北京市某小区热源及室外热力管线工程设计

PAGEPAGE20外文资料AninvestigationoftheexistingsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChinaAbstractAccordingtotheChineseStateCouncil’s‘‘BuildingEnergyEfficiencyManagementOrdinance’’,alarge-scaleinvestigationofenergyefficiency(EE)inbuildingsincontemporaryChinahasbeencarriedoutin22provincialcapitalsandmajorcitiesinChina.Theaimofthisprojectistoprovidereliableinformationfordrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’bytheMinistryofConstructionofChina.Thesurveyedorganizationsincludegovernmentdepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicescompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financialinstitutionsandthosewhichrelatetothebusinessofbuildingenergyefficiency.Inaddition,representativesofthemediaandresidentswerealsoinvolved.Adetailedanalysisoftheresultsoftheinvestigationconcerningaspectsofthecurrentsituationandtrendsinbuildingenergyconsumption,energyefficiencystrategyandtheimplementationofenergyefficiencymeasureshasbeenconducted.Theinvestigationsuppliesessentialinformationtoformulatethemarketentrancepolicyfornewbuildingsandtherefurbishmentpolicyforexistingbuildingstoencouragethedevelopmentofenergyefficienttechnology.Keywords:Energyefficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation;Reform;China1．IntroductionFuturetrendsinChina’senergywillhaveconsiderableconsequencesforbothChinaandtheglobalenvironment.AlthoughChina’scarbonemissionsarelowonapercapitabasis,Chinahasbeenalreadyrankedtheworld’ssecondlargestproducerofcarbon,behindonlytheUSA.China’sbuildingssectorcurrentlyaccountsfor23%ofChina’stotalenergyuseandthisisprojectedtoincreasetoone-thirdby2010.Chinahassetatargetfora50%reductionofenergyconsumptionforbuildings.EnergypolicyplaysanimportantroleinChina’ssustainabledevelopment.Improvingenergyefficiencyinbuildingsisoneofthemostcost-effectivemeasuresforreducingCO2emission,whichisrecognisedasoneofthemaincausesofglobalwarming.TheclimateinChinaisverydiverse.Accordingtothenational‘‘StandardofClimaticRegionalizationforArchitecture’’GB50178-93,Chinaisdividedintothefollowingzonesbasedonclimatecharacteristics:verycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinter,hotsummerandwarmwinter,andmoderate.Airconditioningandheatingrequirementsfordifferentzonesareasfollows:intheverycoldzone,themajorrequirementisheating,andfewresidentialbuildingsareequippedwithairconditioning.Inthecoldzone,theprimaryrequirementisheating,followedbyairconditioning.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,bothairconditioningandheatingareneeded.Inthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone,themajorrequirementisairconditioningandfewresidentialbuildingsrequireheating.Insomepartsofthemoderatezone,heatingisneeded;inotherparts,bothheatingandairconditioningareneeded.Theavailabilityofheatingandairconditioningdependsonseveralfactors,includingthedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentinanarea,theavailabilityofenergysuppliesandtherequirementsforenvironmentalprotectionTheChinesegovernmenthasfocusedonenergyefficiencyinbuildingssincethe1980s,andnumerousstandards,buildingcodes,incentivepoliciesandadministrativeruleshavebeenissued.Forexample,the‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-86’’,‘‘EnergyDesignCodeforHeatedNewResidentialBuildingsJGJ26-95’’and‘‘TechnicalSpecificationforEnergyConservationRenovationofExistingHeatedResidentialBuildingsJGJ129-2000’’arefortheVeryColdandColdzones.The‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandColdWinterzoneJGJ134-2001’’and‘‘DesignStandardforEnergyEfficiencyofResidentialBuildingsintheHotSummerandWarmWinterzoneJGJ75-2003’’arefornon-centralheatingareas.AccordingtotheChinesegovernmenttimetable,standardsfortheenergyefficientdesignforresidentialbuildingsinallclimatezonesshouldhavetakeneffectbytheendof2003Inordertoenhancetheenergyefficiencystrategies’implementation,onbehalfoftheStateCouncil,TheMinistryofConstructionisdrawingupthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’,whichaimstoestablishabuildingenergyefficiencylegislationsystem,principallyusingapolicyofeconomicincentivesinordertostimulatethereforminbuildingenergyefficiency.Tofulfillthistask,alarge-scaleinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutfocusingontheawareness,understandinganddegreeofsupportforthereformofenergyefficiencyinbuildings.2.MethodologyThesurveymethodhasbeenappliedinthisinvestigation.Thequestionnairesurveyisacommonmethod,whichhasbeenusedbymanyresearchersworldwide.Adetaileddescriptionofthesurveymethodusedinthisworkisasfollows.2.1.ObjectsandsubjectsoftheinvestigationThesurveyintothe‘‘existingsituationandtrendsofbuildingenergyefficiencymanagementinChina’’wascarriedoutfromSeptember2005toFebruary2006andaimedtosupplyrealisticinformationforprovidingareliablewarrantyfordrawingupbuildingenergymanagementregulations.Extensivediscussionshavebeenconductedwithexpertsinthecountryinordertodesignthesurveyquestionnaire.About22,000copiesofthesurveyquestionnairehavebeendistributedtoabout22provincialcapitalsandthemajorcitiesthroughoutthecountry.Thesurveysubjectsaremainlygovernmentadministrativedepartments,researchinstitutions,propertydevelopers,designinstitutions,constructioncompanies,constructionconsultancyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementdepartments,financeorganizations,themediaandresidents.Theinformationderivedfromtheinvestigationbecomesanimportantreferenceforthedrawingupofthe‘‘Decisiononreinforcingbuildingenergyefficiency’’.Thetopicsoftheinvestigationaredividedintoonegeneralpartandeightspecificparts.Thegeneralpartistoinvestigatetheexistingsituationofenergyefficiencymanagement,thedevelopmenttendencyandthecostofbuildingenergyefficiency.Thespecificpartsinclude:Part1:Newbuildingmarketentrancepermission;Part2:Promotion,limitationandrestriction;Part3:Statisticofbuildingenergyconsumption;Part4:Energyefficiencylabellingandcertification;Part5:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforpublicbuildings;Part6:Energyefficiencymanagementandrefurbishmentforresidentialbuildings;Part7:Applicationofrenewableenergy;Part8:Incentivepolicyforenergyefficiency.Thesubjectscomefrom11groups,theyare:No.1:Governmentdepartments;No.2:Propertydevelopers;No.3:Designandconstructioncompanies;No.4:Energyservicecompanies;No.5:Clientsofpublicbuildings;No.6:Propertyservicecompanies;No.7:Heatingsuppliers;No.8:Manufacturersofconstructionmaterialsandproducts;No.9:Financialinstitutions;No.10:Residents;No.11:TheMedia.The11subjectswererequiredtoanswerthequestionsinthegeneralpartbutdidnotnecessarilyhavetoanswerallthequestionsinthespecificparts.The11typesofquestionnaireweredesignedforthedifferentsubjects.3.AnalysisofsamplesThe22,000copiesofthequestionnairehavebeendistributed,andabout13,125validcopieshavebeenreturned,aresponserateof59.7%.Amongthesevalidcompletedquestionnaires,10,236copieswerefromresidentsand2889copiesfrominstitutions.3.1.ResidentsubjectsamplesTheresidentquestionnaireincludesfourcriteria:ownershipofproperty,buildingtype,buildingageandaveragefamilyincome.Fromtheinvestigationwecanseethattheownershipofpropertyaccountsfor67.8%;themulti-floorbuildingsaccountfor61.8%;thebuildingsagedlessthan10yearsoldaccountfor62.9%;andhouseholdswithmonthlyaveragefamilyincomelessthan5000Yuanaccountfor61.8%.ThesefiguresmatchtherealsituationinChina.Ingeneral,thevalidcompletedquestionnairesfromresidentsubjectsreflectthegeneralsituationinChinesesociety.Itrepresentsthesociety’smainstream.3.2.InstitutionsincludedinthesampleTheinstitutionsincludedinthesamplewereclassifiedaccordingtothreecriteria,namelytheadministrativecharacteristicsoftheircities,theirclimatezone,andwhetherornottheywerebuildingowners.FromtheinvestigationwecanseethatthesurveyedcitiesaremainlyprovincialcapitalsandMunicipalities(aMunicipalityisaspecificadministrativecitywhichisgoverneddirectlybythecentralgovernment.Therearefoursuchcities:Beijing,Tainjin,ShanghaiandChongqing),whichaccountfor90%ofthewholesurveyedcities.Thebuildingenergyconsumptioninprovincialcapitalsismoreremarkablethanthatinothercities,whichreflectthecountry’srealsituation.Thesurveyedcitiesaremostlylocatedintheverycold,cold,hotsummerandcoldwinterzones.Theproportionofthecitiesinthehotsummerandwarmwinterandmildzonesarelowandthisisbecausethegovernmentfocusesonthecoldareasatthemoment.Amongthesampledinstitutions,theenergyservicecompaniesmakeupthelowestproportionof0.6%becausethebuildingenergyefficiencyservicesystemisnotyetfullymature.Theproportionofdesigninstitutions,constructionandconsultancycompaniesis38%,whichisthelargestgroup.Thesecondlargestgroup,with14.3%,ismadeupofmanufacturersofbuildingmaterialsandequipment.Thesetwoinstitutionsarethepracticalexecutivebodiesfortheimplementationofbuildingenergyefficiency.Theproportionofclientsofpublicbuildingis9.0%,whichisparticularlyselectedtoreflectpublicbuildingenergymanagementandrenovation.TheproportionsoftheseinstitutionsubjectsamplesreflecttherealsituationinChina[4.ResultanalysisThesurveyswerecarriedoutwithinfourgroups:consumers,producers,servicesandconsultancysupervisions.Theconsumersincluderesidentsandclientsofpublicbuildings.Theproducersincludepropertydevelopersandmanufacturers.Theservicesincludedesignconstructionandconstructionconsultancycompanies,energyservicecompanies,facilitymanagementservices,energyresourceservicescompaniesandfinanceinstitutions.Theconsultancysupervisionsincludegovernmentdepartmentsandthemedia.4.1Consumersofenergyefficientproducts4.1.1ThedegreeofacceptabilityofenergyefficientproductsTheinvestigationshowsthedegreeofacceptabilityofenergyefficientproductsfromthesurvey.Fromtheinvestigationwecanseethattheacceptabilitydegreeofenergyefficientbuildingproductsdoesnotremainhighandthereexistsaregionaldifference.Thefeedbackfromtheresidentsurveyshowsthat,theenergyefficientproductsaremorelikelytobeacceptedintheverycold,coldandhotsummerandcoldwinterzonesthanthehotsummerandwarmwinterzone.Inrecentyears,aheatingmeteringandpaymentsystemreformhasbeenconductedintheverycoldandcoldzones;thereforetheresidentsinthesezonesaremoreinterestedinenergyefficientproducts.Inthehotsummerandcoldwinterzone,theindoorclimateissevereinwinterandsummerwithoutbothairconditioningandelectricheating;thereforetheresidentsarekeentouseenergyefficientproductstoimprovetheirlivingconditionsaswellastosavemoney.Thefeedbackfromclientsofpublicbuildingsshowsthattheenergyefficientproductsaremorefavouredintheverycold,cold,andhotsummerandcoldwinterzones.Fromthesurveyresultswecanconcludethattheconsumers’degreeofacceptanceofenergyefficientbuildingproductsisaffectedbythefollowingfactors:1.ThemeteringandpaymentsystemforheatinginnorthChina;2.Thequantityofenergyconsumed;3.Climatecharacteristics.4.1.2.Large-scalepublicbuildingsTheenergyconsumptioninlarge-scalepublicbuildingsis10–15timesthatinresidentialbuildings.Forexample,thefloorareaoflargepublicbuildingsinBeijingonlyaccountsfor5.4%ofthecity’stotalbuildingfloorarea,however,itselectricityenergyconsumptionisalmostequaltothatofresidentialbuildings.Itisobviousthatenergyefficiencyreformshouldfocusonlarge-scalepublicandgovernmentofficebuildings.Inordertoinvestigatethepublicexpectationsofenergyefficiencyreform,thequestion‘‘Canenergyefficiencyreformsavemoreorlessthan20%ofenergyconsumption?’’hasbeenincludedinthesurvey(seeFig.1).Theresultfromgovernmentofficebuildingsisthat40.7%ofrespondentsvote‘‘less’’and59.3%‘‘more’’.Theresultfromthelarge-scalepublicbuildingsshowsthat32%