焦点教育出品托福阅读背景知识之亚马逊还能走多远

焦点教育——托福阅读背景知识之亚马逊还能走多Ithasupendedindustriesandchangedthewaytheworldshops.Butitshouldbewareofabusingits亚马逊了传统产业，甚至改变了世界的消费方式。但现在应该谨防它其主导地位WHENJeffBezoslefthisjobinfinanceandmovedtoSeattle20yearsagotostartanewfirm,herentedahousewithagarage,asthatwaswherethelikesofAppleandHPhadbeenborn.Althoughhestartedsellingbooks,hecalledthefirmAmazonbecauseagiantriverreflectedthescaleofhisambitions.Thisweektheworld'sleadingmercecompanyunveileditssmartphone,whichAmazontreatslessasacommunicationdevicethananingeniousshopplatformandawayofgatheringdataaboutpeopleinordertomakeevenmoreaccurate 20年前，当 ThesmartphoneistypicalofAmazon.Thereistheremorselessexpansion:ifyoucandeliverbooksandwashingmachines,whynotaphone?Thereistheabilitytoswitchbetweentherealworldofatomsandthedigitalworldofbits:Amazonhasoneoftheworld'smostimpressivephysicaldistributionsystems,evenasithasbranchedoutintocloudcomputing,e-books,streamingandmusicdownloads(seearticle).Thereisthedriveformarketshareoverimmediateprofits.AndthereistheslightlycreepyfeelingthatAmazonknowstoomuchaboutitsusersalready.Sofaritsinsatiableappetitehashelpedconsumers;butasitgrowsinsizeandpowerthedangeristhatitwillgotoofar.这款智能极具亚马逊的特色。它始终在坚持不懈的扩张其业务：如果你能配送书和洗衣机，那为什么不能配送呢?它有着在实世界和数字空间之间交替跳跃的能力亚马逊拥有世界上最令人钦佩的物流系统同时还扩展到云计算流和音乐等(见文章相比较于眼前利益亚马逊更趋迄今为止，它对数据的需求，虽有些贪得无厌，但还是对客户有帮助。但是随着亚马逊的规模不断扩大，能力的不断提升，该公司可能会走的过远，以至于无法回头。Customerswhoboughtthisitemalso过此商品的人还过Forthemoment,admirationshouldcountformorethanfear.ManythingstheworldnowtakesforgrantedwereintroducedbyMrBezos.Tyyourcredit-cardnumberintoawebbrowserwasonceconsideredasignofinsanityuntilAmazonshowedhoweasyandsafebuyingthingsonlinecouldbe.Oncepeoplehadboughtabook,theytriedotherthings.Todaytheglobal mercemarketisworth$1.5trillion.就目前而言，人们对亚马逊尊敬大于恐惧。如今许多人们认为理所当然的事，都是出自先生之手。一旦人们成功了一本书，他们就会想要买的东西。如今，全球电子商务市场份额已达到1.5万亿。Amazonalsofosteredtheemergenceofcustomerreviews.Fromthestartitletbuyersrateandreviewbooks.Thisstillirkssomeprofessionalcritics,andsomeofthemostfulsomefive-starratingsmaybefromspousesofauthors.Butoveralltheyprovidevaluableadvicetobuyers.Todayeverythingfromappstohostohosescanberatedonline,andretailwebsitesseem pletewithoutcustomerreviews.除此之外，亚马逊还催生出了用户点评模式。从创立之初，亚马逊便允许买家对进行评分及评论。这Thentherearetheindustriesithasupended.Bookscame.Amazonhaschangedpublishinice—bymakinganybookintheworldquicklyavailableandthenbymakinge-booksmainstream.BeforeAmazonlaunchedtheKindlein2007,e-readerswerefiddlygadgetsthatfewpeopleused.TheKindlewaseasytouse,workedanywhereandallowedinstantdeliverystraighttothedevice(ratherthanviaaPC).Amazonalsopioneeredanewmodelforcloudcomputing.In2006itbeganrentingoutcomputercapacitybythehour.Theoptiontorentratherthanbuycomputingpowergreatlyreducedthecostandcomplexityoflaunchinganewcompany.Amazon'scloudserviceshavesincebeenusedbystartupsincludingNetflix,,Pinterest,SpotifyandAirbnb,andhavespawnedawholenewindustry.此外，亚马逊还了许多行业，其中首当其冲。亚马逊已经改变了两次行业。一次是通过网络书店方便人们购书，第二次则是通过方便人们随时阅读。在2007，亚马逊推出Kindle之前，只是一种小众设备。因为KindlePC的情况下，能够立即将到设备中。亚马逊还推出了一种全新的云计算方法。在2006年便开始按照时间出租计算资源。，Pinterest,Spotify和Airbnb这样的新创公司，甚至还催生出了一些全新的产业。Applemaybebetterknownasaninnovator,butAmazonmayhavehadjustasbiganimpactontheworkingsofthedigitalworld.Anditkeepsonexperimenting.Unconstrainedbyaself-imageasacompanythatdoesaparticularthing,Amazonhasdabbledinareasfrominternetsearchtoroboticstofilmandevision探索。但亚马逊并不是局限在单一的业务上，在不断尝试中，亚马逊从互联网搜索发展到机器人，从Indeed,ifyourglassesareparticularlyrose-tinted,Amazonseemstohaveputthe“longterm”backAnglo-Saxoncapitalism.AtatimewhenWallStreetisobsessedbyquarterlyresultsandsharebuy-backs,Amazonhasmadeitcleartoshareholdersthat,givenachoicebetweenmakingaprofitandinvestinginnewareas,itwillalwayschoosethelatter.Whileothertechnologygiantssitonrecordpilesofcash,Amazonstillhasplentyofideasaboutwheretoinvestandinnovate.Andinvestorsseemhappywithit:Amazon'sprice-to-earningsratiohasexceeded3,500attimes.Italignstopexecutives'interestswiththoseofshareholdersbypayingthemlargelyinstock:itshighestsalaryis$175,000ayear.事实上，如果你足够乐观，亚马逊似乎在把“长期视角”重新带回。在，普遍看利益在一起：高管的最高年薪是17.5万。Giantselection,tinytax巨大的选择，微小的方Theproblemisthatmanyofthesevirtuescomewith panyingvices.Amazonstandsaccusedofunfaircompetition—ofbeingalousyemployer,dodgingtaxandbullyingitsrivals.AmazonsaysmedianpayinitsAmericanwarehousesis30%higherthaninlargeretailstores.Ontax,thepictureisalittlemorenuanced.Themainreasonitstaxbillissolowisthatitdoesnotmakeprofits,butAmazonhasalsobeenextremelyaggressivein(legally)bookingprofitstolow-taxcountries.Havingnedagainstsalestaxesforonlinetransactionsformanyyears,ithaslaychangeditstune,andnowcollectssalestaxesinagrowingnumberofAmericanstates.问题在于，在这许多的优点之中依然伴随着许多缺点。亚马逊被指责竞争，用工环境不佳，和对手。亚马逊对此表示，其在仓库的薪水中值比大型零售商还要高出30%。在上，可能有些很微妙的情况。亚马逊的之所以很低，是因为其利润并不高，但不可否认的是，亚马逊也在积极地采取合法方式将利润转移至税率低的国家在了那么多年的网上交易税后亚马逊最近却改变了态度开始在的越来越多的州代收营业税。Asforbullyingcompetitors,mostofthisisjustthesavagemagicofcapitalism.AmazonhascrushedlocalbookshopsbutonlyinthesamewaythatTescoandWalmartcrushedgrocers—byprovidingacheaper,easierwaytoshop.Howeverantitrustregulatorsmustensureitisnotabusingitsmarketpower,onacase-by-casebasis.Forinstance,Amazon'scurrentdisputewithHachette,alargepublisher,maylargelybeastandardtusslebetweenretailerandr.Butwhenthedominantsellerofe-booksremovespre-orderbuttonsandmakesdeliverytimeslongerforHachettebooks,thathardlysquareswithMrBezos'sprofessedemphasisoncustomer至于弱小的竞争对手大部分的只是的野蛮魔法亚马逊像乐购和沃尔玛摧毁杂货商们一样，用提供更便宜，更方便的购物方式来摧毁当地的书店。然而在这个案子的基础上，反机制必须确保它不会其市场支配力。例如，亚马逊目前与大型商，阿歇特的竞争，很大程度上可能是一个零售商和供应商之间的。但当主要的销售商删除预订按钮时，将会使阿歇特的交货时间延长。这很难符合先生所强调的重视客户服务。PerhapsthebiggestconcernaboutAmazonis,paradoxically,aconsequenceofitslong-termvision.Itishardtocompetewithacompanywhoseshareholdersdonotexpectitt