Unit 2 Grammar and usage 定语从句学案-高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第四册

定语从句eq\a\vs4\al(一、定语从句的定义)在复合句中修饰某一名词、代词或句子的从句叫定语从句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词在定语从句中的作用主要是：引导定语从句并且在定语从句中充当一定的成分。引导定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两类。关系代词主要有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词主要有when,where,why等。关系代词在定语从句中主要充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，而关系副词则主要在定语从句中充当状语。定语从句分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是对先行词的修饰或限定；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明。例如：Thedoctorhasasonwhoworksasateacher.(限制性定语从句，医生有一个做老师的儿子。言下之意，他可能还有其他不做老师的儿子。)Thedoctorhasason,whoworksasateacher.(非限制性定语从句，医生有一个儿子，这个儿子做老师。言下之意，他只有一个儿子。)二、关系代词引导定语从句1.关系代词that引导定语从句关系代词that引导定语从句既可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。关系代词that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句。例如：(1)Doyoustillremembereq\x(thechickenfarm)thatwevisitedthreemonthsago?你还记得三个月前我们去拜访的那个养鸡场吗？(关系代词that引导定语从句，指物，在从句中充当宾语，此处that可以省略)(2)Ourheadmastermentionedeq\x(astudent)thatwonthefirstprizeinthelatestNationalMathsCompetition.我们校长提到了一个在最近的全国数学竞赛中获得第一名的学生。(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当主语)(3)Heisnolongereq\x(thelazyman)thatheusedtobe.他已经不再是以前的那个懒人了。(关系代词that引导定语从句，指人，在定语从句中充当表语)【即时巩固】(1)Weshouldrealizethefactthatwhenyougraduatefromuniversity,youarestillnotpreparedforthepossiblesituations________wemayfaceintheworkingworld.2.关系代词which引导定语从句which引导定语从句仅指物，在定语从句中代替先行词充当主语、宾语、表语等，偶尔作定语。which引导非限制定语从句时，有时指代前面的整句话。关系代词which引导定语从句作宾语时可以省略。例如：(1)Inanhour,wecantraveltoeq\x(places)whichwouldhavetakenourancestorsdaystoreach.在一小时之内，我们就可以旅行到原本要花费我们祖先几天才能到达的地方。(关系代词which引导限制性定语从句，在从句中充当主语)(2)Jim__passed__the__driving__test,__whichsurprisedeverybodyintheoffice.吉米通过了驾驶考试，这一点让我们办公室里的每个人都很惊讶。(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当主语)(3)Hersisterhasbecomeeq\x(alawyer)，whichshewantstobe.她的姐姐成了一名律师，这也正是她所期望的职业。(which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中充当表语，注意此处的先行词alawyer是一种职业不是指人)(4)The__result__of__the__experiment__was__very__good,__whichwehadn'texpected.实验的结果很好，这出乎我们的意料。(which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子的内容，在从句中充当宾语)(5)Theystayedwithmeforthreeweeks,duringwhichtimetheydrunkallthewineIhad.他们和我一起待了三周，在这期间他们喝光了我所有的酒。(which在从句中作定语，修饰time)【即时巩固】(2)Personalspaceistheregionsurroundingaperson________theyregardaspsychologicallytheirs.(3)Hispromisethathewouldgiveawayhalfoftheyear'sincometothedisabledturnedoutalie,________madethepublicfeelcheated.3.关系代词who与whom引导定语从句关系代词who与whom引导定语从句仅指人。who引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等；whom引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当宾语。关系代词who和whom作宾语时可以省略。在“介词＋关系代词”这一结构中，介词后面只能用whom不能用who。例如：(1)Themanwho/whom/that/不填youmetyesterdayisMr.Smith.昨天你碰到的那个人是史密斯先生。(2)IhavemanyfriendstowhomIamgoingtosendpostcards.我有很多需要给他们寄贺卡的朋友。【比较】Ihavemanyfriendswho/whom/that/不填Iamgoingtosendpostcardsto.(3)Inthisearthquake,thenumberofpeoplewho/thatlosthomesreachedasmanyas250，000.在这次地震中失去家园的人数多达250000。4.关系代词whose引导定语从句whose引导定语从句既可指人也可指物。在定语从句中充当定语，常用在某个名词之前来修饰该名词作定语。例如：(1)I'dlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.我想要一个窗子朝向大海的房间。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当window一词的定语)(2)Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,whoseeffectsthepeoplearestillsufferingfrom.