ofrespondentsvote‘‘less’’and68%‘‘more’’.Thisimpliesapositiveopinionandhighexpectationthatenergyefficiencyreformwillsaveenergyconsumptioninbuildingsforthesetwotypesofbuildings.4.2.Energyefficientbuildingdevelopers4.2.1.PropertydevelopersAccordingtothestandardGB50189-2005,thenewbuildingsmustsave50%oftheirenergyconsumptionforheating,airconditioningandlightingcomparingtobuildingsbuiltinthe1980s.ThesenewbuildingsarecalledEnergyEfficientBuildings.Thesurveyhasbeencarriedoutwith411propertydevelopersinvolvedwiththenewlyconstructedbuildingstoinvestigateifthistargethasbeenmetinthefollowingthreeareas:1.ThenumberofEEbuildingsasaproportionofthetotalnumberofnewlyconstructedbuildings;2.ThecostsofEEbuildings;3.ThesalesofEEbuildingsinthemarket.Thesurveyresultrevealsthatonly20.6%ofthetotalbuildingshavemettherequirementofthisstandard.TheinvestigationshowstheincrementofcostoftheEEbuildings.Fromthisfigure,wecanseethatthereisadifferenceinthecostincrementsforEEbuildingsconstructedbythedifferentpropertydevelopers.InvestigationshowsthemarketsituationforEEbuildings.Fromthis,wecanseethatthereisnooverwhelmingadvantageforEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket.ThissurveyidentifiessomeoftheproblemsindevelopingEEbuildingsinChina,whichare:1.Thereisagreatmismatchbetweendesignandconstructionandthisaffectstheactualenergysaving;2.ThereisnostableratioofcostincrementtoenergysavingandthiscausesproblemsforthebudgetestimationsforEEbuildings;3.ThereisnomarketguidanceforenergyefficientbuildingsandthiscauseslowsensitivitytotheEEbuildingsonthepropertymarket;4.PropertydevelopersunderestimatetherequirementoftheEEbuildingsforpropertybuyers.Meanwhile,weinvestigatedtheimpactofBuildingEnergyEfficiencyLabellingonpurchasingintentionsandtheattitudeofpropertydeveloperstotheprovisionofbuildingenergyefficiencylabelling.Thesurveyresultsshowthatthemoreinformationthathasbeensuppliedtothebuyers,themoreattentiontheypaytoabuilding’sEEstatus.seeFig.4.Theintentionto‘‘considerbuyinganenergyefficientbuilding’’increasesbymorethanfivetimesaftertheprovisionoftheinformationthanbefore.Thereisasignificantopportunityforenergyefficiencybuildinglabelingtostimulatethedemandforenergyefficientbuildingsonthepropertymarket.Fig.5.showstheattitudetowardsenergyefficiencybuildinglabellingoftheadministrativedepartments,propertydevelopersandbuyers.Fromthis,wecanseethat81.6%ofthebuyersareverysupportiveofenergyefficiencybuildinginformationandlabelling;however,incontrastabout66%ofpropertydevelopersarenotconcernedaboutenergyefficiencyinformation.Itisveryimportantforlegislationontheenergyefficiencylabellingsystemtorequirethepropertydeveloperstosupplytheenergyefficiencybuildinginformationtobuyersinordertosupportenergyefficiencyandavoidoverwhelmingprofit-makingonthepropertymarket.4.2.2.ManufacturersofmaterialsandequipmentTheinvestigationontheenergyefficiencyinbuildingmaterialsandproductshasbeencarriedoutwith405manufacturersthroughoutthecountryandfocusedonthefollowingtwoquestions:１.Whataretheapproachestotheintroductionofenergyefficiencytechnologydevelopmentandtransfer?２.Whydodisputesaboutenergyefficiencyproductsoccurinpractice?Fig.6showstheapproachestoenergyefficiencyproducttechnologytransfer.Fromthisfigurewecanseethatabout15%ofenergyefficiencyproductsareself-developedbytheenterprises,22%arejointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutions,35%aretechnologyintroducedfromoverseas,15%areimporteddirectlyfromoverseasand13%arefromotherchannels.Thereismuchdisputeaboutthequalityofenergyefficiencyproducts.Table5showsthecausesofthesedisputes.Fromthetablewecanseethatthequalityoftheenergyefficiencyproductsproducedindependentlybyenterprisesandjointlydevelopedwithresearchinstitutionsisresponsibleformanyproblems,43.4%and65.1%,respectively.ThelastfigureinparticularisacauseforconcernsinceitdemonstratestheweaknessofResearchandDevelopment(R&D)inChina.BothR&Dandtechnologytransferneedtobestrengthened.Althoughtherearefewerqualityproblemswithimportedtechnologiesandproductsfromoverseas,therearemanyproblemswiththeirinstallationandmatchingwithoriginaldesigns.About43.3%ofthetechnologiesintroducedfromoverseasareimproperlyused.About30%ofimportedenergyefficiencyproductshaveproblemsduetoimproperinstallationand30%ofthemdonotmatchwiththedesign.4.3.Buildingenergyefficiencyservicesystem4.3.1.Thedesign,consultancyservicesandconstructionofbuildingsThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin1079designinstitutions,consultancyservicesandconstructioncompanies.Thetopicsfocusedonwerethefollowing:1.Thepassrateofenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementation;2.Thepassrateofconstructionabidingbytheenergyefficientdesign;３.Thepassrateoftheactualenergyefficiencyofthebuildings.Fig.7showsthepassratesfortheabovethreecriteria.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatenergyefficiencydesignstandardimplementationhasthehighestpassrateof90.3%andconstructionimplementationhasahighrateof77%,however,thepassratefortheactualenergyefficiencyofbuildings(42.8%)islow.Theresultsimplythattheintentionofdesigningandconstructingenergyefficientbuildingshassubstantiallyincreasedduetothepromulgationofthenewbuildingdesigncodes.However,unfortunatelythisdidnotleadtoasubstantialincreaseinenergysavingfortheactualbuildings.Thisisduetothelackofskilledconstructionandinstallationworkers.4.3.2.ThebuildingheatingsuppliersThesurveyhasbeencarriedoutin71heatingsuppliersandfocusedonthefollowingthreecriteria:1.Howmuchdoesheatingefficiencyincreaseduetoupgradingtheheatsourceandpipenetwork?2.Howpopulararecentralheatingsystems?3.Howmuchwouldtheyaccepttoaffordthecostofrefurbishmentofaheatingsystem?Fig.8showstheincreasedheatingefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystemsinBeijingandDalian.Fromthefigure,wecanseethatthereislittlesignificantimprovementinenergyefficiencyduetotherefurbishmentofheatingsupplysystems.Theinvestigationof71heatingsupplycompaniesrevealsthatcentralheatingsystemsaccountforabout35–40%ofthetotalheatingsystems.Theheatingsystemsofnewlybuiltresidentialbuildingshavebeendesignedandinstalledwiththermostatstocontroltheindoorairtemperature.Thisincreasescostsbyabout20RMB/m2comparedwiththeoldsystem.Theaveragecostofrefurbishmentoftheoldheatingsystemwithathermostatandreplacementofpipesandradiatorswillcostabout20–30RMB/m2.Weinvestigatedtheacceptabilityofcontributingdifferentproportionsofthecostofrefurbishment.Thepercentagesofthepaymentaregroupedas‘Notatall’.Fig.9showstheresults.Fromthefigurewecanseethatnotmanyrespondentsliketopaythecosts.Thisinformationisveryusefulfordraftingtheheatingsystemmeteringpaymentsystem.About42%oftherefurbishmentsoftheheatingnetworkdidnotachievea10%improvementinefficiency.Thereformoftheheatingsystemswillfocusontheimprovementofenergyefficiencytotheend-user.Thesurveyresultrevealsthattheinstallationofthermostatsandameteringpaymentsystemcanachievea30%energysaving.Thecombinedheatandpowersystemhasagreatpotentialforenergyefficiencyinbuildingsandthereforehasagoodprospectofbecomingpopular.Theheatingsupplierswhoarewillingtoundertakeover30%oftherefurbishmentcostsaremainlytheproducersofcombinedheatandpower.InChina,heatresourcesupplierschargeheatsupplyagentsfortheheatwhiletheheatsupplyagentschargetheusersbyfloorarea.对中国建筑能源效率管理的现状及发展趋势的调查摘要根据中国国务院发布的<<建筑节能管理条例>>，一项关于建筑物的能源效率的大型调查（电子工程方面）在中国的22个省会及主要城市展开。调查的目的是为了国家建设部制定《关于加强建筑节能的决定》提供可靠依据。参与调查的机构包括政府部门，研究机构，房地产发展商，设计机构，建设公司，建造顾问服务公司，基金管理部门，金融机构和那些涉及到商业建筑节能效率的单位。此外，媒体代表和居民也参与了。这次调查涉及建筑能源消耗量，能源效率的策略和实施能源效率的措施等方面的现状及趋势，并且对调查结果做了详细的分析。调查为制订新的市场政策和鼓励在现有的新建建筑物和翻新建筑中发展节能技术提供了必要的资料。关键词：能源效率（电子工程专辑）；建设；调查；政策；立法；改革；中国。1.导言中国能源的发展趋势将会对中国和全球的环境产生相当大的影响。

