleanhands）；

衡平法注重意图而不重形式（Equitylooksattheintentratherthantheform）…………2022/12/287法律英语3.the

development

of

so

calledHowever,

equitable

relief

regularly

will

lie

only

when

the

common

law

relief

isinadequate.

只有当普通法救济不充分时，才适用衡平救济。2022/12/288法律英语However,

equitable

relief

reg甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如数归还，但出于对朋友的信任，甲未要求乙当面归还借据，而是请乙将借据撕掉。事实上，乙一时大意，并未撕掉借据。

又过了一年，甲乙两人反目成仇，乙持甲的那张借据向法院起诉，要求甲还钱。按照普通法，法院依法只能判决甲（再次）偿还乙100英镑，因为按照当时的诉讼规则，法院惟一接受的证据，就是那张应当撕掉却没有撕的借据！

但是，如果按照衡平法审理，枢密大臣可以发布命令，要求乙将借据交给甲，命令乙不得就欠款一事向普通法院起诉；如果乙已经起诉，并且普通法院已经作出了乙胜诉的判决，大法官可以命令乙不得执行判决。同样地，如果损害赔偿不是适当的救济，大法官可以命令当事人将原物返还，或者禁止当事人采取一定的行动。2022/12/289法律英语甲向朋友乙借款100英镑，并留下借据。一年后甲如As

the

common

law,

equity

law

became

part

of

American

law

either

through

judicial

acceptance司法接受

or

through

express

statutory

provision明确的成文法条款2022/12/290法律英语As

the

common

law,

equity

law

Today,

both

legal

systems

have

been

merged

in

many

American

jurisdictions

普通法

衡平法there

is

only

one

form

of

civil

suit

in

these

jurisdictions

as

well

asin

federal

practice.

在美国司法管辖区和联邦实践中只有一套民事诉讼形式2022/12/291法律英语

Today,

both

legal

systems

hav美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲尔德起草的《菲尔德民事程序法典》，稍后更成立了一个“法典化委员会”来“将纽约州的全部法律简化为成文的、系统化的法典”。2022/12/292法律英语美国纽约州立法机构于1848年通过了由戴维·菲Only

few

States

continue

to

maintain

a

separate

chancery

court.