上个月东南亚部分地区受到了洪水的袭击，人们仍然还在遭受它的影响。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当effects一词的定语)(3)SheislookingafterthelittlechildwhoseparentshavegonetoLondon.她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。(关系代词whose引导定语从句，在定语从句中充当parents一词的定语)◆whose指物时可以用“the＋名词＋ofwhich”或者“ofwhich＋the＋名词”的结构来替换。例如：Thehouse,whoseroofwasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.＝Thehouse,theroofofwhichwasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.＝Thehouse,ofwhichtheroofwasdamaged,hasnowbeenrepaired.屋顶损坏的房子现在已经修好了。【即时巩固】(4)Moreandmorepeoplegojogginginthemorning,________benefitsforhealtharisefromtheairrichinoxygen.(5)Aftertheflooding,peopleweresufferinginthatarea,________urgentlyneededcleanwater,medicineandsheltertosurvive.5.关系代词as引导定语从句as引导非限制性定语从句位置关系不同于其他的定语从句，既可以位于先行词前面，也可以位于先行词后面。as引导定语从句表示“正如”的含义，同时as一词要在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)Heforgottobringhispenwithhim,aswasoftenthecase.他忘了带笔，这是常事。(2)Asisknowntoall,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.众所周知，马克·吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。(3)Asweallknow,theearthisround.＝Theearthisround,asweallknow.众所周知(正如我们大家都知道的)，地球是圆的。(4)Asapoetpointsout,lifeisbutadream.正如一位诗人指出的，生活仅仅就是一场梦。◆as引导限制性定语从句常用在一些固定结构中，如thesame...as;such...as;as...as;so...as等。as一词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。例如：(1)Heboughtthesamewashingmachineasyoudidyesterday.他买了一个和你昨天买的一样的洗衣机。(2)ItwasfashionableforfanstowearthesameclothingastheBeatlesdid,andtogethaircutsthatmatchedtheirstyleaswell.对于粉丝们而言，穿和披头士乐队一样的衣服、去理和他们风格一样的发型是一种时尚。【比较】(1)Heissuchacleverboythatwealllikehim.他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。(such...that...为结果状语从句，that不作任何成分)(2)Heissuchacleverboyaswealllike.他是如此聪明的一个男孩，我们都喜欢他。(such...as...是定语从句，引导词as在定语从句中作宾语)6.“介词＋which”与“介词＋whom”引导定语从句“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，指物时用“介词＋which”，指人时用“介词＋whom”。“介词＋which”或“介词＋whom”引导定语从句，主要涉及的考点是选用介词的判定。例如：(1)Intenyears,Jillwentfromworkinginthemailroomtorunningthecompany,inwhichmorethan1，000peoplenowwork.在十年时间里，吉尔从在邮局工作一直做到经营一家现在有1000多人在其中工作的公司。(先行词为thecompany，与定语从句搭配起来应为：morethan1，000peoplenowworkinthecompany,因此使用介词in＋which来引导定语从句)(2)Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.这种无色的气体是氧气，离了它我们不能活。(先行词为thecolorlessgas，根据含义与定语从句搭配起来应为：wecannotlivewithoutthecolorlessgas，因此使用withoutwhich来引导定语从句)(3)Mr.Smith,fromwhomIhavelearnedalot,isafamousscientist.史密斯是个著名的科学家，我从他身上学到了很多。(4)Thewomanto/withwhomwespokeisfromtheUSA.和我们讲话的那位女士是个美国人。(5)Thegirlwithwhomshewastravelingisherbestfriend.和她一道旅行的那个女孩是她最好的朋友。(6)Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.这是我们去年居住的房子。(7)Wewillneverforgetthedayonwhichwewentonastrike.我们永远都不会忘记我们罢工的那一天。(8)Wewillneverforgetthedaysduring/inwhichitwasverydifficulttocontacttherelativesinadistantplace.我们将永远都不会忘记那些很难联系到远方亲戚的日子。(9)Hemadeaholeinthewall,throughwhichhecouldseewhatwasgoingonoutsidethehouse.他在墙上弄了个洞，透过这个洞他可以看见外面正在发生的事情。【即时巩固】(6)Allthepeopleagreethatitissodifficultatask________noonecancarryoutwithinthreeweeks.(7)Whatimpressedmemostin2003wasthesuccessofShenzhouⅤandChina'sbecomingthethirdnationtosendamanintospace,________allourChineseareproud.(8)Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction________hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.(9)Isawawomanrunningtowardmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection________shehadcome.7.关系副词when引导定语从句关系副词when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的先行词，且在定语从句中充当时间状语。when常可以使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：(1)Ishallneverforgetthedayswhen(during/inwhich)Ilivedinthecountrywithfarmers,whichhasagreateffectonmylife.我永远也不会忘记和农民们一起住在农村的时光，这对我的人生有很重大的影响。(2)Wearelivinginanagewhen(inwhich)manythingsaredoneoncomputer.我们生活在一个很多事情都在电脑上完成的时代。8.关系副词where引导定语从句关系副词where引导定语从句，先行词可以是表示地点的名词，且在定语从句中充当地点状语。where一词通常可使用“介词＋which”来替换。例如：(1)AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltownwhere(inwhich)hegrewupasachild.在巴黎住了50年后，他回到了他曾在那儿长大的那个小镇。(2)Hepointsatthecompanyandtellsusthatitisjusttheonewhere(inwhich)heworkedfor30years.他指着那个公司告诉我们那就是他工作过三十年的地方。where引导定语从句修饰表示非地点的先行词是一个难点，也是高考的热点。此类先行词并非指地点，但是我们可以将其看作是一种抽象地点来理解，或者将where替换成“介词＋which”来理解。例如：(1)IthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn'twriteagoodessay.(where＝inwhich)我思考了许多例子，在这些例子中学生显然懂得了很多英语单词和表达，却写不出好文章。(2)He'sgothimselfintoadangeroussituationwhereheislikelytolosecontrolovertheplane.(where＝inwhich)他使自己陷入了一个危险的境地，在这种情形下他很有可能失去对飞机的控制。9.关系副词why引导定语从句关系副词why引导定语从句修饰表示原因的先行词reason。why引导定语从句其先行词就只有reason一词，且在定语从句中充当原因状语。why通常可以用forwhich来替换。例如：Hedidn'tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewasdismissed.他不知道他为什么被解雇了。【比较】(1)Thereasonwhy(forwhich)IamwritingisthatI'meagertotellyouabouttheparty.我写信的原因是我迫切地想要告诉你有关聚会的事。(2)Thereasonthat/which/不填hegaveatthemeetingsoundednotsoconvincing.他在会上所给出的理由听起来不是很令人信服。【即时巩固】(10)Adolescenceisacriticalstageinthegrowthofchildren________theytendtoberestless,rebelliousandconsequently,someevenaggressive.(11)Inthefast­movinginformationage,teenagersshouldkeeppacewiththemediaenvironment________theycommunicatewiththeoutsideworld.(12)Whenreadinganovel,itisimportanttolookatthepoliticalandculturalcontext________thenoveliswritten.当堂达标·跟踪演练1.Hebrokehiswordtomebefore,sogivemeonereason________Ishouldtrusthimnow.2.Thereason________hepresentedforhisbeinglateforthemeeting,tobehonest,wasjustanexcusethathehadmadeup.3.Lifeisalongandroughjourney,inasense,________youhavetomaketoughdecisionssometimes.4.Intheeraofdigitaltechnology,theoccasions________peoplelivingapartfromeachotherchoosetocommunicatefacetofacearebecomingrarerandrarer.5.PeterandMaryhavefinallyreachedacompromise,________thewifecooksthemealswhilethehusbandwashesthedishes.6.Nowwemustlookforward,andturnthisintothemoment________everyone—whicheverwaytheyvoted—comestogethertobuildthatbetter,brighterfutureforourentireUnitedKingdom.7.Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous________wegavesomebellsandglasses.8.Ilivenextdoortoacouple________childrenoftenmakealotofnoise.9.TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT­shirt,________isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.10.Newtonisknownasagiftedscientistwithveryhumanweaknesseswhostoodatthepointinhistory________magicendedandsciencebegan.11.TheWHOsayssuperbugscanalsopassalonggeneticmaterial________helpsotherbacteriabecomeresistanttodrugtreatment.12.Asweallknow,theChineseRedCrossisoneoftheorganizations,________thepurposeistohelpthesickandtheneedy.13.Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.14.—Weshall