虽然中国的人均二氧化碳排放量比较低，但中国已经成为仅次于美国的世界第二大二氧化碳生产者。目前，中国的建筑物能源消耗占中国能源消耗的23％，预计到2010年将增加至三分之一。中国已订立了目标，要减少建筑物50％的能源消耗量。在中国的可持续发展中能源政策发挥着重要作用。二氧化碳是公认的导致全球气候变暖的主要原因之一，而提高在建筑物中能源利用效率则是其中一个最具成本效益的减少二氧化碳的排放量措施。中国气候是非常多样的，根据中国国家《标准气候区划建筑》GB50178-93，全国以气候特征为标准可以分为以下几类：寒冷和较冷地区，夏季炎热和冬季寒冷以及夏季炎热的和冬季温暖的地区和一年四季都比较温和的地区。基于以上的情况，对空调和暖气的要求在不同的区域分别体现如下：在非常寒冷地区，主要需求的是暖气，只有少数个别的大厦配备有空调。在寒冷的地带，首选的还是暖气，其次是空调。而在夏热冬冷区，无论是空调暖气都需要配备。在夏热冬暖区，主要需要的是空调，只有少数建筑需要暖气。在部分地区温和的地带只需要暖气;而在其他部分，无论是暖气还是空调都需要。是选择供应暖气还是使用空调取决于以下几个因素，包括：该地区的经济发展水平，可供使用的能源供应状况以及环境保护的要求等。中国政府上世纪80年代以来就已经开始重视建筑物中的能源利用效率问题，制定了很多的标准、建筑法规、激励政策和行政规章。举例来说，〈〈住宅供热能源设计规范住宅JGJ26-86〉〉，为节约能源，针对非常寒冷的地区制定的〈〈新住宅供热能源设计规范JGJ26-95〉〉和〈〈翻新现有的住宅楼宇的热能技术规格JGJ129-2000〉〉。针对非集中供热的地区的〈〈夏热冬冷区住宅能源效率设计标准，JGJ134-2001〉〉和〈〈夏热冬暖区住宅能源效率设计标准，JGJ75-2003〉〉。根据中国政府的估计，到2003年底，在所有起草〈〈关于加强建筑节能的决定〉〉，其目的是为了建立一个建设能源效率的法规体系，主要是通过政策，经济等手段刺激建筑节能在改革中的实施。为了完成在建筑物中的能源效率改革，一个侧重于认识，了解和支持程度的大型调查已经全面展开。2.方法论统计调查方法已用于这方面的调查。问卷调查是其中一种常见的方法，该方法已在世界各地的许多研究中所使用。在这方面的调查采用的方法详细说明如下。2.1对象和主题的调查关于〈〈中国建筑节能管理的现状及发展趋势的调查〉〉从2005年9月进行至2006年2月，旨在提供真实的信息，为制订建筑节能管理条例提供了可靠保障。专家在中国已进行了广泛的讨论，以便设计调查问卷。约2.2万份调查问卷已分发到全国各地约22个省会及主要城市。调查对象主要是政府行政部门，研究机构，地产发展商，设计机构，建筑公司，建造顾问服务公司，基金管理部门，金融组织，媒体和居民。来自调查的资料成为制订〈〈关于加强建筑节能的决定〉〉的一个重要的参考。该课题的调查分为一个总则部分和8的特定部分。总则部分，是调查现有的情况，能源效率管理，发展趋势和建筑节能效率成本。具体的部分包括：第1部分：新的建筑市场准入许可；

第2部分：推广，限制和加强；

第3部分：建设的能源消耗统计；

第4部分：能源效益标签和认证；

第5部分：能源效率管理和翻新公共建筑物；

第6部分：能源效率管理和翻新住宅楼宇；

第7部分：再生能源的应用；

第8部分：关于能源的使用效率激励政策。科目来自11个团体，他们分别是：第一：政府部门；

第二：地产商；

第三：设计和建筑公司；

第四：能源服务公司；

第五：公共建筑的客户；第六：物业服务公司；

第七：暖气的供应商；

第八：建设材料和产品的制造商；

第九：金融机构；

第十：居民；第十一：媒体；在总则部分，这11个科目都必须要做出相应的回答，但在具体的部分则不一定要回答所有的问题。11个类型的问卷为不同的科目而设计。3.样品分析该22000份调查问卷已分发，以及约13125有效的副本已退回，回应率为59.7％。其中，有效完成的调查问卷中，由居民返回的10236份，由其他机构团体返回的2889份。3.1．居民样本驻地问卷包括四个标准：财产所有权，建筑类型，建筑物的年龄及家庭平均收入。从调查中中我们可以看到，财产的所有权，占67.8％；多层建筑占61.8％；建筑物年限小于10年占62.9％;家庭的每月平均家庭收入少于5000元的占61.8％。这些数字与中国的实际情况相匹配。大体上看，居民科目的有效完成的调查问卷反映了中国社会的一般的情况。它代表了社会的主流。3.2．机构样本该机构样本的归类根据三项准则，即他们所在城市行政的特点，他们所位于的气候带，以及它们是否是大厦的业主。从调查我们可以看到，接受调查的城市主要是省会城市和直辖市（直辖市是一个具体行政城市，是直接由中央政府负责，有四个这样的城市：北京，天津，上海和重庆），这些城市占了这次调查的90％。建筑物的能源消耗在各省省会比在其他城市更严重，反映了该国的实际情况。接受调查的城市大多是设在非常冷，冷，夏热冬冷区。比例的城市，在夏热冬暖及温和的区低，这是因为政府侧重于高寒地区于11.942美元。之间的采样机构，能源服务公司弥补最低的比例为0.6％，因为建筑能源效率的服务体系尚未完全成熟。的比例，设计机构，建设和顾问公司是38％，这是最大的群体。第二大组，14.3％，是弥补了制造业的建筑材料和设备。这两个机构是实际的执行机构为执行建筑节能。的比例，客户的公共建设，是9.0％，这是特别选定的，以反映公共建筑的能源管理和翻修。的比例，这些机构受样本反映实际情况在中国。4.结果分析调查分为四个组进行：消费者，生产者，服务单位和监督者。消费者包括普通居民和公共建筑物客户的。生产者，包括地产商和建设单位。这些服务单位包括设计施工及建造顾问公司、能源服务公司、设施管理服务者、和金融机构。监督者，包括政府部门和媒体。

4.1节能产品的消费者4.1.1在调查中可以看出对能源效益认知的程度调查中我们发现不同的调查对象表现出的认知程度有很大不同，其中地域原因占主要地位。从驻地调查反馈显示，在极冷和比较冷的地区和夏热冬冷的地区比夏热冬暖区，具能源效益的产品更容易被接受。近年来，在极冷和冷区供热计量和支付系统的改革已进行，因此，在这些地区的居民对节能